INTRODUCTION

In the society, sometimes street lights glow in day

time due to any reason. In mines area people face
many difficulties due to absence of light in the
nights. In frontier and hilly areas, people face many
problems due to damaged street lights.
For solve above these problems, we create a
device in which the lights glow in night and in day
time, they off automatically and don't glow. Due to
use of it, we can solve above problems and can
also save electricity and men's power.

PRINCIPLE
This project is based on Light Dependent
Resistance (L.D.R0.).LDR is a resistance, in which
opposing power of current depends on the
presence of quantity of light present, i.e. the
resistance of LDR increases or decreases,
according to quantity of light which falls on it. If
LDR places in darkness, the resistance of LDR
increases and when light falls on it, the resistance
of LDR decreases and act as a conductor. Any LDR
in the presence of light and darkness changes its
resistance is depends on the different types of LDR.

ADVANTAGES

 Collections of parts of the circuit are easily available.

Accuracy of this circuit is more than accuracy of other circuits.
By using laser, it can be used for security purposes.
It can be used to stop the wastage of electricity.
The cost of circuit is low.
This circuit saves the men's power.

USES
It can be used in street lights.
It can be used in mines areas.
It can be used in hilly areas.
By using laser, it can be used for safety purposes.
It can be used in frontier areas.
It can be used in houses.
It can be used in jail lights.

BREIF DISCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS

1 . T RA N S I S T O R: - When a thin slice of p-type is
sandwiched between two blocks of n-type, then np-n transistor is formed. It consists of emitter,
base, and collector. In the project, common emitter
n-p-n transistor (BC-147 &SL-100) is used.
2 . D I O D E : - When a p-type and n-type
semiconductors are joined a diode is formed. It
conducts when forward biased and does not

conduct when reverse biased. In the project, IN4007diode is used.

3 . R E L AY: -It helps to connect and disconnect. In
the project, we use relay of 6 ohms.
4 . C A R BO N R E S I S T O R : - A carbon resistor has
generally four rings or bands A, B, C and D of
different colours corresponding to the value of
resistance. In project, we use carbon resistance of
220 kilo-ohms, 1.5 kilo-ohms and 820ohms.
5 . L D R : - LDR means light dependent resistance
which is used to complete the circuit.
6 . T RA N S F O R M E R : - Transformer is used to
convert low alternating voltage to high alternating
voltage by decreasing the current and vice-versa.
We use a transformer of 6-0-6V for the circuit.
7 . C A PAC I T O R : - Capacitor is used to block DC.
In the circuit, we use the capacitor of 220mfd and
1000mfd.
8 . B U L B : - An electric bulb is connected to the
circuit when LDR comes in the darkness.

WORKING
Let 6V. DC is flowed in the circuit. When light falls on LDR
then the resistance of LDR will decrease and approximate equal
to zero. 6V DC come from 220 kilo-ohms resistance and passes
through LDR. At this time, it becomes earth, so that no voltage
flows through the base of transistor T1. Due to absence of
positive voltage at base, emitter hasn't negative voltage in the
comparison of its base, so that transistor T1 don't conduct and

no current flows through it. But resistance of 1.5 kilo-ohms is

connected with 6V DC line, so that from6V DC approximate 4V
DC passes through 820 ohms and reach at the base of transistor
T2. For conduction, emitter has some negative voltage in the
comparison of its base. But at this time, 4V DC reach at base of
transistor T2, so that emitter has highly negative voltage in
comparison of its base, so that transistor T2 highly conducts.
The collector of transistor T2. Is connected with relay coil, so
that magnetic induction around relay coil will disconnect with
rest point and connect with active point. So, According to the
circuit, the bulb will glow.
Now, when light don't fall on LDR so that the resistance of LDR
increases. Now LDR has not zero resistance due to darkness, so
that 6V DC line and 220 kilo-ohms resistance, some positive
voltage reach at the base of transistor T1.The collector of
transistor T1 has positive voltage because 6V DC pass through
1.5 kilo-ohms resistance and reach at collector of transistor T1.
In this way transistor T1 conduct and current start to flow in
transistor T1. Transistor T1 and resistance of 1.5kilo-ohms are
connected in series so that the current also flows through 1.5
kilo-ohms resistance. Now, the above terminal of 1.5 kilo-ohms
resistance has 6V DC, it means the lower terminal of 1.5 kiloohms resistance has lower voltage i.e. 3 or3.5 V. From 3V
approximate 1.5 V or 1 V. DC reaches at base of transistor T2.
The collector of transistor T2 has positive voltage by relay coil.
But at this time, emitter has some negative voltage in the
comparison of its base.
So that the quantity of current which flows through transistorT2
and relay coil will very low. Due to this, magnetic induction

around relay coil will not more effective and pole point will
disconnect with active point and connect with rest point.
According to the circuit, the bulb will glow.