-1 -

SYNONYM ANTONYM

Bu kitap eitim amacyla Hava Lisan Okul Komutanl tarafndan 500 adet baslmtr. lgili
komutanlktan izin alnmadan bu kitabn tamam veya bir ksm; fotokopi, elektronik kayt cihazlar vb. hibir
ekilde oaltlamaz, datlamaz ve satlamaz.
This book is published with the purpose of education by Air Force Language School with the amount of
500. No part of this book may be reproduced or stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any
means of mechanical, electronic, photocopy, magnetic tape or otherwise, without permission in writing from Air
Force Language School Command.

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BOOK

LESSON 1

book (n) : text, publication

You will see that information in this text.
pen (n) : ball-point pen, fountain pen
Can you lend me a ball-point pen ?
door (n) : gate, entrance, opening
This is the entrance of this building.
lab (n) : laboratory
You will take a test in this laboratory.
number (n) : figure, digit, numeral
Pick a digit from this box.
word (n) : term, expression, phrase, utterance
I just dont know the term to explain my idea.
picture (n) : painting, drawing, photograph, illustration
Look at the illustration on page 56.
chair (n) : seat, bench, stool
The team was sitting on this bench.
example (n) : instance, sample, model
Michael Jordan is a good sample for young players.
look (v) : gaze, glance, watch, see
While gazing in the mirror, she noticed the note.
repeat (v) : reiterate, redo, remake
Soldiers reiterate the exercises everyday.
close (v) : shut
ant. open
The teacher told the students to shut their books.
go (v) : leave, depart, travel
ant. come, arrive
The train leaves at 5 oclock.
Id like to travel to Europe.
open (v) : spread, unfasten, unfold
ant. close, shut
They unfastened the cover of the tube.
page (n) : sheet
There are a hundred sheets in this book.
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in (prep) : inside, into

ant. outside, outward
The man is inside the room.
The man went into the room.
teacher (n) : instructor
This is our instructor. He teaches us English.

BOOK 1
LESSON 2

barber (n) : hairdresser, hair stylist, coiffeur

I am going to the hairdresser
pilot (n) : aviator ( old English)
Wright brothers were the first aviators.
student (n) : learner
Ted is a good learner of English.
mechanic (n) : repairer
My brother knows a good repairer.
money (n) : cash, bills, coin
Im going to the bank. I need some cash.

BOOK 1
LESSON 4
calendar (n) : timetable, schedule, diary
I have to look at the schedule to tell you about your exam date.
dialog (n) : talk, interview, chat
I had a nice interview with the boss.
map (n) : chart, plan, graph
Please give me the city plan.
wall (n) : divider, partition
They put a partition to divide the room into two.
desk (n) : table, counter
The teacher will put the keys on her table.
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blackboard (n) : chalkboard

The instructor wrote a sentence on the chalkboard.
chalkboard (n) : blackboard
Write the date on the blackboard.
box (n) : bin, container
This container holds ten computers.
in (prep) : inside
ant. outside
There is only one person inside the building.
on (prep) : over, above
The airplane is flying over the clouds.
put (v) : place, set
He placed his wet coat near the fire.
sit down (v) : take a seat, be seated
A man came in and took a seat.
sound (n) : audio, voice, noise
The woman heard a voice calling her name.
Did you hear that noise ?
time (n) : period, duration, span
I cant finish it in a short period.

BOOK 2
LESSON 1

family (n) : parents, kin, offspring, ancestors, blood, folks, generations, household, clan,
inheritans, in-laws, relatives, tribe
My parents are very old.
My folks always care about me.
father (n) : dad, daddy, pa, papa, origin, sire, source
This is Mr. Wilson; he is my dad.
The baby likes to play with her papa.
The little pony is running with its sire in the green valleys aimlessly.
mother (n) : mom, mommy, child-bearer, creator, origin, source
This is Mrs. Wilson; she is my mom.
Tommy loves her mommy very much.
brother (n) : male sibling, kin, kinsperson, relative, twin
Tom and Sam are twins.

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sister (n) : female sibling, kin, kinsperson, relative, twin

Jan and Linda are twins.
friend (n) : buddy, mate, pal, companion, confidant, acquaintance, ally, colleague, intimate,
partner
Jeff and Bob are classmates.
Buddies are forever.
Lets choose a partner to do this exercise.
man (n) : male human, he, guy, gentleman, fellow, sir, Mr.
ant. woman
My brother is a tall guy.
Dennis is a nice gentleman.
woman (n) : female human, she, gentlewoman, Ms./Miss/Mrs.
ant. man
Is your instructor Miss or Mrs. ?
My mother is a very polite gentlewoman.

young (adj) : immature, adolescent, blooming, blossoming, boyish, boylike, girlish,

girllike, childish, childlike, developing, early, fresh, growing, juvenile,
inexperienced, half-grown, little, punk, undeveloped, vernal
ant. old
Jane is a little girl; she is a student in an elementary school.
John is an inexperienced cook; he has a lot to learn.
Betty is very fresh; she must not go out alone.
boy (n) : young man, chap, fellow, lad, youngster, sonny
Tom is a very nice young man.
Huckleberry Finn is a very clever lad.
girl (n) : young woman, young lady, adolescent, damsel, lassie, teenager, Ms.
Linda is a very nice young lady.
Rosemary is a polite teenager; she always helps everyone around.
child (n) : young one, youngster, little one, bambino, innocent, juvenile, kiddie, minor,
offspring, descendant
Betty is the only young one in the family.
The little one looks very tired; she must be sick.
dad (n) : father, daddy, pa, papa,parent
What are you doing, pa?
Daddy, this is my friend Doris.
My father and mother are old.
angry (adj) : mad, annoyed, bitter, displeased, enraged, fierce, hot, irritated, storming,
turbulent, uptight
The teacher said hot words to me because he was displeased with my homework.
My father was mad about my being late.
happy (adj) : satisfied, cheerful, content, gay, glad, joyful, jolly, joyous, merry, pleased,
sunny, on cloud nine
ant. unhappy,sad
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Im very pleased to live with my family.

They had a gay life, free from responsibility and worry.
sad (adj) : unhappy, depressed, bitter, blue, cheerless, distressed, down, gloomy,
grieved, low-spirited, mournful, pessimistic, sorrowful, troubled, heart-sick
ant. happy
Jane is unhappy; shenot happy.
I always get blue after goodbyes.
Don was very cheerless because he was sick.
sick (adj) : ill, unhealthy, unwell, disordered, down, suffering, weak
ant. well, healthy
Mary is sad because her baby is weak.
You look unhealthy, you should see a doctor.
Im not ill, Im well.
hot (adj) : boiling, burning, feverous, fiery, flaming, heated, summery, sweltering,
thermogenic, tropical, very warm
ant. cold
The weather is very warm today!
The soup is boiling; I cant eat it now.
cold (adj) : chilly, freezing, biting, bitter, very cool, frosty, frozen, icy, polar, severe,
sharp, wintry
ant. hot
I am freezing, please close the window.
Its very cool outside.
old (adj) : aged, elderly, experienced, mature, senior
ant. young
Linda is a young girl, she isnt mature.
My parents are very elderly.
tired (adj) : exhausted, weary, broken-down, collapsing, fatigued, finished,
overworked, haggard, worn
Im finished. I need a long rest.
The child got exhausted at the party, she wants to go home.
well (adj) : healthy, blooming, fine, fresh, hearty, strong
My grandma isnt as healthy as she used to be.
Tommy is a young and strong man.
very (adv) : extremely, really, awfully, considerably, excessively, greatly, highly,
pretty, remarkably, terribly, unusually, uncommonly
Its extremely hot today.
Im terribly tired.
My mother cooks pretty good.
and (conj) : in addition to, also, plus, along with, as well as, furthermore,
including, moreover, together with
Two plus two is four.
Im tired as well as hungry.
There are twenty chairs in the room in addition to a table.
too (adv) : also, additionally, as well, besides, furthermore, likewise
-7 -

Bill is a pilot, Tim is also a pilot.

When I became angry, he reacted likewise.

BOOK 2
LESSON 2

base (n) : installation, post, headquarters, camp, center, home, settlement, station
There are barracks, mess hall, dispensary on an installation.
building (n) : home, house, construction, architecture
Lets go to my house and eat something.
barracks (n) : dormitory, shelter, camp
Today is Sunday and the airmen are still sleeping in their dormitory.
room (n) : accomodation, apartment, cabin, chamber, den, flat, lodging, office, vault
There are twelve offices on the first floor of this building.
bed (n) : bassinet, couch, cradle, davenport, divan, matress
He fell asleep on the couch in front of the television.
schedule (n) : agenda, catalog, chart, order of business, program, list, record,
timetable
This week I have a heavy business program.
Look at the timetable for lab periods on the bulletin board.
office (n) : agency, bureau, room, store, workstation
Its 8 oclock in the morning and Betty is in her bureau.
Its 5 oclock, ts time to leave our workstations.
big (adj) : large, great, ample, huge, massive, oversize, tremendous, whopper
ant. small
This is not my jacket, its too large.
Im very hungry, I want to eat a whopper hamburger.
small (adj) : tiny, little, minute, petty
ant. big
I need a little sleep.
dining hall (n) : mess hall
The trainees are eating their lunch at the mess hall.
hospital (n) :clinic, health service, nursing home
The doctors are at the clinic.
library (n) : book room, information center, media center, reference center,
antheneum
Our information center is just across the main gate.
ask (v) : question, demand, investigate, quiz, inquire, request
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The tourist inquired about the adress.

Tom questioned everything he didnt understand.
answer (v) : reply, respond, react, talkback, defend, explain, feedback
The girl replied only with a smile.
Would you respond to my question?
question (n) : inquest, examination, inquiry, search, investigation
If you have an inquest, ask your instructor.
Man has a lot of inquiries to discover the nature.

BOOK 2
LESSON 3
food (n) : meal, cookery, feed, nutrition, nourishment
Children should take the nutrition they need.
Im eating my meal.
drink (n) : beverage, liquid, refreshment, swallow
The medicine can be either a pill or a liquid.
Water, coffee, tea are some beverages.
drink (v) : absorb, gulp, soak up, tank up, toast, thirst
The boy gulped the glass of milk and ran out back to his game.
I tanked up a lot of water because I was very thirsty.
eat (v) : swallow, take food, take in, chew, devour, digest, feed
The girl devoured her dinner.
buy (v) : purchase, pay for, get, shop for, take
Mrs.Wilson is purchasing food at the commisary.
Ann is paying for her lunch in the mess hall.
come (v) : arrive, advance, approach, occur, drop in, get in, show up
He arrived at home late last night.
Ill drop in your school this afternoon.
read (v) : apprehend, comprehend, decipher, discover, glance, go over, interpret,
learn, know, scan, skim, see, study
He seemed very sad when he learned the news in the newspaper.
She scanned the map to find her way home.
The students are studying lesson-3.
study (v) : contemplate, learn, examine, meditate, think over, apply oneself
I should learn these new words till tomorrow.
He contemplated the report carefully.
talk (v) : articulate, communicate, express, say, verbalize, reveal, voice, speak
Some people communicate with each other by sign language.

-9 -

Dont speak loudly !

watch (v) : look at, case, see
She looked lovingly at him.
Have you seen this movie?
now (adv) : presently, at the moment, at this moment, at this time
Im presently doing my homework.
They are eating lunch at the moment.
movie (n) : cine, cinema, film, motion picture, moving picture, screenplay
We saw a good film.
Merts favorite motion picture is Wild Things.
just (adv) : merely, no more than, nothing but, simply, only
-What are you doing, Bill? -Nothing but sitting here.
I only want to go to the movies this Sunday.
Answer these questions simply with the words yes or no.
hungry (adj) : starving, empty
Im starving. Lets eat a big dinner.
meal (n) : food
The child is hungry. She needs some food and drink.
come on (v) : hurry
Hurry, Jack. Lets go outside!

BOOK 2
LESSON 4

different (adj) : unlike, dissimilar, other

If james wont do it, some other person will.
We have unlike amounts of money.
Ill take a dissimilar bus to school today.
time (n) : period, moment, hour, minute, second
What period is your class?
Jerrys not here at that moment.
answer (v) : reply, react, back talk
ant. ask
Our teacher asks two questions everyday and we reply them.
ask (v) : demand, question, want to learn
ant. answer
I want to learn the answers.
check (v) : examine, inspect, study
- 10 -

Im studying my answers.
do (v) : act, behave, perform
All the soldiers should perform their duties.
correct (adj) : proper, appropriate, acceptable, right
ant. wrong
Jennifer always gives the right answers to the questions.
same (adj) : alike, identical
Joe and Bob have identical surnames; Joe Spencer and Bob Spencer.
right (adj) : acceptable, correct
ant. wrong
He has 100 correct answers so his score is 100.
wrong (adj) : incorrect, false, not right
ant. correct, right
Your answer is incorrect, check it again.
answer (n) : reply, reaction, back talk, feedback, response, return
Jonnys all replies are correct.
Ask a silly question and you will get a silly return.
daughter (n) : female child, female offspring, girl
Mrs. Janet has two girls, their names are Betty and Sally.
son (n) : male child, male offspring, boy
Mr. Jackson has 11 boys, he can make a soccer team of them.
husband (n) : married man, groom, partner, spouse
My father is my mothers partner.
wife (n) : married woman, bride, partner, spouse, helpmate
My mother is my fathers helpmate.
Mrs. Wilson is Mr. Wilsons spouse.

BOOK 3
LESSON 1

hungry (adj) : starving

ant. full
Im starving. Lets go and eat something.
snack (n) : refreshment
Did you buy any refreshments for the party?
sleep (v) : nap
I like to nap after lunch.

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get up (v) : wake up, rise

My grandmother used to wake up at 5 :00 am every morning.
shower (n) : bath
No problem.You can use the bath.
take a shower (exp) : bathe
He bathes everynight after the training.
get dressed (exp) : put on, wear
I get up at 6 oclock and put on my uniform.
I wear it all day long.
every (adj) : each
Each student can be successful in AFLS.
class (n) : lesson, course
English lessons are sometimes enjoying.
lesson (n) : class, lecture, exercise
Mathematics classes are always difficult for me.

BOOK 3
LESSON 2

say (v) : pronounce, speak, utter, express

The students cant pronounce that word.
leave (v): depart, go
ant. come, stay, arrive
I departed at 7:00.
have (v) : hold, own, possess
ant. lack
Captain zkan holds the power in the Testing Section.
Mr.Kk owns a restaurant.
Iraq possesses chemical bombs.
airplane (n) : aeroplane, plane
Mary missed the plane.
plane (n) : aeroplane, airplane
He can fly an aeroplane.
taxi (n) cab, taxicab
You cant hire a cab downtown Chicago.
car (n): auto, automobile, motorcar, vehicle
Most of the vehicles use gas as an energy.
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speak(v) say, talk, utter

ant. hush, quite
I talked to the commander after the meeting.

BOOK 3
LESSON 3

quiz( n): test

The test was very hard. I got a 50.
review (v): go over, reexamine, critique
We went over the book before the exam.
mark (v): sign, trace
The teacher signed our PT papers.
test (n): exam, quiz, examination, trial
A course has an exam tomorrow.
select (v): choose, pick,
The jury chose Duygu Dikmenolu as Miss Turkey.
last (adj): final
My final score is 80.

BOOK 3
LESSON 4
military (n) : soldiers, service
I m having my military service here.
short (adj): brief
ant. long
The seminar was brief and we liked it.
new (adj): recent, f resh, novel,
ant. old, ancient
BMW Z-3 is a recent model.
Those apples are new. You can buy them.
Thats an ancient coin. It belongs to Persians.

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bad (adj.) unpleasant, unwanted, or unacceptable:

Joe has some unpleasant ideas.
want (v) : desire, wish, need
I need help. Would you give me your wrench?

BOOK 4
LESSON 1

play (v) : have a good time

The children are having a good time with their toys outside.
sport (n) : game, play
Football is a difficult game.
football (n) : rugby
John plays rugby after school.
soccer (n) : football
We need eleven people to play football.
like (v) : enjoy, love, admire
ant. dislike, hate
I enjoy horror movies.
game (n) : play, amusement
The kids have found out a new play.
city (n) : town, metropolis
He lived in this town for a long time.
end (v) : finish, stop, halt
ant. begin, start, initiate
When will this job finish?
live (v) : reside
My family resides in Istanbul.
restaurant (n) : cafeteria, cafe
I recommend this cafeteria, the food is nice and cheap.
start (v) : begin, initiate
ant. stop
We began this course in September.
town (n) : city
Gemlik is a nice city by the sea.
visit (v) : call on, drop in on
- 14 -

I will call on the school today.

visit (n) : stay, call
The neighbors dropped in for a short stay.
all (adj) : the whole of, the total of, the entire contents of, every part of
Every part of my body is aching.
clean up (v) : tidy up, neaten
My friends will come today. I need to tidy up my room.
show (n) : performance, entertainment, play
There is a good performance tonight. Would you like to come with me ?
again (adv) : once more, one more time, repeatedly
I don't want you to do it one more time.
sure (adj) : certain, positive, convinced
Everybody is certain that there was no one in that house.
thing (n) : object
There is an object over there.

BOOK 4
LESSON 2

military (adj) : soldierlike, soldierly, warlike

ant. civilian, unmilitary
Some people don't like soldierly behaviors.
post (n) : base, station, military camp, headquarters
We have already sent the messages to the station.
uniform (n) : dress, attire, costume
Uniform is a kind of dress that belongs to a group like police, military etc.
This is the attire that you should wear at the celebration.
stripe (n) : band, grade insignia
He is a young NCO. He has two bands only.
pack (n) : package, packet, parcel, box
I received a package from my brother today.
smoke (v) : use tobacco, inhale, puff
After he puffed a cigarette, he called his father.
break (n) : recess, rest, interruption
ant. continuation, resumption

- 15 -

We need a rest before we start the new unit.

bring (v) : fetch, carry, deliver
ant. take away, send
They fetched a doctor to help him.
insignia (n) : badge, mark, sign, stripe.
I couldn't recognize the badge on his uniform.
rank (n) : position, class, professional grade
They promoted Capt. Johnson to this position just a few days ago.
salute (v) : greet
The Captain greeted the Major when he came in.
report (v) : present oneself
The soldier presented himself to the Captain.
true (adj) : correct, right, real, factual, accurate
ant. false,untrue, incorrect
This information in the newspaper is correct.
false (adj) : untrue, incorrect, wrong
ant. correct, right, real
Everybody knows that it's an incorrect information.
classmate (n) : class fellow
Ted is one of my class fellows.
duty (n) : obligation, responsibility, assignment, business
Their assignment is to guard this building today.
last name (n) : surname
What's your surname ?

BOOK 4
LESSON 3

clothes (n. pl.) : garments, clothing, dress

I'm going downtown to buy some dresses.
hat (n) : cap, bonnet
The secretary was wearing a bonnet.
dress (n) : attire, costume, clothing, garb
The nurse is wearing a strange garb.
scarf (n) : kerchief
It's windy outside. Wear your kerchief.
T- shirt (n) : jersey
- 16 -

He will wear his new jersey to the party.

belt (n) : sash, band, waistband, girdle
This dress looks better with a red waistband.
pants (n) : trousers, slacks
Where did you boy your trousers ?
wear (v) : dress, put on
She dressed like a princess.
coat (n) : overcoat, raincoat, topcoat
It's very cold today. Wear your overcoat.
suit (n) : costume, outfit
What color is your costume ?
slacks (n) : trousers, pants
No one is going to wear pants today.
socks (n) : short stocking, ankle sock
You need to wear a short stocking to keep your feet warm.

tie (n) : necktie

Wear your necktie otherwise they won't let you eat here.
jacket (n) : sport coat, blazer
Don't forget to bring your blazer. It may be cool tonight.
take off (v) : undress, unclothe, strip
ant. dress, put on, wear
The doctor told him to strip before getting on the scales.
put on (n) : dress, wear
ant. take off, undress, unclothe, strip
Why don't you dress your black suit ?
sweater (n) : pullover, slipover
I brought my pullover in case the weather gets cooler.
asleep (adj) : sleeping, resting
ant. awake
He was sleeping in his room.
fall asleep (v) : drop off, doze off
Don't drop off to sleep while driving.
wake up (v) : awake, rouse from sleep
ant. fall asleep
The alarm awoke everyone in the house.
awake (adj) : not sleeping, wide-awake, open-eyed
- 17 -

ant. sleeping, resting

She was wide-awake all night long.
well (adv) : satisfactorily, nicely, adequately, properly, successfully
ant. badly
She does her duty successfully.
She sang the song nicely.
period (n) : full stop, point
You should put a full stop at the end of a sentence.
indent (n) : indenture, indentation
Don't leave such a big indenture in the first line.

BOOK 4
LESSON 4

warm (adj) : moderately hot, somewhat hot, heated, not cold

ant. cool, chill, chilly
The weather will be moderatey hot today.
autumn (n) : fall
After summer comes fall.
cool (adj) : chill, chilly
ant. warm
I think it is chilly today. Let's stay at home.
color (n) : hue, tint, tinge
The bedroom is painted in pale hues of green and red.
red (adj) : maroon, vermilion, scarlet, cherry, rosy, rose
I know the woman wearing a scarlet color dress.
orange (adj) : reddish yellow
My coat is reddish yellow.
yellow (adj) : yellow-color, lemon, canary, gold
I have a yellow-color car.
green (adj) : olive-green, greenish, grass-green, forest-green
You can't find it in the grass. It's also greenish.
blue (adj) : blueish
His eyes are blueish.
black (adj) : dark, raven, ebony, sable, inky
ant. white
I saw inky shadows running far away.

- 18 -

brown (adj) : copper, rust, chestnut, bronze

She wants to dye her hair chestnut.

pink (adj) : pale red

A pale red car hit mine this morning and ran away.
white (adj) : ivory, ivory-colored, pearl, pearly, snow-white, snowy
My uncle has snowy teeth.
cost (v) : amount to, sell for, be priced at, fetch
How much will your new furniture amount to?
music (n) : melody, song, tune
I like this melody.
take (v) : deliver, carry, convey, transport, move, transfer
Will you carry this box to the post office please ?
headphone (n) : earphone
My earphones are out of order.
record (v) : write down, take down, note
You should write down everything.
store (n) : shop, market, mart, supermarket, department store
My mother went to the market to buy some sugar.
clerk (n) : salesclerk, salesperson, salesman, saleswoman
Salesclerks behave politely in this store.
help (v) : assist, aid, lend a hand, give a hand, support, back
They assisted each other to correct the mistakes.
sell (v) : trade, market, merchandise
ant. buy, purchase
You shouldn't buy so many items because you can't merchandise them.
clothing (n) : dress, garments, attire, clothes
Don't make a judgement about someone looking at his clothes.
dormitory (n) : dorm, student residence
I will stay in this dorm for nine months.

ma'am (n) : lady, madame

Lady, come here please.

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BOOK 5
LESSON 1

body (n) : corpse, carcass

The police took the corpse to the morgue.
We're studying the parts of the carcass in this lesson.
limb (n) : arm, leg, wing
The arms have bones and muscles.
How many legs do we have?
Birds fly with wings.
arm (n) : upper limb
He waved me with his upper limb.
leg (n) : lower limb
Without lower limbs, we can not move, walk, or run.
part (n) : section, portion, division, branch, unit , element, piece
In this lesson we're studying the units of the human body.
The children didn't like the first portion of the movie.
Which section of the speech did you like best?
Terry's mother gave him a small piece of the cake for breakfast.
skin (n) : epidermis, complexion
Epidermis is on the outside of our bodies.
Shirley doesn't have a dark complexion.
hand (n) : palm, fist
Her palm was in her pocket.
Jack's right fist was dirty.
move (v) : shift, change place
Brian shifted to the front seat to see the chalkboard better.
Please, change your chair's place to the right.
point to/at (v) : show, aim at
The instructor showed new words on the chalkboard for repetition.
Aim at your right foot. Don't move it.

touch (v): stroke, feel

The instructor stroked my head.
hurt (v) : 1. injure, harm
She fell from the tree and injured her leg.
2. ache
I slipped and my head aches now.
sore (adj) : painful , aching
Yesterday I ran ten miles. Today my legs are very painful.
- 20 -

You can take some medicine for your aching muscles.

take (v) : swallow, get
She swallowed some medicine for her sore throat.
Mr. Plucky got his pill an hour ago.
medicine (n) : drug, medication, pill
Aldo must take some drugs for his toothache.
Capt Hawk hasnt started his medication yet.
large (adj) : big, great, huge
ant. small, little, tiny
I can say his land is so great.
The Wilsons are living in a big house near the base
long (adj) : lengthy, extending, unending
ant. short, brief
The commander found the briefing quite lengthy.
small (adj) : little, tiny
ant. large, great, big
That blue jacket is too little for you. Try on the brown one.
I can't wear this T-shirt. It's very tiny.
about (prep) : relating to, concerning
Are these two paragraphs relating to the alphabet?
Which lesson is concerning the military?
order (n) : sequence, arrangement
The months of the year and the days of the week have a sequence.
The addresses in my telephone book are in alphabetical arrangement.

next (adv) : then, afterwards

First, pick up the receiver; then, listen for the dial tone.
I had a coke, afterwards she came.
last (adv) : in the end, at the end, eventually
He did many things. In the end, he went to bed at 12:30.
We completed our mission. Eventually, we arrived home.
cross out (v) : cancel, erase
They cancelled his name out from the list for the soccer team.
Mrs. Cup erased the words from the board.
dessert (n) : sweet
Some big hotels offer you a large choice of sweets after the meal.
join (v) : assemble, connect, tie, unite, combine
ant. split, seperate, divide
Mr.Riggs went to the snack bar and his friends assembled him later.
Why don't you unite with the club?
Where do those two rivers connect?

- 21 -

regular (adj) : ordinary, usual, normal

ant. irregular,unusual,odd,strange
Would you like to have ordinary size coke or that big one ?
show (v) : indicate, point, display
The last book quiz results noted a good rise in your scores.
We have words to indicate order in a paragraph like next, then, and last.

BOOK 5
LESSON

bathroom (n) : washroom

Bart's face is dirty. He goes to the washroom to clean up.
sink (n) : basin
Ms. Turner is washing her hands in the basin at that moment.
comb (v) : brush, arrange
Abby always brushes her hair before she goes out
dirty (adj) : filthy, unclean
ant. clean, pure, spotless
Bart saw his unclean face in the mirror and went to bathroom to clean it.
Why don't you wash your hands ? They're filthy.
wash (v) : rinse, clean
Jane cleans her face with soap in the sink.
She also rinses her hands with water.
clean(v) : cleanse
ant. soil, pollute, dirty
Todd went to the bathroom to cleanse his dirty hands up.
need (v) : require, want, demand
You require a lot of hard work and patience to learn English well.
She wants a haircut for the party.
get (v) : acquire, obtain
Where can you obtain this information?
How did you acquire those tickets to the soccer game tonight?
change (v) : replace, shift
ant. remain
Sutter's new trousers don't have any pockets. He replaced it yesterday.
Everything is shifting so fast in the world of technology.

- 22 -

only (adv) : just

There are just a few students in his afternoon class.
Do you want something for your coffee? -I just want cream, please.
subject (n) : topic, theme
The topic of the paragraph is the military students at our school.
The theme of today's briefing is visiting of some pilots to our AFB.
length (n) : distance
The distance from here to the back yard is seventy five metres.
ready (adj) : prepared, on hand, fit
Are you prepared for dinner tonight?
The homework is on hand, so lets go to Konak.
sale (n) : reduction
Some other things are also in reduction at KAY's.
save (v) : keep,reserve
Chad kept his money for a trip across the country.

BOOK 5
LESSON 3

call (v) : phone (to)

You push the buttons to phone.
Who did she call ? She phoned to her family.
push (v) : 1. press
You may call your friend by pressing the buttons on the telephone.
2. force
Don't force anyone; always wait for your turn to get your meal in line.
trip (n) : journey, tour, excursion
Jerry's first journey to Wyoming was very exciting.
How was your excursion in the weekend?
His tour to texas was a good time.
customer (n) : client, buyer, purchaser
Travel agents help his/her clients have a nice time for the trip.
I dont want any purchasers in this area,please.
ticket (n) : voucher, pass, coupon
You may show your voucher in the museum.
The attendant asked for their pass.
reservation (n) : booking
I need a booking on an airline before my trip.

- 23 -

pick up (v) : get, bring

Lenny got his train ticket yesterday.
Please bring the glass,Jim.
arrive (v) : come, reach
ant. leave, depart
Which flight comes at 10:15?
After a long trip, we reached home safe and sound.
depart (v) : leave, go
ant. arrive, come, reach
Andrew's flight left from London at 2:45.
When does Ritas bus go to L.A ?
meet (v) : 1. come across
Last week, he came across his sister at the airport as well.
2. join
ant. split, diverge
Two rivers join in this area.
come back (v) : return, get back, go back
Bruce went to the store and returned. He's here now.
She got back to school after several years.
round-trip (n) : return
I have a return ticket to England. I want to come back in a fortnight.
turn on (v) : switch on
ant. turn off, switch off
He pushed this button to switch on the television.
turn off (v) : switch off
ant. turn on, switch on
Push that button on the right side to switch off the television.
pull (v) : 1. draw
Sgt. Bates drew his chair next to the window to get some fresh air.
2. strech
Joe, dont strech your pants!
Globe (n) : the Earth
You can see a variety of cultures all round the Earth.
voyage (n) : cruise, excursion
The cruise from Turkey to England almost takes a month.
She doesnt like an excursion on the sea.
next to (adv) : besides, near
I sat besides Capt. zztrk.
They were near the tall trees.

- 24 -

BOOK
5
LESSON 4

make (v) : equal, amount to

Two half gallons equals one gallon.
Five apples almost amounts to a kilo of apples
many (det) : a lot of, lots of
ant. few
There are a lot of nice things to buy at that store.
You don't have lots of books in your library.
much (det) : a lot of, lots of
ant. little
Did he have a lot of work to do last week?
She doesn't have lots of money to spend on such a bad dress.
among (prep) : amongst
There is a pen amongst the pencils.
between (prep) : in the middle of
Capt. Levents dearest pen is in the middle of the pencils.
drink (n) : beverage, refreshment (s)
Would you mind having a beverage?
After the game ; Capt. Levo had a cold refreshment.
flavor (n) : taste, essence, tone
The shop sells ice cream in eight different tastes.
Lt Ardy prefers the peach flavor in his tea.
unhappy (adj) : sad, joyless, sorrowful
ant. happy, pleased, satisfied
Why are you so sad ?
Miss Maria was joyless all day.

BOOK 6
LESSON 1

change (v): exchange, alter, substitute

I changed the shirt for a larger size.
She altered the original size.
FatihTerim substituted Sergen for Hagi.
change (n): substitution, exchange, variety, variation
ant. stability, monotony
- 25 -

These trips give you a kind of variety.

nice (adj.): good, fine, pleasant
ant. unpleasant, bad
We had a pleasant chat with Ali Krca last night.
score (n): grade, mark
Her grades are better than all the others in the class.
grade (n): mark, score
Our marks are very low because the exam was difficult.
grade (v) : mark
Jane's French teacher marked the tests yesterday and she got her score.
upset(adj.): worried, unhappy
ant. happy, pleased
He was worried about his mother.
think (v): imagine, suppose, assume, consider
I suppose it may rain today.
I consider that question easy.
short (adj) : brief
ant. long
It was a brief meeting.

BOOK 6
LESSON 2

travel (v): go, tour, journey

We journeyed the South East.
get (v): arrive, reach
Joe arrived there on time.
I reached home late.
home (n): house, flat, residence
It's the house of the Adams family.
Col.zkk has a beautiful residence at eme Izmir.
leave (v): desert, abandon, quit , give up
The passengers deserted the plane.
He quit the Army because he is not disciplined.
Mikes family abandoned him because he was an alcoholic.
get in (phr. v): arrive (at), (cause to) enter
What time does the train from Ankara arrive, please?

- 26 -

get on (phr. v): mount, board

ant. get off, dismount,
The plane was full. We couldn't board.
get off (phr. v): dismount
ant. get on, mount
The police officer dismounted from his bicycle.
cut (v) : slice, chop, lop
I sliced the tomato and served it.
After the farmer chopped the tree, he put them in the back of his truck.
order (v) : ask
I asked the waiter to bring me a cup of coffee.
check (n) : bill
The waiter will bring the bill after the meal.

sure (adj) : confident, certain, reliable, trustworthy, unquestionable

He is confident about his exam score.
sure (adv) : certainly, undoubtedly
Do you want to go to a movie with us?
Certainly, why not.
later (adv) : at a later time, afterwards
-Will you come back at a later time?
Okay, see you afterwards.
delicious (adj) : tasty, savory
ant. distasteful, unsavory, unpleasant
The food in this restaurant is good. It's tasty.
The food was unpleasant.
awful (adj) : bad, unpleasant, terrible, shocking
The French fries at the snack bar were bad.
The weather was unpleasant yesterday.
It was terrible to listen to such a bad concert.
would like (to) (modal) : desire, want, wish(to)
My son wants to be a plumber.
like (v): love
"Do you like Turkish food?" -"Yes,I love it!"
.
mom (n) : mother, mommy, mama, ma
Can I have another piece of cake, mommy?
no (adj) : not a, not one, not any
"Waiter, there isnt any cream or sugar in this coffee?"
total (n) : sum
What is the sum of 14,25,32 ?
- 27 -

wipe (v) : rub (a surface or object), e.g. with a cloth or against another surface
Peter rubbed his shoes and entered the house.

BOOK 6
LESSON 3
street (n) : road, way, boulevard, avenue
Miss. Ay lives in a house on Mithatpaa Boulevard.
mail (v): post, send
Mike posted the letter at the post office near the base.
Send this check as soon as possible, please.
mail (n) : post
You will get your books through the post.
near (adv) (prep) : not far (from), close (to)
There is a post office close to the base.
Mr.Martin lives in a house not far from the graveyard.
package (n) : packet, load, box, parcel
Martin wanted to mail a packet to his son.
Last week he mailed his son a large box of clothes.
pick out (phr v) : choose, select, take, decide on
Mrs. Miller selected a red and white sweaters for her kids.
It took Mrs. Miller a long time to choose those sweaters at the store.
send (v) : post, mail
Hank mailed a package to his family today.
Hank needs to post his family a package today.
mailman (n) : postman
The postman knocks the door twice.
crowded (adj) : completely full; filled with many people
Kemeralt is always crowded on weekends.
teller (n): cashier, counter
The cashier in the bank helped Liz to get some money.

sign (v) : write (one's name) on (a written paper), show one's agreement, show
that one is the writer.
Liz put the date and "$50:00" on the check and then signed her name.
show (v) : reveal, exhibit, display, demonstrate
- 28 -

The librarian revealed all the books on aviation .

What films are they displaying at the movie theater this week?
finish (v) : come or bring to an end, reach the end of (an action or activity),
complete, conclude
He easily completed the marathon.
She concluded her seminar with a proverb by Atatrk.
help (n) : aid, assistance, support, remedy
I need some assistance to move that dishwasher.
Jane called some support lifting the piano.
There is no help for that disease.
also (adv) : as well, besides, too
I'm hungry. She's hungry as well.
Lt. z will be a pilot. Lt.Kale will be a pilot too.
but (conj) : yet, in spite of this, on the contrary, although, though, however
Though it is expensive, she wants to buy it.
She bought a cheap radio however it still runs well.
He can play well yet he cant sing well.
difficult (adj) : hard, demanding
ant. easy, simple
It is hard (for us) to take off and land an aircraft safe and sound.
Capt.Yaln sometimes finds it demanding to stop smoking for good.
part (n) : portion, piece, section, fraction, fragment
Which section of the book did you read?
Mrs.Miller cut the apple into two equal pieces for the kids.

BOOK 6
LESSON 4
vacation (n) : holiday, rest, break, recess
Where do you want to go for a holiday?
rest (n) : relaxation
This has been the most pleasant relaxation of my life.
rest (v) : relax
She relaxes for half an hour after dinner.
overnight (adj) (adv) : for one night; for or during the night:
Ms.Bowlin will probably stay overnight at a hotel on the way to Bombay/India.
To travel from Izmir to Istanbul is an overnight journey. It takes 9 hours.
hotel (n) : guesthouse, inn, motel, hostel

- 29 -

Mr.Bower stayed overnight at Hotel Hyland.

relax (v) : rest
The doctor told Calvin to rest a month before going back to work.
at last (exp) : eventually, finally, in the end, after a long time
Chad waited for his sister for hours and finally she arrived.
She arrived in the end.
take(a) picture(s) of (exp) : take a photograph, to photograph
Mr.Carter thinks he can take photographs in Bahamas on their vacation.
He photographed his wife in Bahamas' natural beauties.
but (conj) : on the contrary (=used for expressing strong opposition or disagreement with what has
just been said), against what might be expected, in spite of this
Ms. May speaks English, on the contrary her husband speaks Turkish.
Roger fell off his bike, in spite of this he didn't hurt.
long (adj) : lengthy, extensive, extended
ant. short
A trip from Ankara to San Antonio is a very lengthy one.
You kept me waiting for an extensive period of time at the bus stop.

short (adj) : brief, concise

ant. long
The meeting was brief and we liked it.
final (adj) : last, coming at the end, concluding
ant. first, initial, beginning, starting
The last letter in the word "crazy" is "y".
at first (exp) : at (in) the beginning
The students didn't speak English at the beginning but now they speak it well.
why (adv) : for what cause/reason/purpose
For what purpose did you come here?
because (conj) : for the reason that, since
"Why did she go to the doctor?" For the reason that she was sick."
Her father was worried since Carol was late.
best (adj) : finest, highest, supreme, excellent
Mr. Powell is my finest teacher at DLI on Lackland AFB in San Antonio.
Aspirin is an excellent medicine for a cold.

BOOK 7
LESSON 1
job (n) : work, responsibility, charge, assignment, duty, business
You will have a hard duty here.
- 30 -

circle (n) : circlet, ringlet, ring, loop

The magician drew a circlet on the sand.
shape (n) : form, figure, outline
The form of Italy resembles a boot.
square (n) : quadrangle, quadrate, foursquare
Our bulletin board is in the shape of a quadrangle.
triangle (n) : trigon
They designed a new airplane in trigon shape.
edge (n) : border, boundary, rim, side, brink
The northern border of the lake is my hometown.
mathematics (n) : math
I don't understand math at all.
mistake (n) : error, fault
It's a big fault to invite him to your house.
side (n) : boundary, border, edge, rim
Please move the books to the right edge of the table.
draw (v) : delineate, trace, line
The homework is to delineate a horse in motion.
describe (v) : speak of, explain, narrate, relate, illustrate, portray
They spoke of their trip to Hawaii.
description (n) : depiction
He described the event. It was an exact depiction.
other (adj) : additional, further, extra, spare
I have an additional information.
Can you give me an extra key ?
little (adj) : small, tiny
ant. big
I have a small house in this town.
round (adj) : circular, spherical, ball-shaped
ant. square
The earth has a circular shape.
fast (adj) : swift, rapid, quick, prompt
ant. slow
The service is very quick in this restaurant.
slow (adj) : slow-paced, slow-moving, snail-like, sluggish
ant. swift, rapid, quick, prompt
You will miss the bus because your friend is a slow-moving man.

- 31 -

strong (adj) : powerful, forceful, mighty

ant. weak
This machine is powerful enough to lift this tree.
weak (adj) : powerless
ant. strong, powerful, forceful, mighty
alike (adj, adv) : like, similar, likewise
ant. unlike
American uniform is similar to Turkish uniform.
opposite (n) : contrary, reverse
My idea is contrary to yours.

BOOK 7
LESSON 2

bottom (n) : underside, undersurface, lowest part, deepest part

ant. top
I can't see the undersurface of the well.
I put the present in the deepest part of the trunk.
center (n) : midpoint
Fix this needle in the midpoint of the circle.
circumference (n) : perimeter
I want you to calculate the perimeter of this circle.
diameter (n) : diam
The diam of this circular field is more than a hundred meters.
half (adj) : one half
ant. whole, total, all
I need only one half of a water melon.
explain (v) : describe, make clear, explicate
I don't understand this. Will you explicate ?
understand (v) : comprehend, see, perceive, realize, grasp
It's clear. I see your point.
make a mistake (exp) : err, slip
To err is human, to forgive divine
error (n) : mistake, fault
He has seven mistakes so he'll get a bad score.
problem (n) : question, query
I can't solve this question.

- 32 -

explanation (n) : explication, account, description

The astronomers gave an explication about the orbits.
curved (adj) : bent, bowed
ant. straight
I can't use that wire. It's bent.
straight (adj) : unbowed, unbent
ant. bent, bowed
I need an unbent iron rod.
easy (adj) : simple
ant. difficult, hard, tough
I have a simple question for you.
hard (adj) : difficult, tough
ant. easy, simple
I know it's a difficult situation to handle.
heavy (adj) : weighty, burdensome, hefty
ant. light
There are some burdensome boxes to carry.
light (adj) : lightweight, underweight, burdenless, weightless
ant. heavy, weighty, burdensome, hefty
I thought it was so weightless but it is quite heavy.
add (v) : add up, sum up, count up, figure up, combine, attach, affix, join
ant. subtract, remove
Let's figure up the cost of all our shopping.
I attached two more photos to my CV.
equal (v) : equate with, be the same as, be even to, match
ant. diverge, be unequal, be uneven
This cash does not equate with the total amount.
subtract (v) : deduct
ant. add
What do we get if we deduct five from ten ?
minus (prep) : negative
ant. plus
If a number is below zero, it is called a negative number.
plus (prep) : positive, additional, extra, added
ant. minus
Speaking fluent English will be an additional factor for this job.
total (n) : sum, complete amount
We need to know the sum of our shopping.
more (adj) : additional
ant. less
- 33 -

Do you have some additional information about this issue ?

price (n) : cost, value, charge, fee, expense
What's the cost of this house ?
divide (v) : separate, split, part, share
ant. unite, combine
We will separate this room for our children.
This idea split the party members.
They shared the pie equally.
land (n) : ground, soil
Any kind of plant can grow on this soil.
sidewalk (n) : pavement
All pedestrians must walk on the pavement.

BOOK 7
LESSON 3
back (n) : rear
ant. front
Please move to the rear of the bus.
back (adj) : rear
ant. front
The rear end of the car was dirty.
front (n) : forepart, forward part
ant. rear, back
The forepart of the house is painted green.
fence (n) : fencing
There is a high fencing around the house.
flower (n) : blossom, bloom, posy, floret, floweret
He sent her floret to mark their anniversary.
leaf (n) : foliage, leafage
The red and gold foliage of the trees was lovely
yard (n) : garden, grounds, courtyard, court,
The children are playing in the garden.
animal (n) : living being, beast, creature
Humans benefit from most of the living beings.
above (prep) : over

- 34 -

ant. below
I like flying over the clouds.
below (prep) : beneath, under
ant. above, over
There are incredible beauties under water.
by (prep) : beside, near, next to
He was standing beside the door.

next to (prep) : beside, by, near

You will see a big box by the table.
over (prep) : above
ant. below, beneath, under
The inflation is above the pay rise.
climb (v) : ascend, mount, scramble up
ant. descend, climb down
The plane ascended to 40.000 feet.
present (adj) : here, attending, existing
ant. absent
All the students are here.
We may still face the existing problems ten years later.
present (n) : now, nowadays
I live in the present, not the past
earth (n) : globe, world
Sandy's travels took her all over the globe.
world (n) : earth, globe
The earth is the 3rd planet.
high (adj) : tall, lofty, towering
ant. low
Tibet has lofty mountains.
The towering buildings close the beautiful view.
low (adj) : unelevated, short
ant. high, tall, lofty, towering
There are short trees in this forest.
dear (adj) : honey, beloved, precious
It was given me by a beloved friend
tell (v) : narrate, say, state
He narrated the story in a soft voice.
zip code (n) : postcode, postal code
Don't forget to write the postal code.

- 35 -

love (n) : passion, passionate, affection

ant. hate, hatred
The newspapers called it a crime of passion.

BOOK 7
LESSON 4
couch (n) : lounge, sofa
I bought a new sofa.
furniture (n) : household goods, house fittings, furnishings
We have to buy new household goods for our new apartment.
lamp (n) : bulb, electric lamp, gas lamp
Buy two electric lamps.
living room (n) : sitting room, front room
We served the visitors in the sitting room.
sofa (n) : lounge, couch
Sit beside me on the couch.
keep (v) : retain, hold, store, prevent
ant. discard, abandon, give up
They retained him four days in the hospital since he didn't have money.
I hold my father's photo in my wallet.
Store the white clothes in another closet.
They prevented the children from going to the fire area.
carpet (n) : carpeting, rug
She bought a very expensive rug today.
drape (n) : curtain
Curtains are so dirty. We need to wash them.
rug (n) : carpet, carpeting
This carpet is too big for this room.
cabinet (n) : cupboard, locker
I put the shirts in the cupboard.
can opener (n) : tin opener
You should use a tin opener to open that can.

curtain (n) : drape

We will use this drape in the living room.
faucet (n) : tap
- 36 -

When will you repair the tap.

kitchen (n) : cookroom
We usually eat in the cookroom.
floor (n) : ground, bottom, bottom surface, flooring, base
The glass fell off the table and shattered on the bottom.
refrigerator (n) : icebox
We keep our food in the icebox.
plug (n) : male plug
The male plug is burnt because of high voltage.
plug in (v) : connect
ant. unplug
If you don't connect the plug to the outlet, the oven doesn't work.
outlet (n) : electric outlet, wall plug, wall socket
I can't see the wall plug, where is it ?
ugly (adj) : unattractive, unsightly
ant. beautiful, attractive, pretty
She is an unattractive girl.
pretty (adj) : attractive, beautiful, lovely, good-looking
ant. ugly
She is really an attractive girl.
use (v) : apply, employ, utilize, manipulate
We utilize CDs in laboratories.
often (adv) : frequently, repeatedly, regularly
ant. rarely, seldom, infrequently
I frequently visit the historical places in Istanbul.
usually (adv) : generally, in general, commonly
Dinner is generally served at 7 p.m.

seldom (adv) : rarely, scarcely, not often, not frequently, infrequently, hardly ever
ant. often, frequently, always
I seldom get a chance to read.
cut up (v) : carve
Dad carved the chicken.

- 37 -

BOOK 8
LESSON

freeze (v) : 1. ice up

ant. melt
The river iced up last night.
2. cool
ant. melt
The weather was cold enough to cool the river last night.
take off (v) : leave, depart
ant. land, touch down
The plane left despite the thick fog.
Suat was sleeping when his plane departed.
land (v) : touch down, arrive
ant. take off, leave
We touched down at the airport in San Antonio.
The plane arrived at Izmir on time.
ground (n) : land, soil
The child's kite fell to the soil.
Now, it's lying on the land.
grow (v) : 1. develop
All plants develop after rain.
2. raise, produce
We raise many colorful flowers in our backyard.
3. increase, expand
ant. decrease, fall , shrink
The report showed how our business increased last year.
fall (v) : 1. drop
The apple dropped from the tree.
2. decrease, reduce
ant. increase
The price of sugar decreased two months ago.
direction (n) : way, route
Which way does the Air Force Language School face?
She drove in the wrong route and caused an accident.
straight (ahead) (adv) : directly
ant. indirectly
Turn right and go directly ahead to Bills Green street.
directions (n) : instructions, regulations
The proctor read the instructions before the exam.
Who wrote these regulations?
follow (v) : go after, chase
- 38 -

The runners went after each other until one of them fell over.
I thought a woman was chasing him yesterday.
place (n) : location, position, space
Is there any location to park my car beside yours ?
There is no space in the notebook.

BOOK 8
LESSON 2

work out (v) : exercise

The runners are exercising in the gym this afternoon.
workout (n) : exercise
She has exercises five times a week after office hours.
shut (v) : close, fasten, lock
ant. open
Please close the door.
fun (n) : enjoyment, pleasure, entertainment
We all had lots of enjoyment at Sharon's party.
Capt Lewis has too much entertainment wherever he goes.
free time (exp) : spare time
I'm very busy nowadays; I don't get much spare time.
hit (v) : strike, kick, poke
Kitty learned to strike the tennis ball over the net.
Stop kicking kids smaller than you.
The boxer poked the man on the head.
miss (v) : 1. fail to hit
ant. catch, strike
I threw the ball gently, but Sonia failed to hit it.
2. fail to go
Maj. Pot failed to go to school two days last week.
3. fail to understand
ant. understand, get
The instructor told how to do this exercise but some of us failed to
understand the point.
watch (n) : wristwatch
Sharon wound up her wristwatch by the radio.
beautiful (adj) : pretty, nice, attractive, good looking
ant. ugly, unattractive, hideous
You don't need to be pretty to become a movie star, but it helps.
What a nice day! Let's go on a picnic in the country.
- 39 -

His sister is an attractive woman in town.

difficult (adj) : hard, demanding, tough
ant. easy
German is a hard language to learn.
The advanced students will take a demanding exam next week.
It is tough to handle an aircraft without experience.
healthy (adj) : strong, fit
ant . ill, sick, unhealthy
All the children around the World must be fit and happy.
After his operation, Hank was strong enough to go camping.
interesting (adj) : fascinating, attractive
ant. boring, dull, uninteresting
"To Kill A Mockingbird" was really fascinating for me.
The magazine's issue on marriage was very attracting for the young
students.
important (adj) : meaningful, notable, serious
ant. secondary, unimportant
Capt. Bettle is in a hurry this morning because he has a notable meeting
with the commandant.
It is very meaningful for people in Turkish Air Force to learn particularly to
read and speak in English.
exciting (adj) : moving, sensational, affective
ant. boring, dull
"Terminator-2" was the most affective film of the year.
It will be a moving experience to go to America for her.
I really enjoyed the romance novel. It was sensational.
terrific (adj) : excellent, great, beautiful
ant. ordinary, normal
You must read this book; it is beautiful.
Tina and her boyfriend had a great time at the party.
Baxter is an excellent swimmer.
idea (n) : opinion, thought
It's a good opinion to have dinner outdoors on these hot summer nights.
I don't have any thought of what you're talking about.
soda (n) : soda pop
Would you care for a glass of orange soda pop?
difference (n) : contrast, dissimilarity, distinction
ant. similarity, likeness
There are some dissimilarities between American and British English.
She doesn't know the contrast between the military life and the civilian
life.

- 40 -

BOOK 8
LESSON 3

long distance call (n) : trunk call

Does it cost much to make a trunk call?
public phone (n) : pay phone
There is a pay phone at the snack bar.
change (n) : coin(s)
Get some coins to make a long distance phone call from a pay phone.
conversation (n) : talk, chat, speech
Mrs. Watkins had a long telephone talk with her mother.
"No chats while I'm speaking, please " warned the instructor.
We saw him in a speech with a beautiful woman.
call ( n): phone call
She had a phone call from her cousin last night.
person (n) : individual, human
It is not a private parking lot. Any individual can park here.
find (v) : discover, spot
I looked everywhere for the keys, but I couldn't spot them.
Amy discovered a place for her little dog to live.
expensive (adj) : costly, dear, overpriced
ant. cheap, reasonable, inexpensive
The shop sells very costly clothes for the rich.
We decided to buy a small car because gasoline is so overpriced.
Your new suit looks dear. I think you paid lots of money for it.
cheap (adj) : economical, reasonable, inexpensive
ant . expensive, dear, overpriced
He just took a look at the reasonable watches in the store.
Fresh fruit is more economical when it's in season.
This is the most inexpensive shoe store in town.
kind (n) : type, sort
What sort of bird is that?
It's a type of summer fruit.
call up (v) : telephone, ring up
May I use your telephone? I'd like to telephone a friend.
Barbara rang her boy friend up last night.

busy (adj) : in use, engaged

Is your line always engaged?
This line is hard to get, it is usually in use.
- 41 -

bookstore (n) : bookshop

There are some bookshops in the new mall.
mad (adj) : angry, furious
Maj Felix got angry at me because I forgot to report him on time.
Those telephone calls make me furious. I can't answer them at the same
time.

BOOK 8
LESSON 4
tell (v) : 1. explain, inform
Please explain Kitty that we will pick her up for the party before nine thirty
2. order, command .
Order him that I wont come until 5 o clock
residence (n) : dwelling, home
His office is in town, but his dwelling is in the suburbs.
" Welcome to my humble home! " welcomed Mr.Lewochee.
message (n) : note
Let me leave a note for my brother to call us as soon as possible.
hold on (v) : wait, hang on
Wait a minute. He's downstairs. Shall I call him?
Mrs. Madison asked her patient to hang on while she spoke to her son.
hold (v) : 1. grasp, grip
ant. release, leave
I was grasping the bags while she was talking with the teacher.
2. wait, hang on
- Capt. Lopez's line is busy, sir -Will you wait?
rent (v) : lease, hire
We leased the car for the marketing job.
They hired a cabin for their vacation.
look for (v) : search, try to find
" What are you searching? " - "...a place to live in peace and quiet."
Mel spent all day trying to find a new job.
apartment (n) : flat
The young couple moved into a new three-room flat.
manager (n) : director, supervisor
If that shop doesn't give me better service next time, I'm going to report it
to the director.
The supervisor wanted all his personnel to behave the customers nicely.

manage (v) : lead, direct, supervise, control

- 42 -

Hilda seems so young to control three children and that big house.
The Prime Minister, Mrs.Yell, could direct the government as well as
the former ones.
My uncle supervised an aircraft factory but now he is retired.
receive (v) : get, obtain
I got my copy of Time magazine today.
Did you obtain the post card I sent it from New York?
lucky (adj) : fortunate
ant. unlucky, unfortunate
Kitty has always been fortunate at cards.

BOOK 9
LESSON

spend (v) : pay, consume, expend

ant. save
She pays a lot for her clothes.
safe (adj) : out of danger, not threatened by harm, not able to be hurt, protected,
They were secure from the attack in the shelter.
information (n) : knowledge, facts, news, data
Is there any news about the serial killer?
This book gives a lot of useful data on how to repair cars.
form (n) : blank paper, document
Please fill out this document and bring it back tomorrow.
take out (of) (v) : remove, take away (from a place)
He took away all the money from his account and bought a car.
deposit (v) : place, put, bank, save, store
He put all his money in a bank.
How much money do you want to place in your account?
save (v) : keep (money) for future use, reserve, set aside, preserve
They're reserving money to buy a new house.
right away (exp) : at once, without delay, immediately
The teacher wanted her students to leave the classroom at once.
He's very ill. Call the doctor immediately.
hide (v) : cover, mask, camouflage, put or keep out of sight, prevent from being
seen or found, conceal (oneself)
ant. show, display, reveal
The thief covered his face with a mask.
The little girl concealed the broken plate in the drawer.
You can't camouflage with that dress.
- 43 -

secure

take (v) : carry along, bring

"Bring your new VCR with you.
complete (v) : finish, end, conclude
When will they finish the work on the new railway?
soon (adv) : before long, within a short time, quickly, early, shortly
He will be back shortly. You can wait for him right here.
I must go quickly, so I won't have another drink.
immediately (adv) : without delay, at once, right away
The teacher told us to stop the noise right away.
She wanted me to answer her question at once.
look (n) : appear, seem
You seem very sad. What's the matter?

BOOK 9
LESSON

happen (v) : occur, take place

How did the accident occur?
The accident took place late at night.
careful (adj) : cautious, watchful
ant. careless, incautious
He's a very cautious driver. He has never had an accident.
cross (v) : go, pass, or reach across (something):
It took us a long time to pass the street because there was a lot of traffic.
careless (adj) : reckless, inattentive
ant. careful, cautious
A reckless driver is a danger to the public.
bother (v) : annoy, disturb
Don't disturb me with foolish questions.
Tell the children to stop annoying their father.
keep on (v): continue, persist, carry on
ant. discontinue, stop, cease
He told us to be quiet, but we continued talking.
He was very tired, but he carried on working.
place (n) : space, plot, region, location, area, spot
This is the area where the accident happened.
This is the best spot to park your car.
fault (n) : mistake or imperfection; something wrong or incorrect, defect
- 44 -

I made mistake in the university exam and this affected all my life.
The mechanic could find no defect with the engine in my car.
at fault (adj) : deserving blame, in the wrong; open to censure; blame worthy:
He was driving very fast, so he is blame worthy.
cause (n) : reason, origin
The reason of the fire was carelessness.
His speech was the origin of their fight.
law (n) : rule, ruling, order
Does the rule allow me to do this?
obey (v) : do, carry out, behave
ant. break
Students must carry out the school rules.
If you don't want to get into trouble, do what the law says.
buckle (v) : fasten with a buckle
ant. unbuckle
He fastened his belt tightly.
break (v) : violate, disobey
Have you ever paid a fine for violating a traffic law?
They disobeyed the contract, so we have to make a new one.
dark (adj) : shaded, black, dim, dusky
ant. light, bright
She was wearing a black dress at the party.
behind (prep) : in back of
The boy was hiding in back of a tree.
in back of (adv) : behind, at the back of:
The driver couldn't see the little girl behind the car.
light (adj) : not deep or dark in color, pale
ant. dark
She has light hair and light blue eyes.
I always prefer light colors.
different from (adj) : unlike, not the same or of the same kind
Our shoes aren't the same. They are unlike.
similar to (adj) : like or alike, of the same kind, almost but not exactly the same in nature or
appearance:
My opinions are like hers.
Our tastes in music are alike.

the same as (exp) : in the same way (as)

My shoes are the same as yours. When did you buy them?
Her car is the same as her husband's.

- 45 -

bystander (n) : onlooker

The police asked the onlooker some questions about the accident.
rule (n) : order, ruling, regulation, guide
Do you know the new regulations in basketball?
suddenly (adv) : without warning, unexpectedly, all of a sudden
All of a sudden he left the room.
way (n) : 1. road, path, trail
Which is the quickest path to get there?
2. manner, method, approach, style, procedure
Do you know the right method to do it?
You can cook these vegetables in different style.
witness (n) : eyewitness, spectator, observer
The accident happened at night, so they couldn't find an eyewitness.

BOOK 9
LESSON

friendship (n) : fellowship, comradeship

Real fellowship is more valuable than money.
advice (n) : recommendation, guidance, suggestion
You won't get well, if you don't follow your doctor's suggestion.
Let me give you a piece of recommendation.
story (n) : tale, narrative, anecdote
That was an interesting anecdote about his adventures in the U.S.A.
I enjoyed the narrative. It was really didactic.
maybe (adv) : perhaps, possibly
ant. definitely, certainly
-Where's Ali? -I don't know. Perhaps, he's in the library.
care about (v) : to be concerned (about), mind
He failed in the examination, but I don't think he is concerned about it.
care for (v) : like
I don't like black coffee.
lie (v) : misinform
He misinformed his wife about his salary.
lie (n) : falsehood, untruth, fiction, falsity
ant. truth
She said she loved him, but it was all a falsehood.
truth (n) : fact
- 46 -

ant. falsity, lie, fiction, untruth

You must always tell the facts about yourself.
guess (v) : suppose, consider, estimate, assume, believe, imagine, think
They're not in the living room. I think they're sitting in the garden.
-Will she come to the party tomorrow? -I believe so.
enjoy (v) : like
People like Beyaz Show.
opinion (n) : belief, view, idea, viewpoint
What's your view about the movie?
secret (n) : hidden, unknown
This is a hidden plan. Don't tell anybody about it.
hurt (v) : damage, harm, injure
He injured his leg when he fell off his bicycle.
Dont harm yourself by smoking.
repair (v): mend, restore, renew
My watch doesn't work. Can you mend it?
fast (adv) : quickly, rapidly, swiftly, speedily
He drives rapidly.
She speaks quickly. I can't understand her.
tool (n) : instrument, device
He bought a set of devices to fix things at home.
I'd like to fix this watch, but I don't have the proper instruments for doing so.
lend (v) : loan
ant. borrow
The most I could loan you is a dollar until the weekend.
borrow (v) : take, receive
ant. lend
He doesn't have a car, so he took my car and went on a vacation.
badly (adv) : in a bad manner
ant. well
They played badly, so they lost the game.
correct (adj) : true, right
He's good at English. He always gives right answers.
His answer was true.
easy (adj) : simple, effortless
It was a simple exam. Everybody got good marks.
safe (adj) : protected, secure
ant. unsafe, insecure, dangerous
Keep your money in a secure place
Don't cry, you are protected here.
- 47 -

slow (adj) : unhurried, gradual

There is a gradual development in Turkish economy.
feeling (n) : affection, emotion, sensation
Ms. Ford tried to hide her emotions as much as possible but it didn't work.

BOOK 9
LESSON

ready (adj) : prepared, done, arranged, complete

Wait a minute. I'm not prepared yet.
The roast will be done in an hour.
baggage (n) : luggage, suitcases, bags, trunks
When you travel, try not to have much luggage with you.
hope (v) : wish, expect, want
We expect to see you soon.
I wish Galatasaray would win the Champions League.
really (adv) : in fact, actually, honestly, truly
What do you honestly think about him?
I truly don't understand what he means.
full (adj) : filled
ant. empty
This suitcase is filled, you can't put any more clothes in it.
realize (v) : understand, be aware of, recognize
He was taking a lot of risks, but he didn't recognize that.
When I saw her room I understood that she was poor.
almost (adv) :nearly, somewhat
ant. completely, absolutely
Dinner is somewhat ready.
It's nearly time to start. / Almost every house on the block is new.
empty (adj) : bare, unoccupied, blank
There's nobody in the room. It's unoccupied.
run out (v) : use up, exhaust, consume
I used up all my money. Can you lend me some?
restroom (n) : toilet, water closet, loo, latrine, bathroom
Can you tell me where the water closet is?
-Where's John? -He's gone to the toilet.

motel (n) : hotel, guest house, inn, hostel

- 48 -

We spent the overnight at a nice inn just across the riverbank.

lady (n) : woman, female, matron, dame, gentlewoman
The matron of the house greeted the guests.
A female doctor is looking after the old man.
hard (adj) : firm, solid, rigid, dense
The house was on a firm foundation.
The ball was made out of solid rubber.
end (n) : finish, conclusion
What happened at the conclusion of the story?
When the runners arrived the finish line, spectators applauded them.
closet (n) : cabinet, locker, wardrobe, cupboard
"Don't leave your clothes here. Put them in the cabinet."
step (v) : tread, walk
Tread lightly over this broken glass.
.
sorry (adj) : apologetic, remorseful, repentant
Sgt. Simpson felt repentant for his son and tried to make him cheer up.
I was remorseful to hear that his dog got lost.
mean (v): indicate, denote, signify, say, express
That sign indicates that you cannot smoke here.
worry (v): be anxious, be concerned
She is concerned that she might lose her job.
worried (adj) : anxious, concerned, troubled, uneasy
ant. calm
She seems very concerned about the results of the exam.
Mrs. Green was uneasy when her husband didn't come home.
Tom is anxious that his son will have an accident, because he drives fast.
apologize (v) : say sorry, confess, be sorry, regret
He was sorry for spilling the coffee on my skirt.
She broke my pen, but she didn't say sorry.
forgive (v) : pardon, excuse
I lost your pen. Please excuse me.
If you tell the truth the teacher might pardon you.
pleased (adj) : happy, satisfied, delighted
I'm happy that you got the job.
I'm satisfied with what he has done.
attendant (n) : servant, waiter
He told the servant to bring him a clean glass.
The waiter was really polite and I left him a good tip.

- 49 -

BOOK 10
LESSON 1

stick (v) : adhere, fix, fasten, attach, bind, put, place

ant. remove, unfasten
Don't forget to adhere the stamp on the envelope.
dispense (v) : give out, give away, distribute
Does this machine give out any soft drink ?
opening (n) : slot, hole, gap
Insert your coin in this slot before you make your selection.
drop (v) : fall, plummet
ant. rise, soar
The hawk plummeted toward the earth.
insert (v) : place in, put in, inset, thrust in, stick in, stuff in
ant. withdraw, remove, draw
He placed the key in the hole.
selection (n) : choice, preference, pick, option
The worker left the job of his own choice.
chip (n) : crisp
I always eat crisp while watching a movie.
gum (n) : chewing gum
I don't like chewing gum.
lift (v) : raise, upraise, uplift, move up, hoist, heave, boost
ant. lower
Will you please help me upraise this box ?
exact (adj) : accurate, precise, correct, specific, explicit
ant. inexact
I want to learn the precise amount.
Can you show me the specific place.
exactly (adv) : precisely, specifically, explicitly, accurately, correctly
ant. inexactly, inaccurately, incorrectly
I didn't accurately understand what he said
finally (adv) : in the end, lastly, at the last, in conclusion, ultimately, eventually
We decided to accept their offer in the end.
Ultimately, he shouted and went out.
favorite (adj) : preferred, favored, best-liked, most popular, special
Galatasaray is the favored team of the year.
popular (adj) : accepted, preferred, well-liked, favorite, admired, well-known, famous
- 50 -

ant. unpopular
He is not a well-known singer in Trkiye.
everywhere (adv) : everyplace, in all places, all over
ant. nowhere
They visited everyplace in Bodrum.
The cat spilled the milk all over.
work (v) : have a job, be occupied, operate, function, run, go
My father has a job in this building.
This machine doesn't operate properly.
operate (v) : work, function, run
Do you know how to work the washing machine ?
find out (v) : discover, learn
I learned this information in the catalog.
teach (v) : instruct, give instruction in, give lessons in, educate
ant. learn, study, attend school, be educated
He instructs us English.
last (adv) : after all others, in last place, in the rear
ant. first, ahead of all others, in front
Unfortunately, he finished the race after all others.
Their favorite horse was running in last place.
lastly (adv) : finally, lastly, in conclusion, at last, in the end, eventually,
once and for all, after all, ultimately
ant. firstly, in starting, in the beginning, at the first
Finally, they decided to stay here.
Eventually, we had to do the job ourselves.
until (prep) : till
She studied till midnight.
while (conj) : as
Some people can't walk as they chew a gum.
company (n) : 1. guest, visitor
I can't go out, I have a guest now.
2. companionship, friendship, fellowship, comradeship
I got rid of my problems with his friendship.
3. firm, business corporation, establishment
Working in a big firm has many advantages.
chew (v) : masticate, champ, gnaw, munch
You should masticate each bite thirty times before swallowing.

- 51 -

BOOK 10
LESSON 2

mall (n) : shopping center, plaza, shopping mall

You can find that item in a big shopping center.
cafeteria (n) : restaurant, eating house, eating place
Why don't we eat at that restaurant ?
parking lot (n) : car park, parking area
We need to find a car park, otherwise we'll get a ticket.
shop (n.,v) : 1. store
How can I get to the nearest store ?
2. buy at
I like to buy at the malls.
let (v) : allow, permit
ant. forbid, prohibit
They didn't allow us to smoke here.
floor (n) : story, level
How many stories does the building have ?
stairs (n) : stairway, staircase, steps
If you go up the stairs, you'll see a small room.
He fell down the stairway.
escalator (n) : moving stairway, moving staircase
Go this way, the moving stairway is out of order.
up (adv) : upward, upwardly, upwards
ant. down, downward, downwardly, downwards
The smoke is moving upwards.
down (adv) : downward, downwardly, downwards
ant. up, upward, upwardly, upwards
I saw him running downwards.
upstairs (adv) : on a higher floor, up the stairs
ant. downstairs
He lives on a higher floor.
He has just gone up the stairs.
downstairs (adv) : below, down the stairs, on a lower floor
ant. upstairs
His old mother fell down the stairs.
My wife would like to live on a lower floor.
adult (adj, n) : grownup
ant. juvenile
- 52 -

We don't have courses for grownup students.

introduce (v) : acquaint, present
Have you two just met, or were you acquainted before?
He presented himself as the director of the company.
shake (v) : vibrate, quiver, quaver, totter, tremble, shudder, shiver
Her whole body quavered when she heard the sad news.
The entire house vibrates when a big truck goes by.
The plane shuddered and went into a tailspin.
The child shivered from the cold.
shake (n) : milk shake
My son likes milk shake more than anything.
alone (adj) : lone, lonely, lonesome, solitary
Robinson Crusoe spent lonely days on the desert island before the man Friday.
He was very lonesome when he first went away to school.
polite (adj) : courteous, well-mannered, well-behaved, respectful, gentlemanly
ant. impolite, rude, discourteous, ill-mannered
They wrote us a courteous thank-you note.
He was always in a well-mannered behavior to us.
politely (adv) : courteously, with courtesy, with politeness, in a well mannered way
ant. impolitely, rudely, discourteously
They expressed their refusal courteously.
I tried to explain to her with courtesy.
afraid (adj) : scared, fearful, frightened, terrified
ant. unafraid
A fearful bolt of lightning split the sky.
What happened ? You look scared.
The little girl looked at me with terrified eyes.
decide (v) : determine, resolve, settle, choose
ant. hesitate
She determined that they would vacation in Canada.
Let's settle on a time for the meeting.
What dress did the girl choose to wear ?
receive (v) : get, acquire
I don't know if they got the letters.

BOOK 10
LESSON 3
cover (v) : put on, put over, lay on, wrap, hide, conceal, obscure
ant. unwrap, expose, uncover, reveal
His mother put a blanket on the child.
She concealed her face with her hands.
Did you wrap the book ?
- 53 -

remove (v) : take off, take out

ant. put on, put back, join, unite, combine
First, take the flat tire out.
flat (adj) : 1. level, horizontal, smooth
ant. uneven, rough
We need to find a level place to put up the tents.
2. (tire) blowout, deflated, blown-out
We can't go farther with a blown-out tire.
loosen (v) : loose
ant. tighten
Why did you loose the nuts ?
wrench (n) : monkey wrench, socket wrench, British spanner
The plumber took out a British spanner and tightened a bolt on the pipe.
tighten (v) : make tight, make tighter, fix firmly, fasten
ant. loosen, loose
Fasten the nut on this screw.
trunk (n) : boot, luggage compartment
Will you give me the wrench please ? It's in the boot.
raise (v) : elevate, lift
ant. lower, let down, drop
Don't elevate the car before you loosen the nuts.
back (n) : 1. rear
ant. front
Please move to the rear of the bus!
2. dorsum (rear part of the human body)
ant. stomach
The doctors found a tumor in his dorsum.
common (adj) : ordinary, frequent, routine, regular, standard, public, general, shared
collective, communal, widespread, universal
ant. private, personal, individual, separate, secret
Traffic accidents are quite ordinary in Turkey.
A widespread flu epidemic affected eighteen cities.
This is the most frequent question that we are asked.
spare (adj) : reserve, extra, auxiliary, supplementary, substitute, additional
The store hired extra clerks for Christmas.
There is an additional charge for the delivery.
The regular teacher's ill, so a substitute is teaching today.
extra (adj) : spare, supplementary, substitute, additional
Do you have a spare room ?
jack up (v) : jack, lift, elevate
ant. lower
Help me lift the car please.

- 54 -

replace (v) : put back

Don't forget to put the books back on the shelf.
lower (v) : bring down, get down, let down, take down, pull down, drop
ant. lift, elevate
Let it down slowly.
The government will bring down the gas prices next month.
keep (v) : 1. retain, hold, possess, preserve
ant. discard, abandon, give up
We retained all the gifts Aunt Mary gave us.
2. store, place
Try to store your clothes in the closet.
3. guard, watch over, keep an eye on, look after
Three soldiers guarded the prince whenever he left the palace.
inflate (v) : fill up, blow up, swell, expand, pump up, puff out
ant. deflate, empty, flatten
Use a bicycle pump to blow up the balloons.
of course (adv) : certainly, naturally, surely
Naturally, you will have your own rooms.
enough (adj) : adequate, sufficient, ample
ant. inadequate, insufficient
We still have sufficient time to stop the epidemic.
enough (adv) : adequately, sufficiently, satisfactorily, amply
ant. inadequately, insufficiently
I think we studied sufficiently to get a good score.
front (n) : forepart, front end, forward part
ant. back, rear
The forepart of the house faces the street.
hand out (v) : distribute, give away, give out
The teacher distributed the exam papers.
quick (adj) : rapid, speedy, fast, swift, hasty
ant. slow, sluggish
She ran with fast steps to the house.
quickly (adv) : rapidly, speedily
ant. slowly
He rapidly left the building.
seat (n) : chair, place
We have fifteen chairs in the classrooms.

- 55 -

BOOK 10
LESSON 4

grandfather (n) : granddad, grandpa, granddaddy

My granddad used to tell me stories.
grandmother (n) : grandma
My grandma is too old to walk alone.
baby (n) : babe, infant
The police found an infant on the street.
single (adj) : unmarried
ant. married
The clerk was an unmarried man.
marry (v) : get married with ( to ), wed, take in marriage
ant. divorce
He got married with a girl from his hometown.
marriage (n) : matrimony, marital state, wedlock
Young couples should enter matrimony seriously.
folks (n) : parents, family, family members, relatives, kinsfolk, kinfolk
I didn't invite my family members.
relative (n) : relation, cognate, kinsman, kinfolk, folks
She waited for the arrival of her kinsmen from Europe.
work (n) : employment, job, occupation, assignment, profession
The unemployed man is looking for an occupation.
occupation (n) : work, job, assignment, profession, employment
The unemployed man is looking for work.
cashier (n) : cash keeper, teller, bank clerk
Please pay the cash keeper.
dentist (n) : dental practitioner, tooth doctor
I have an appointment with my tooth doctor today.
salesman (n) : salesperson
Who is the salesperson here ?
saleswoman (n) : salesgirl, saleslady
We have to employ a salesgirl for this position.
secretary (n) : secretarial assistant
My secretarial assistant speaks two languages.
type (v) : typewrite
- 56 -

I want you to typewrite this letter in an hour.

business (n) : 1. job, profession, vocation, occupation, career
It was my job to see that all orders were completed quickly.
2. commerce, industry, manufacturing, trade
Overseas commerce increased twenty percent last year.
3. firm, establishment, concern, shop
Jack has worked for our firm since high school.
businessman (n) : man of affairs
Sabanc is a successful man of affairs.
driver (n) : chauffeur
He hired a car and chauffeur for the evening.
company (n) : business concern, concern, firm, business corporation, establishment
The two banking concerns had an agreement.
far (adj) : distant, far-off, far-away, remote, way-off
ant. near, nearby, close
I miss to travel to distant places.
about (adv) : approximately, around, just about, more or less
The cost of the repair will be approximately $ 1000.
pleasant (adj) : pleasing, pleasurable, enjoyable, gratifying, satisfying, lovely
ant. unpleasant, displeasing, disagreeable, distasteful, , distressing, bad
The audience found the movie pleasing.
famous (adj) : well-known, celebrated, renowned
ant. unknown
Elizabeth Taylor is a well-known movie star.

writer (n) : author, novelist, journalist, newspaperman, newspaperwoman

Tolstoy is a famous Russian author.
article (n) : piece, write-up, story, essay, commentary, review
Today's newspaper has an essay about economy.
newspaper (n) : paper
There isn't any important news in today's paper.
magazine (n) : periodical, journal, mag
We subscribe to the local journal.
collect (v) : pick up, gather up, call for
The little girl was picking up some small stones on the beach.
collection (n) : assemblage, aggregation, compilation
The zoo has a remarkable assemblage of animals.

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BOOK 11
LESSON 1

temperature (n) : fever

I have a terrible fever; I cant even open my eyes.
run a temperature (e) : have a temperature, have a fever
The doctor gave the baby so
me medicine because she was having a
temperature.
pain (n) : ache, hurt
The statue of The Unknown Soldier in anakkale stands for the hurt of our
independence war.
His mothers death became the greatest hurt of his life.
This medicine is good for hurts of every sort.
I should see my dentist; I have a terrible toothache.
The ache in his shoulder continued, but he was still able to play basketball.
run (v) : (of a liquid) flow
After the rainstorm, the rivers began to flow fast.
ache (n) : pain
Not only the medical care but also the nurses sympathy eased his pain.
ache (v) : be sore, hurt
All of his muscles were sore after the long baseball game.
fever (n) : high temperature
You have a high temperature, you should see a doctor.
symptom (n) : indication, sign
A high fever is an indication which shows that a person is ill.
appointment (n) : meeting
I have a meeting with my high school friends tonight.
see (v) : visit, meet, speak to
Im sorry, the boss is too busy to meet you now.

examination /exam (n) : physical

Can you give me an appointment please? I need to have a complete physical.
physical (n) : examination / exam
Before you join the military, you have to have a complete (physical)
examination.
checkup (n) : examination
I need to have my annual examination nowadays.
I cant see very well at night; I should have an eye examination.
- 58 -

annual (adj) : each year, every year, once a year

I try to visit my grandparents every year.
Everybody should take a vacation at least once a year for his psychological
health.
regular (adj) : consistent, usual, systematic
ant. irregular
We will meet at the usual time.
You should do the systematic cleaning of this room every week.
make it (e) : achieve, be on time
He achieved because he worked hard.
patient (n) : sufferer
My brother is a real headache sufferer; he always carries a pack of aspirin in his
pocket.
nurse (n) : caretaker
Mrs. Wilson is an old lady who has nobody and lives alone; she needs a good
caretaker.
catch (v) : capture, grab, grip, seize
While they were crossing the street, the boy seized his mothers hand.
problem (n) : trouble, difficulty
If you have any trouble with your car, call your mechanic.
anymore (adv) : any longer
Dan isnt in the Air Force any longer; he retired last year.
connect (v) : join, combine, unite
ant. disconnect, unfasten
Join the two ends of the rope together.
Where do the two roads join?
The girl combined sugar, butter, and flour to make a cake.
The two parties have combined to form a government.
Twenty companies united to form a new organization.
come in (v) : arrive, reach
They reached the base on Thursday.

BOOK 11
LESSON 2

mean (v) : signify, convey, express

Her smile signified her happiness.
A painter conveys his ideas through his paintings.
caution (n) : alertness, carefulness, attention, watchfulness
ant. carelessness, thoughtlessness
- 59 -

The scientist paid great attention while he was working with chemicals.
sign (n) : mark, notice, forewarning, signal, indication
The flashing light was signal that a train was coming.
When I look at my watch, its a forewarning for us to leave.
signal (n) : mark, sign, indication
The referee gave the sign to start the game.
The sign on the door said they were closed for the day.
She put her finger to her lips as an indication to be quiet.
follow (v) : obey
A good driver obeys the rules in traffic.
slow down (v) : slow up
ant. speed up
She slowed up when she saw the police car behind.
yield (v) : give in, surrender
The father gave in and let his son drive the car.
confuse (v) : mix up
The files are all mixed up; I cant find what Im looking for.
flash (v) : shimmer, flicker
The match flickered in the draft.
The water was shimmering in the moonlight.
way (n) : 1. direction, route
Which direction do I have to go to reach Los Angeles ?
2. manner
You have a way with words; you give me smiling even when it hurts.
get (v) : become
I become nervous whenever I see his face.
nervous (adj) : uneasy, anxious, distressed
ant. relaxed
I feel uneasy about her being out so late.
instructor (n) : teacher
My dog is my best teacher in learning to love the living things.
cautiously (adv) : carefully
ant. carelessly
Cross the street carefully; drivers may not always yield to the pedestrians.
cautious (adj) : careful, guarded, alert, watchful, vigilant
ant. careless
She was watchful for any sign of danger in the empty house.
become (v) : get, change into
Lets go inside; my feet are getting cold.

- 60 -

mind (n) : attention, concentration

ant. inattention
Dont lose your concentration on your work.
The movie was so exciting that we watched it with an undivided attention.
crossing (n) : intersection, crossroad, crossway
Slow down! Theres an intersection ahead.

BOOK 11
LESSON 3

stall (v) : stop

I want to be home, sitting in my armchair whenever my car stops in the middle
of a highway.
warm up (v) : heat up, prepare
You have to heat up before you exercise
motor (n) : engine
The engine is very noisy; there must be a problem!
service (n) : aid, help, maintenance
This machine gives you a great help in making cakes more quickly.
tune up (v) : adjust, modulate, regulate
Adjust your brakes before you go to long trips with your car.
Could you regulate the clock, please; I dont want to be late for work.
charge (n) : price, cost
What is the price of this hat?
charge (v) : price
These meats are priced too high.
part (n) : piece, subdivision, unit
You buy the table in four pieces which you put together.
guarantee (n) : assurance, pledge, promise
Take this ring as a pledge of our friendship.
guarantee(v) : assure, pledge, promise
I promise to return your bike in good condition.
I assure you that they will come.
grease (n) : lubricant, fat, oil
We fried the potatoes in deep fat.
Larry changes the oil in his car after he drives 3000 miles.

grease (v) : lubricate, oil

- 61 -

The engine wont operate long without oiling it.

oil (n) : grease
Grease is thicker and heavier than oil.
oil (v) : lubricate, grease
The mechanic lubricated the engine when he tuned up the motor.
When you grease a pan before you use it, the food wont stick to it.
leak (v) : escape, seep, ooze, slip
Water seeped from the cracked pipe.
The thief slipped out of the apartment without a sound.
exchange (v) : trade, swap
John is trying to trade his old pair of skates for his friends skateboard.
I swapped my car for/with his.
refund (v) : rebate, compensate, reimburse
I want them to rebate %5 of my tax.
Many firms compensate their workers if theyre hurt at work.
Well reimburse you the money you spent if you dont enjoy our service.
give back (v) : return
We returned the empty bottles to the shop.
sales slip (n) : receipt
Ask him to give you a receipt when you pay the bill.
satisfy (v) :please, content
John contented himself with one glass of wine.
Some people are hard to please.
satisfied (adj) : pleased, happy
ant. dissatisfied
She wasnt pleased with my exam results.
dissatisfied (adj) : displeased, unhappy
ant. satisfied
The old lady was displeased by the childrens noisy behavior.
satisfaction (n) : contentment, pleasure, fulfillment
ant. dissatisfaction
The cat purred with contentment when Maria stroked her.
Ben takes a great pleasure from doing his work well.
unhappy (adj) : dissatisfied
ant. happy, satisfied
The local government is dissatisfied with the relationship between the police
and the local people.
greasy (adj) : oily, lubricated, slippery
This hamburger is too oily to eat.
The wet fish was too slippery to hold.

- 62 -

oily (adj) : greasy, fatty, buttery

The mechanic was wearing dirty greasy clothes.
If you want to be healthy, dont eat fatty food.
too (adv) : excessively, awfully, greatly, extremely
Ill never go to that restaurant again; the food was extremely bad and the bill
was excessively high.
bug (n) : insect
Fly is a kind of insect.

BOOK 11
LESSON 4

frequently (adv) : commonly, repeatedly

ant. rarely, seldom
He cant pass his class this year, he failed all of his examinations repeatedly.
as a matter of fact (exp) : really, actually, in fact
The witness told the policeman how the accident really happened.
He actually told the truth.
In fact, I dont enjoy reading love stories.
spend (v) : occupy, devote
My father occupied himself with collecting stamps.
He has devoted his life to helping blind people.
busy (adj) : active, engaged, at work
ant. free
My son is a very active child; he always finds something to deal with.
- Can you come on Monday? -No, Im engaged.
intend (v) : plan, determine, aim
We plan to have a 4 week vacation in Far East.
He determined to go at once.
I aim to be a writer.
entertainment (n) : amusement, pleasure, delight
Big cities have theatres, films, football matches, and many other amusements.
She has few pleasures in life.
I want to take part in the delights of Las Vegas night life.
program (n) : show, broadcast
Theres a wonderful show on NBC tonight.
He will appear on tomorrows broadcast.
in fact (exp) : really, actually, as a matter of fact
Officially hes in charge, but actually his secretary does all the work.
As a matter of fact, I dont believe in superstition but I love reading ghost

- 63 -

stories.
variety (n) : type, sort, assortment
There are different types of people in this world.
This tin contains an assortment of sweets.
funny (adj) : amusing, comical, humorous
Our grandfather used to tell us amusing stories before bedtime.
I think the clown was the most humorous character in the play.
terrible (adj) : bad, horrible, awful
ant. wonderful, great
She has a horrible cold.
This fish smells awful!
terribly (adv) : very, awfully, extremely
Im extremely sorry that I forgot my appointment.
Its awfully hot today; I cant even breathe!
frighten (v) : terrify, shock, scare
Heights terrify me!
The baby was scared by the sudden sound.
wonderful (adj) : great, extraordinary
ant. terrible
Theres a great show on TV tonight; dont you miss it.
She is a girl of extraordinary beauty.
great (adj) : 1. very good, excellent, wonderful
Your examination results are very good. Congratulations !
Though my grandmother is 81 years old, she has an excellent health.
2. large, abundant, ample, big
Kuwait has abundant supplies of petrol.
This car has an ample trunk; it can take even me in by the baggage.
love (n) : adoration, affection, fondness
She has a strong adoration for her baby.
Fondness of chocolate can be very harmful for our dental health.
love (v) : adore, admire, enjoy
ant. hate, dislike
Her students adore her.
I admire talking with my father.
I enjoy taking short walks with my dog every evening.

boring (adj) : uninteresting, dull, unexciting

ant. interesting, exciting
I slept through his dull speech.
dull (adj) : 1. boring, uninteresting
ant. interesting, cheerful
The movie was so boring that I couldnt keep my eyes open.
- 64 -

2. blunt
ant. sharp, pointed
Too much alcohol makes your senses blunt.
feel (v) : think, believe
I think the movie was exciting.
I still believe that someday you and I will find ourselves in love again.
frightening (adj) : terrifying, scary, shocking, spooky
We have a spooky old house in town that nobody dares to enter.
When I watch a scary movie, I dont want to sleep alone.
recommend (v) : suggest, advise, approve, endorse
ant. command, disapprove
I suggest we meet again at a later date.
A method such as killing the abandoned animals in the cities instead of
vaccinating and castrating them cannot be approved.
entertaining (adj) : amusing, interesting, pleasing
ant. boring, disturbing
It was such a pleasing result that we celebrated it with a party.
The children had an amusing time by playing games.
since (conj) : because, for
I dont enjoy this life because I dont have you near.
She doesnt go out now, for shes very old.
serve (v) : aid, help, supply
This machine aids our workers doing the job more effectively.
Trade helps the development of industry.
We were supplied with a uniform when we first came here.
reasonable (adj) : fair, moderate, tolerable
She has a fair knowledge of language as a student.
This dress has a moderate price; I think I can buy it.
entertain (v) : amuse, interest, cheer
Circuses amuse all the children.
Watching soccer doesnt interest most of the women at all.
prompt (adj) : early, responsive, quick, immediate, punctual, rapid, speedy, swift
The waiter was polite and quick so I left him a big tip.
The commander ordered an immediate withdrawal of the troops.
The player scored a goal because of his swift kick.
promptly (adv) : quickly, immediately, punctually, rapidly, speedily, swiftly,
straightaway
I asked the waiter to serve me immediately because I was in a hurry.
Everything happened straightaway so we didnt have any delay.
He was answering the questions rapidly to make everyone believe that he was
telling the truth.
sharp (adj) : 1. keen, knifelike, cutting, pointed
ant. dull, blunt
- 65 -

The knight won the duel by the power of his keen sword.
A cold, cutting wind blows in from the ocean.
2.sudden, abrupt, distinct, intense
ant. gentle
When he hit me, I felt a sudden pain in my chest.
Nobody understood why he made an abrupt departure.
He gave me an intense look, and I felt my blood freeze.
reasonably (adv) : fairly, rather
ant. excessively
The car is fairly in good order.
The restaurant was rather full when I got there.
loud (adj) : noisy, blaring
This city is too noisy for me.
The orchestra was too blaring that I thought I got deaf.
loudly (adv) : noisily
Dont argue noisily; the baby is asleep.
impolite (adj) : rude, boorish, crude
ant. polite, civil, smooth
I cant stand crude people who are incapable of showing any grace in their
behaviors.
impolitely (adv) : rudely
ant. politely
Children shouldnt answer their parents rudely.
rude(adj) : impolite, disrespectful, rough, abrupt, bad-mannered, uncivil
ant. polite, civil, smooth
Nobody wants him because he has a rough manner of talking to people.
What an uncivil reply to give that you dont want to dance with a girl like me.
rudely (adv) : impolitely, roughly, abruptly
ant. politely
When I showed the fly in my soup, the waiter answered impolitely: You cant
expect to find petrol in a 75-cent-bowl of soup.

BOOK 12
LESSON

expect (v) : wait, assume, guess, suppose, believe, imagine

I waited for your call last night.
She guesses that Aston Villa will win.
freezing (adj) : cold, icy
The weather is cold today.

- 66 -

slip(v) : skid, slide

She skidded and fell on the floor.
last (v) :continue, go on
ant. stop, suspend
How long will the seminar last?
We have to stop it as soon as possible.
dangerous (adj) : risky, insecure, unsafe, hazardous
It's risky to climb Mountain Everest.
Bungee jumping is hazardous for old people.
calm (adj) : cool, quiet, peaceful
ant. agitated, stormy
That's a cool place. No one can annoy you there.
Joe is a very peaceful person. You can be good friends.
quiet (adj): calm, peaceful, cool
ant. agitated, stormy
That's a calm place.
thought (n) : idea, opinion, view
Sharon has a very interesting idea about the party.
frightened (adj) : scared, terrified, panicked
She was scared when she saw the anaconda.
occasionally (adv) : once in a while, from time to time, seldom, sometimes,
Students in Air Language seldom read books.

clear up (v) : clarify, clear

The police tried it hard to clear up the mystery.
Could you help me clarify this math problem, please?
cover (n) : hide
He covered his face with a mask.
fresh (adj) : new, recent
are new. You can buy them.

Those

kid (n) : child, minor

They can't serve drinks to minors.
locker (n) : cabinet, footlocker
Did you put your towel in the cabinet?
man (n) : the human race, human being, person, male, gentleman, fellow
Human beings have always been the most savage kind of all.
He is a kind fellow.
poor (adj) : penniless, shabby, poverty-stricken
He is penniless. Don't ask him anything about money.
Nobody will marry him because he is poverty-stricken.
- 67 -

just (adv) : completely, really, very

That's completely perfect.
She's really beautiful.
refuse (v) : reject, turn down, decline, say no to, veto
ant. accept, approve, agree
The manager rejected our project.
He wanted to get married to her but she turned down the proposal.
since (conj) : because, as, since
As you don't know where the mosque is, maybe we can ask a policeman.
You can't stop them because they're old enough to get married.
slide (v) : slip, skid
She slipped and hit her head.

BOOK 12
LESSON

field (n) : branch, subject

Engineering is a difficult branch to be successful at.
I agree. That is a demanding subject.
career (n) : occupation, job, profession
I've been in the military for 15 years. This has been my profession all these years.
If I retire, I want a job which is not demanding.
choice (n) : option, selection
Going to a medical school is the only option that I have.
After high school I had to make a selection between Harvard and Oxford.
make up one's mind (v) : decide
I have decided to go to medical school.
profession (n) : job, career, occupation
He has been very successful in his career for a long time.
talk over (v) : discuss
He's going to discuss it with his wife and children this evening.
professional (adj) : master, pro
ant. amateur, nonprofessional, unprofessional
Capt. Bold is a master in the field of martial arts.
Gianluco Bobitto, Italian referee, is a pro. He's chosen the best referee of the World
Championship 1996.
just (adv) : a little, only a short time, just now
No, I don't want a drink. I've just had one.
They've just arrived.
- 68 -

I've just seen the boys going past the post office.
discuss (v) : talk about, talk over
I need to talk about the job offer I've received with my wife tonight.
Those old ladies were talking over new hats.

offer (v) : propose

I proposed her . ( I offered her to marry me.)
refuse (v) : decline, reject, turn down
ant. accept
Paula turned down the job offer.
She rejected my proposal.
refusal (n) : declination
The president's declination of the proposal surprised everyone.
turn down (v) : refuse, decline, reject
She rejected my offer.
instead of (prep) : in place of, rather than
I want to study English rather than Chinese.
I want to study English in place of Chinese.
instead (adv) : in place of that
Its too late to go for a walk; lets watch a movie on TV in place of that.
educate (v) : teach, train, prepare
Our teacher prepares us for the future.
educator (n): trainer, tutor, teacher, instructor
He is a famous music tutor.
education (n) : teaching, training
The job demands someone with college training.
offer (v) : propose
They proposed a job offer but I didn't accept.
take (v) : accept, obtain, receive
I don't take the job at Highland College. If I do, I won't have time to teach
my children.
Take my advice and go see a doctor.
confused (adj) : misled, mistaken, baffled
He was misled after those confusing instructions.
When I stepped on the busy streets of New York, I was extremely baffled.

accept (v) : take or receive (something offered or given), esp. willingly, receive
with favor
- 69 -

They invited me and my wife for their wedding anniversary but we were very busy so we
couldn't accept the invitation.
decision (n) : conclusion, judgment, verdict, resolution, determination
ant. indecision, uncertainty
His conclusion about the matter didn't satisfy anyone.
course (n) : classes, lessons
Many officers and NCOs come to The Air Force Language School to take English classes.
After the completion of language training some NCOs go to computer lessons.
already (adv) : by or before a stated or suggested time, sooner than expected,
before
Ed already has a high school diploma.
Mr.Smith is already here.
I'm worried because some of my friends already have jobs but I can't find one.
confusing (adj) : puzzling
His explanation was so puzzling that I didn't understand any word of it.
any longer (adv) : not now, anymore
She isn't in the Army any more.
anymore (adv) : any longer
Carl graduated from high school. He's not a student any longer.
no longer (adv) : (in affirmative statements) used to say a past situation
doesn't exist, not anymore
He is not a student anymore. He no longer has to do homework or
take tests.
yet (adv) : at this moment, now, at or up to that moment, so far, by a particular time, already
He hasn't made up his mind so far.
Is George here already?
I haven't done much yet. I have to do a lot more.
still (adv) : (even) up to now, then and at this, that moment, even so, in spite
of that
Are you still here? You should have gone home hours ago.
I began looking for a job in June, but I still haven't found one yet.
Ed still doesn't have a college degree.
elementary (n) : primary school
Children practise the alphabet and numbers and some simple math in
primary school.
junior high school (n) : middle school
Children go to middle school after elementary school.
grade (n) : rank, degree, level, standing, place, order, class, status, station,
position
In the U.S. Navy, a lieutenant junior grade is above an ensign.
Junior high school includes the classes from 6 to 8.

- 70 -

so (conj) : therefore
I really feel awful today therefore I need a doctor's appointment today.
band (n) : group
Queen used to be my favorite group.
A group of robbers has escaped from the prison recently.
bargain (n) : agreement, arrangement, contract, transaction, good deal, good buy
That's a bargain. You will wash the dishes and I will clean the house.
This car is a real bargain at such a low price.
bargain (v) : negotiate
I'm not a sort of person who can negotiate while buying something. I pay how much they say
things cost.
bright (adj) : full of light, shining, (of a color) clear, and easily seen, brilliant, blazing,
dazzling, shimmering, vivid, intense, shining, glowing, sparkling, glittering
The spring mornings are shimmering.
The sun is more sparkling than the moon.
burning (adj) : flaming, blazing
The flaming house belongs to an old woman.
chance (n) : 1. fortune, luck, destiny, fate
We mostly leave things to fortune.
2. possibility, likelihood, likeliness, probability.
There's a possibility of rain today.
3. opportunity, try, attempt, occasion, possibility.
Candidates who fail the driver's test will have another opportunity next
month.
growth (n) : 1. natural development, development, advancement, advance,
progress, improvement, maturity
It's awesome to watch the development of a child.
Has that cherry tree reached its full maturity?
2. expansion, increase, development, extension, increment, enlargement, burgeoning,
surge, spread, swell, amplification, augmentation
The development of our business has been phenomenal.
Our city's enlargement must be encourage.
kid (n): child, youngster
I have two children.
kindergarten (n) : nursery
Nursery is the preparation step to the elementary school.
mechanical (adj) : run by machinery, having to do with machinery, machine-driven, automatic, selfacting
Children enjoy playing with automatic toys.
off base (adj) : completely or foolishly mistaken, unprepared
Your idea is completely off base.
You caught me unprepared with that question.

- 71 -

overseas (adv, adj) : to, at, or in somewhere across the sea, foreign
They've gone to live overseas.
After my promotion I expect to be assigned to an overseas assignment.
reception (n) : welcome, greeting, recognition, affair, social gathering, party
The president held a welcome to the honor of UN's president.
training (n) : education, preparation
All the officers and NCOs in the military must have a physical education hours.
Last year, the Air Force Language School received about 490 students for english preparation
programs.
mom (n) : mum, mother, ma, mama
Ma! I can't find my socks.
main (adj) : leading, principal, central, chief, head, primary, foremost, prime, capital, paramount,
supreme, vital, essential, necessary, important, critical, crucial, urgent, special, particular
ant. subordinate, secondary, dependent, unimportant, insignificant, trivial, minor, lesser, least,
nonessential
The soldiers are on duty to guard the critical gates.
Our special meal is at noon.
size (n) : dimensions, measurement, extent, proportions, volume, spread
expanse, magnitude, largeness, greatness, bigness, capacity
The dimensions of the pool is for the kids.
I made it a habit to collect rocks of all bigness from different countries.
smooth (adj) : even, flat, easy, calm
The sea looks flat.
swollen (adj) : puffed up, puffy
His face was puffy after a 12 hour sleep.
experience (n) : personal knowledge, personal involvement, firsthand knowledge,
observation, practice
I've been teaching English for 10 years. I have 10 years practice of teaching.

BOOK 12
LESSON

story (n) : floor

I live in a 4-storey building including the ground floor.
near (adj, adv, prep) : not far from in distance, time, degree, quality, etc., close
I'll show you my house. It is not far from here.
Computers will dominate our near future.
perhaps (adv) : possibly, maybe
ant. definitely, certainly, unquestionably, surely
- 72 -

This is our new stereo. Maybe you would like to listen to some music.
Surely you will stay for dinner.
play (v) : perform on, perform, act, act out, act the part of, take the part of,
represent
Can you perform a guitar?
I can play King Lear. I know all the lines.
heat (v) : make hot, warm, bring to a boil, warm up, heat up, (variously) cook, steam, bake, fry, boil
ant. cool, let cool, cool off, chill; freeze
Our new microwave oven is so fast that we can boil water for coffee in a few seconds.
You should warm up the milk before you give it to the cat.
I always cook the food in the oven.
burn (v) : be on fire, blaze, be flame, be in flames, smoke, flare, flash,
We keep wood in the woodshed so that they keep dry and blaze easily.
The parents shouldn't let the children play with matches and lighters.
Because things at home like carpets or papers can flare easily and it may cause fires.
tiring (adj) : exhausting, wearing
The last two years were the most exhausting years of my military career.
trouble (n) : problem, difficulty, bother, pains, annoyance, irritation, fuss, stress,
struggle, effort
Your car didn't start again! What's the problem?

take place (v) : happen, occur, come about

Where did the accident happen?
The meeting came about in the City Council Hall.
Earthquakes occur unexpectedly.
solve (v) : find a solution to, find the answer, find the key, figure out
The detectives finally figured out the mystery.
It was a difficult problem but she found a solution to it easily.
solution (n) : answer, result, resolution
He solved the problem. He found the result.
The teacher refused all the answers offered by the students.
get together (v) : gather, meet
Let's gather for lunch tomorrow.
When can we meet? I have something important to talk.
get-together (n) : meeting
We had a meeting for the new military personnel assigned to our school.
meeting (n) : get-together
The new principal had a get-together to discuss the new testing system.
build (v) : construct, make, put up, set up, put together, produce
My father and my brothers made our house by ourselves.
Ali Seba have constructed big blocks of flats throughout the country.

- 73 -

room (n) : space, extent, range, scope, expanse, territory, area, volume,
We didn't hold our 20th. wedding anniversary in our house. Because we didn't have enough
space for the guests, we held it in the officers club.
The old piano took up a lot of volume so that I took it up to the penthouse.
idea (n) : concept, mental picture, notion, thought, something believed, conception, insight,
interpretation
I have a thought that can just solve our problem.
Everybody had told their ideas about what to do and Willy's interpretation was chosen the
best.
enlarge (v) : make larger, increase, expand, add to, multiply, lengthen, widen,
bigger, grow, develop
The den we added on to the house widened it well enough.
Some snakes make their heads larger while they are in danger.

broaden, become

leave (v) : keep

We need a den but we will keep the patio like it is.
plan (n) : scheme, program, method, way, strategy, stratagem, design, blueprint,
sketch, map, diagram
I myself have drawn the sketch of the den.
My wife didn't like the map of our new house.
interested (in) (adj) : concerned, having or showing interest
I'm concerned about searching for the new developments in English teaching methods.
then (adv) : in that case, at that time
If you want to go home, in that case go.
cancel (v): give up, call off
Col. Smith gave up the meeting because his car broke down and he knew
he'd be late.
He called off her trip to Africa as he felt ill.
lecture (n) : talk, address, speech, discourse, oral presentation, narration
Ms. King gave a talk last night, and everyone enjoyed listening to her.
The oral presentation was about the existence of man.
neat (adj) : in good order, arranged well, straight, tidy, organized, clean
Lisa gave her teacher a tidy paper with no mistakes or marks on it.
Tom has a very straight handwriting.
I'm a sort of person who likes to keep his table and office organized.
disease (n) : illness, sickness, physical disorder, ailment
He's in the hospital with an unknown illness.
Many sicknesses are caused by bacteria.
beginning (n) : the start, starting point, origin
She knows her subject from the start.
The origin of the problem is unknown.
give off (v) : to send out, give out
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The skunks send out a bad smell to defend themselves when attacked.
The bodies of dead animals give out a bad smell.

invite (v) : request the presence of, summon courteously, urge, call
Mr. Al called their next-door neighbor to their 25th.Wedding anniversary.
Let's urge them over for a snack.
recklessly (adv) : hastily, carelessly
The young man was talking hastily until his father told him to stop talking.
He drove carelessly and got a ticket from the policeman.
safety (n) : security
There are guards on duty around the base for the security of the base.
save (v): rescue, recover, free, preserve, protect, redeem, help
The brave fireman rescued the two little kids from the wild animals.
unlikely (adj) : not expected, improbable, not likely, questionable, unbelievable
ant. likely, probable, unquestionable, sure, certain
He may come, but it is not very unlikely.
It seems improbable that the commandant will be a brigadier general.

BOOK 12
LESSON

pistol (n) : handgun

The killer hurried to his handgun and fired it twice.
weapon (n) : arm, armament
Guns and knives are arms.
kill (v) : murder, slay, slaughter, assassinate, shoot down, shoot, execute
After he has shot twice, he shot down the duck.
The truck hit the car coming from the opposite direction and murdered two people.
out of doors (adv) : outdoors, outside, open air, in the open air
Fred and Pete like to be outdoors. During the deer season, they spend at least two weeks
hunting in the open air.
prepare (v) : ready, make ready, get ready, fix
The hunters are fixing their weapons for the hunting trip.
I help my wife ready the table for dinner.
country (n) : rural areas, countryside, hinterlands, farming area, wide open
spaces
City people often dream of buying a house in the countryside.

- 75 -

practice (v) : rehearse, drill, discipline, train, familiarize with

He rehearses the piano when he has time.
The soldiers drill every morning.
hunt for (v) :search for, seek
I dropped my truck keys in the grass, so I had to search for them hours.
Where the hell have you been? I've been seeking you almost all day.
shot (n) : gunfire, blast, explosion
The police arrived right after the gunfire.
low (adj) : near the ground, not far above the horizon, low-lying
ant. high
The thief jumped over the low wall to the other side and ran away.
several (adj, determiner) : various, different, more than two but fewer than many, some, few but not
many
I have been to different countries.
Some of the students were able to win the university entrance exam.
farther (adj) : more distant, more remote, further, more removed
My house is far; I live 20 miles away from here.
His house is farther; he lives 30 miles away from here.
farther (adv) : further, to a greater distance, past the point that, at a greater distance, beyond, at or
to a more advanced point, to a greater degree or extent, deeper. (comp. of FAR) at or
to a greater distance or more distant point further
Let's not walk any farther.
They pushed the boat farther into the sea.
further (adv) : (comp. of FAR) more, to a greater degree, at or to a greater distance or more distant
point, farther
I've gone further in my education than my brother has. I'm in college while he's only in high
school.
There's nothing further we can talk about.
instruction (n) : direction, information, guideline, recommendation, explanation, specification, advice,
rule,
Tell me how to use this machine; give me some directions.
The guideline how to use any electrical equipment and computers must be stuck on.
whole (adj) : entire, complete, full, total, unabridged, not divided
Do you want the entire box?
plenty ( n) : an abundant supply, ample amount, a full measure, abundance, sufficiency, good deal,
great deal, a wealth, enough and to spare
Turkey has an abundance of skilled basketball players.
catch (v) : trap, capture, take, seize, seize and hold, take captive, take, arrest,
apprehend
Cats like to capture mice.
The police arrested the man 2 hours after the burglary.

- 76 -

in the open (adv) : outdoors

I love to be outdoors and take walks in the woods.
own (adj) : belonging to oneself, belonging to itself, personal, private, individual, particular
Sean has his private room.
Don't bother me. This is my individual problem and I can handle it myself.
all over (adv) : in every part, everywhere
Are there fish in every part or just in some parts of the lake?
I looked everywhere for the lost keys.
The forest fire covered the forest all over.
slow (adv) : slowly
He drives slowly.
hard (adv) : in a hard way, with great effort
Don't pull the fishing rod hard, because you may lose the fish.
twice (adv) : two times
I've seen this movie two times.
once (adv) : one time, on one occasion
I think I've seen this man on one occasion.
My father cuts the grass once in a week.
used to (modal) : would
We would go on a picnic in the summer when I was a little boy.
would (modal) : used to
When the weather was good, we used to get up early and go swimming.
believe (v) : 1. trust, put faith in, confidence in, be certain of, rely on, depend on,
accept as true, count on, be sure of
Don't be sure of everything you hear. We all believe in good and free education for
our children.
2. think, imagine, guess, suppose, assume, consider, presuppose, theorize,
hypothesize, deduce, infer, maintain, hold.
I suppose it's going to rain
ant. 1. doubt, question, disbelieve.
2. know, know for sure, .to consider to be true, to hold as an
opinion
coach (v) : train, instruct, tutor, teach, drill, advise, guide, direct
I train a Little League baseball team during the spring.
dad (n) : daddy, papa, pa, father
What are you doing daddy?
My father can beat your dad.
empty (adj) : vacant, unoccupied, uninhabited, bare, void, containing nothing, (a house or building)
with nobody in it
I have drunk all the water in the glass, now the glass is empty.

- 77 -

There are 5 rooms in our house and two of the rooms are vacant. We haven't been able to
furnish them.
lost (adj) : missing, mislaid, misplaced, gone out of one's possession, vanished,
strayed, stray, astray, absent, lacking, no longer possessed
The cleaning lady found my missing keys under the sofa.
The absent boy came out and said he just meant to measure how much his parents loved him.
moving (adj) : movable, capable of moving, mobile, motile, interacting, not
fixed, changing position
The moveable parts of this machine must be oiled periodically.
Some people put wider and bigger tires to the cars. That's harmful to the interacting parts of
the car.
purpose (n) : goal, aim, ambition, aspiration, object, objective, mission, intent, intention, target, plan,
motive, design, project, desire, wish, expectation
His goal in his life is to have a restaurant of his own.
Her ambition is to be a lawyer.
straighten (v) : make or become straight or orderly
The cleaners mopped and scrubbed the floors of the classes and we found our desks untidy
and we had to straighten them.
target (n) : mark, object aimed at, objective, object, goal, aim, end, purpose, ambition,
design, plan, intent, intention, anything fired at,
Her objective is to have a bachelor degree.
towards (prep) : in the direction of, without necessarily reaching, in a position facing,
near, just before in time
She was walking towards the school when I saw her.
Towards the end of the lesson, it started to rain heavily.

trash (n) : litter, rubbish, junk, garbage, waste matter, sweepings, leavings, worthless stuff, odds and
ends
The garbage in the kitchen smells bad if it stays there long.
The rubbish must be put in the trashcans.
usual (adj) : normal, typical, ordinary, routine, common, commonplace, regular,
standard, traditional, conventional
ant. unusual, uncommon, exceptional, unique, singular, individual, rare, extraordinary,
unconventional, new, fresh, one of a kind
We will meet at the regular time, and place.
Is it normal to kiss hands of the older people in your country?
watch out (phr v) : look out , watch
Look out! The bridge is destroyed; slow down.
facilitate (v) : speed up, accelerate, ease, simplify, help in, make less difficult, make easier, assist the
progress of, lessen the labor of, lighten, smooth, forward, help to advance, promote,
further, advance, aid,
ant. slow down
The new audio-visual system will certainly help the students learning.
- 78 -

The computer has really made the job easier in the Air Force Language School.
field (n): 1. grassland, pasture, grazing land, green, common, yard clearing
The horses were turned loose in the grassland.
2. playing field, arena, turf, court, course, diamond, lists
Tennis is played on a rectangular court.
3. battlefield, battleground, theater of war, front, front lines
The general serves better in the battlefield than at a desk.
4. province, territory, region, area, sphere, department, occupation, profession, calling, line
She is a leader in the profession of cosmetics.
player (n) : actor, sportsman, musician
Pele is one of the best soccer sportsmen in the world.
Izmir Symphony Orchestra has 50 musicians.
suggestion (n) : advice, recommendation
Get a lawyer's advice on the matter.
equipment (n) : stuff, supplies
Do you have the stuff to play football?

hypocrite (n) : insincere person, false person, two-faced person, pretender

Some politicians prefers to tell lies on TV channels. They are the real pretenders.
Don't rely on him; he's an insincere person. He pretends to be your friend but he goes away
when you're in trouble.
kick (v) : to hit with the foot, hit, strike, shoot
He hurt his foot; he thought the can was empty before he hit it on the street.
Strike the ball!
point (n) : 1. sharp end, end,
Do you have a pencil with a sharper end?
2. unit, number, (variously) hit, basket, run, goal, game.
The team won by two points
positive (adj) : 1. firm, absolute, decisive, definite, leaving no doubt, explicit,
confirmatory
He gave a definite identification of the killer.
2. sure, certain, undoubting, confident, satisfied, assure
She was sure that she had seen him
3. practical, effective, useful, helpful, applicable, beneficial, good
He always has some useful ideas on company policy.
team (n) : group, unit, staff, crew, band, gang, company, squad,
association, alliance, league
The inspection staff that visited our school were very satisfied with the way we worked.
The scientific research unit found a new way to stop cancer.

- 79 -

BOOK 13
LESSON 1
match (n) : game, contest, competition, tournament, meet, event
Who won the football game ?
match (v) : harmonize, be alike, suit, fit, go well with, fit together
ant. mismatch
The drapes go well with the rug.
tie (n) : 1. necktie, cravat, bow tie
Men are supposed to wear coats and neckties to the party.
2. tied score, tied record, tied vote, draw
The game was a draw, so they awarded two first prizes.
tie (v) : 1. make the same score, come out even
The match will be played again since the teams made the same score.
2. bind, fasten, knot
ant. untie, unbind, unfasten, loose, loosen, unknot
Bind those boxes together with a rope.
string (n) : twine, cord, thread, strand, line, binding
Wrap the cord tightly around the box.
win (v) : overcome, defeat, beat
ant. lose
The team must overcome today.
lose (v) : be defeated in, be the loser, fail to win
ant. win
Fenerbahe was defeated in the last match.
beat (v) : 1. hit, strike, pound, knock, punch, slap
He struck me with his fist.
There was definitely somebody home when he knocked at the door.
He punched the man in the nose.
2. win, overcome, defeat
Our basketball team will defeat them.
field (n) : meadow, grassland, pasture, grazing land
The horses were turned loose in the meadow.
practice (n) : training, drill, repetition, preparation, exercise, rehearsal
The team had a lot of training this year; I hope they will play well enough.
I can memorize the words after many repetitions.
Talking to tourists is a good exercise for the English learning students.
team (n) : 1. sports team, side
Which side do you support ?
2. group, unit, staff, crew
A group of heart specialists performed the surgery.
join (v) : become a member of, enter, associate oneself with, sign up with
enlist in, enroll in
- 80 -

ant. leave, resign, quit

We became a member of the country club.
My brother wants to enter the Turkish Air Force.
coach (v.,n) : 1. train, instruct, teach, drill, direct
I train a little league baseball team during the spring.
2. trainer, athletic director
A football team needs a good trainer.
doubt (v) : wonder, have doubts about, be doubtful, feel uncertain, waver in opinion
ant. believe, feel certain
I have doubts about his promises.
They feel uncertain about what he said.
shoelace (n) : shoe string
Why didn't you fasten your shoe strings ?
suppose (v) : guess, imagine, believe, reckon, presume, assume
I imagine you're all hungry.
score (n.,v) : 1. tally, record of points made
At the end of the game the tally was 2-5.
2. make, gain, tally
How many scores did you make in the last match.
point (n) : score, tally
The team had a good score.
kick (v) : hit, strike with the foot
He hit the ball towards the upper corner of the goal post.

certainly (adv) : for certain, for sure, sure, surely

I'd like to help you with your problem for sure.
certain (adj) : confident, convinced, undoubting, undoubtful, satisfied
ant. uncertain, doubtful, dubious, unconvinced
I'm convinced I put the book on the table.
player (n) : team member, performer
The boy wants to be a baseball team member.
quite (adv) : rather, very, considerably, remarkably, extremely, excessively
He was rather rude.
The prices are considerably high here.
positive (adj) : sure, certain, convinced, undoubting, confident, satisfied, assured
ant. unsure, tentative, doubting, uncertain
She certain was she had seen him.
reporter (n) : journalist, newsman, newspaperman, newswoman, newspaperwoman
The journalist wrote his story after interviewing several witnesses.
imagine (v) : 1. envision, pretend, conceive, project, visualize, dream up, fantasize
- 81 -

Try to dream up being on the moon.

2. presume, assume, suppose, think, believe, guess
I suppose you are tired from the journey.
surely (adv) : certainly, for certain, for sure, sure
Certainly you'll stay for dinner.
uncertain (adj) : unsure, not certain, not sure, doubtful, dubious
ant. certain, sure
They are not certain of the time they'll arrive.
goal (n) : aim, purpose, target, objective, intention, ambition
His aim in life is to own his own business.
His intention is to spend a month in Spain.
towards (prep) : toward
I want you to walk toward the gate.
believe (v) : 1. trust, put faith in, be certain of, rely on, depend on, presume true,
be sure of, count on
ant. doubt, distrust, mistrust, disbelieve
I don't trust gossips.
We are certain of our customers' good will.
2. presume, think, imagine, guess, suppose, assume, consider
ant. know, know for sure
I imagine you are tired today.
I assume I'll see you at the meeting Tuesday.
for sure (exp) : certainly, for certain, sure, surely
We'll certainly visit you this weekend.
divide (v) : separate, split
Separate the orange into sections.
Split the pineapple before peeling it.
dormitory (n) : dorm, student residence
I stayed in a student residence for one year.
finish (v) : end, conclude, complete, bring to an end
ant. begin, start
The chairman ended the meeting at ten o'clock.
The pianist concluded the recital with a Chopin tude.
finish (n) : 1. conclusion, end, close, completion
ant. beginning, start
The lovers are united at the conclusion of the play.
At the end no one applauded.
2. close
ant. beginning, start, opening
The crowd began to leave before the close of the game.
gentleman (n) : well-mannered man, honorable man, refined man, civilized man
ant. brute, lout
A well-mannered man would never use such language!

- 82 -

lady (n) : well-bred woman, respectable woman, woman of refinement, gentlewoman

Her bearing and appearance indicated that she was a respectable woman.
plant (n) : 1. vegetation, flora, herbage
The abandoned property was covered with vegetation.
2. factory, shop, works, foundry, business, establishment
The workers at the factory belong to the union.
pool (n) : pond, lake
Deer often come to drink at the pond.
track (n) : 1. footprint, mark, sign, trail, path, spoor
The guide followed the spoor of the elephants.
Police are examining the footprint of the criminal.
2. racetrack, running track
The racing cars sped around the running track.
worker (n) : workman, laborer
The plant employs hundreds of laborers.
bet (n.,v) : 1. wager, stake
The most common wager on a horse race is two dollars.
2. wager, make a bet, risk
The Las Vegas gambler wagered $100 on each throw of the dice.
blind (adj) : sightless, unable to see, without vision, unseeing
ant. sighted, seeing
Helen Keller was born deaf and sightless.
farmer (n) : grower, raiser, planter, cultivator of land
His father is a tobacco raiser.
zone (n) : region, territory, area, terrain, district, section
The pineapple plantation occupies a large territory of the island.
It's against the law to build factories in this residential area.
bookstore (n) : bookshop, bookstall
There must be a bookshop around here.
reason (n) : cause, occasion
The cause of the argument was wasting a lot of money.
What is the occasion for you to gather here ?

BOOK 13
LESSON 2

leather (n) : animal skin

I bought a jacket made of animal skin.
jewelry (n) : jewels, gems, precious stones, adornments, personal ornaments
- 83 -

Her jewels was insured for one million dollars.

chain (n) : strand, string
I'll buy her a strand for her birthday.
bracelet (n) : armlet, bangle
I lost one of the bangles.
material (n) : 1. matter, substance, stuff, constituents, elements
There was a sticky substance on the floor.
2. fabric, textile, cloth
Wash this fabric in cold water.
man-made (adj) : artificial, manufactured, fabricated
We filled the vase with artificial flowers.
rock (n) : stone
The building is made of stone.
stone (n) : rock
There are dangerous rocks in the road.
wake up (v) : arouse, awake, awaken, wake, waken
ant. fall asleep (stop sleeping)
We awake every morning at six.
She waked her father and told him the good news.
The alarm awoke everyone in the house.
The parents were awakened by the child's coughing.
allow (v) : permit, let, give permission to, authorize
Will you permit me to ask a question?
Why don't you let the porter carry the bags ?

appreciate (v) : be grateful for, be thankful for, feel indebted

We were grateful for your long letter.
I am thankful for his help.
We feel indebted for your accepting our suggestion.
leave (n) : permission
The senator asked permission to depart early.
let (v) : permit, allow, give permission to, authorize
My salary doesn't allow me to live extravagantly.
The rules do not permit players to step out of bounds.
original (adj) : 1. first, initial, earliest
ant. last, latest, final
Will you show me the initial design of your product ?
2. unique, unusual, different
ant. unoriginal, common, usual, typical, ordinary
The tranquil beauty of the Mona Lisa is unique.
The shape of this leaf is unusual.

- 84 -

present (n) : 1. gift

I got many gift for my birthday.
2. now, nowadays, today, this day, the time being, the moment
ant. the past, the future
I live the moment, not the past.
present (adj) : 1. current, existent, existing, immediate, instant
ant. past, future
The current state of affairs will change everything.
2. here, attending, in attendance, not absent
ant. absent
All the students are today here.
pronounce (v) : articulate, speak, say, vocalize
Please articulate clearly so that everyone can hear you.
sparkle (v) : shine, glitter, glint, glisten, flicker, twinkle, gleam, shimmer
The pilot saw the lights of the city twinkling below.
A light shimmered in the distance.
The street glistened in the rain.
The car's headlights gleamed in the distance.

BOOK 13
LESSON 3

deal (n) : bargain, agreement

I bought this item quite cheap; that was a good bargain.
The meeting ended in friendly agreement.
item (n) : article, thing, subject
Every article in the store is on sale.
discount (n) : reduction, deduction
ant. increase, addition, raise
The store allows a deduction of 10 percent for cash payment.
reduce (v) : lessen, discount, mark down, slash, lower, drop, decrease
ant. increase
The shop plans to slash fur prices after Christmas.
size (n) : measurement
What are the measurements of the living-room rug ?
special (adj) : unusual, uncommon, unique, select, distinctive, out of the ordinary
ant. common, ordinary, undistinctive, unimportant, routine
She is a distinctive woman in our firm.
This is an uncommon day for this people.
cloth (n) : fabric, material, textile
- 85 -

Mother bought some material to make a dress.

medium (adj) : average, common, normal, ordinary, middling, moderate
ant. extreme, utmost, extraordinary, uncommon
Our average speed was still 40 miles an hour.
fabric (n) : material, textile, cloth
New England weavers made this textile.
measurement (n) : size
Your size must be bigger than mine.
amount to (v) : cost
This mink coat costs $3, 000.
amount (n) : total, sum
The sum they demanded for damages was too high.
increase (v) : enlarge, become larger, swell, expand
ant. decrease, diminish, lessen, reduce
The hotel capacity is being enlarged to accommodate more guests.
decrease (v) : diminish, lessen, reduce, drop
ant. increase, enlarge
Water consumption dropped during the summer.
The government will reduce the tax rates.
Talking things out lessened the tension.
free (adj) : complimentary, gratis, costless, gratuitous
A costless dish is given with each $10 order.
clothing (n) : apparel, clothes
The nun packed all her apparel in one small suitcase.
factory (n) : manufactory, manufacturing plant
A new manufacturing plant has been established in Izmit.
instruct (v) : teach, tutor, educate, train, drill, guide
Mr. La Farge teaches French at the local high school.
kid (n) : child
The child is only six years old.
attempt (v.,n) : 1. try, strive, endeavor, struggle
We should all endeavor to be more considerate of others.
Please try to finish the job by Friday.
2. effort, try, endeavor
Despite our sincere efforts, we couldn't finish the job in time.
backwards (adv) : toward the rear, rearward, to the rear
ant. forward, frontward
Take two steps toward the rear.
fault (n) : error, blunder, wrong, mistake, misdeed
Sending the bill to the wrong customer was a terrible blunder.
- 86 -

hobby (n) : diversion, pastime, leisure-time activity

His only diversion is an occasional game of golf.
order (n) : neatness, tidiness, orderliness, arrangement
ant. disorder
As a matter of fact, the tidiness of his room surprised me.
order (v) : command, request, call for, ask for
We asked the waiter for some water.
subject (n) : topic, matter, subject matter
The speaker's topic will be " Poetry in the Modern World ".

BOOK 13
LESSON 4
height (n) : altitude, elevation, upward extent, tallness, highness, loftiness
ant. lowness
At that altitude most people have trouble breathing.
The elevation of Mexico City is 7, 500 feet.
width (n) : breadth, wideness, broadness
Everyone knows the length of a football field is 100 yards, but few know its
breadth is 160 feet.
length (n) : reach, span, distance, longitude, range
The reach of the track is one mile.
jump (v) : bound, spring, leap, hop
He sprang out of bed when the alarm went off.
strength (n) : power, might, force, vigor
Does he have enough power to lift these weights ?
weight (n) : heaviness, mass, heft, poundage, tonnage
ant. weightlessness
Einstein studied the relation of energy and mass.
I wonder if this truck can carry this big heft.
The tonnage of the vehicle is exceeding the limit.
gain (v) : acquire, obtain, put on, add, build up
ant. lose
How does someone obtain a hunting license in this state?
Last week I put on another five pounds.
scale (n) : weighing machine
The weighing machine must be out of order, I can't be this fat !

- 87 -

area (n) : region, terrain, territory, section, district, portion, zone, space
The pineapple plantation occupies a large portion of the island.
Alligators are found in marshy territory.

equivalent (adj.,n) : equal, the same as, equal amount

ant. unequal
A dime is equal to ten pennies.
His salary is the same as mine.
That dress cost the equal amount of a week's salary.
event (n) : 1. occurrence, happening, experience, incident
Winning the scholarship was a great happening in the boy's life.
A lot of incidents happened during the holiday.
2. contest, competition, tournament, game, bout
Track and field competitions are held at the new stadium.
I've never attended a championship bout.
metric (adj) : metrical
Turkey has been using metrical system for about a century.
object (n) : thing
A can opener is a very useful thing.
row (n) : tier
Our seats were up in the second tier of the balcony.
spot (n) : 1. stain, mark
That's a coffee stain on your tie.
2. place, locality, location, point
We're going to build our home in this place.
spot (v) : locate, see, pick out, recognize, discover, detect
We detected the robbers as they entered the store.
I didn't recognize you in that crowd.
track (n) : 1. mark, sign
Police have found the signs of the criminal.
2. racetrack, running track
You have to run around this racetrack.
step (n) : 1. footstep, pace, stride
With two paces she reached the crying child.
2. stage, phase, move, process
This establishment is the final stage of our company.
After this process, we'll decide where to set the tents.

step (v) : pace, stride, walk, move

The patient was able to pace to the window.
field (n) : athletic field, playing area, playing field
- 88 -

The company started to build a huge athletic field for the Olympic Games.
slip (v) : skid, slide
The car slid into the ditch.
slip (n) : slip of paper
The bank clerk didn't give me any slip of paper.

BOOK 14
LESSON 1

opportunity (n) : chance, fortuity

Winning a scholarship from a good university was a big fortuity for him.
I never miss the chance of playing tennis.
serve (v) : aid, help, be of use, work for
To work for my country makes me happy.
assignment (n) : responsibility, task, charge, drill, duty, commission, job, mission
commission for the new building was given to a well-known architect.
Working in the Air Force makes you someone with many responsibilities.
She finds looking after her old father a difficult task.
training (n) : instruction, preparation, background, buildup
Ill need a bit more preparation before I can help you.
They are taking this school the young men with excellent background.
promotion (n) : advance, advancement, furtherance, improvement, progress, step up,
betterment
Her talent and intelligence brought Jane a great progress in her career.
My brother found a job with opportunities for advancement.
personnel (n) : employees, workers staff, cadre, corps, crew group
As long as youre government employees, youre destined to work hard and be
rich only in your dreams.
A boss needs a good staff to be successful.
chance (n) : possibility, probability, opportunity, risk
I took the opportunity of seeing the president.
Is there any possibility that youll be able to come tomorrow?
There is no risk of fire unless you obey the safety rules for electricity.
enlist (v) : admit, appoint, assign, call to arms, enroll, incorporate, join, recruit, serve,
volunteer
He was admitted to the hospital suffering from burns.

basic (adj) : elementary, fundamental, basal, primary, radical, main, essential,

- 89 -

The

principal, chief
The new government has promised to make fundamental changes.
The main meal of the day is breakfast.
train (v) : develop, discipline, drill, educate, exercise
She has been drilling English.
He was educated at a very good school.
assign (v) : designate, enroll, select
She was selected to be the speaker on the national holiday.
advanced (adj) : excellent, leading, exceptional
We have the leading technology in our computer factory.
It was an exceptional car design , completely ahead of its time.
station (v) : appoint, base, post, establish
They appointed him to be the head of the teachers.
He has been posted to Hong Kong.
duty (n) : mission, obligation, task
She thinks cleaning the barracks is a hard task.
Its one of your obligations to clean your gun after each shooting exercise.
promotion (n) : advance, improvement, progress
He received a great improvement in his work this term.
promote (v) : benefit, improve, move up.
She moved up so fast in the organization that she became the chief of science
department only in three years.

BOOK 14
LESSON 2

around (adv) : about, all over, near

Ive been all over the world but no place is like your own country.
dirt (n) : clay, dust, mud
You may let the children play with clay whenever they like but you must teach
them to clean the dust from their hands before coming to the table.
make (v) :cause, effect, form
The rain clouds cause you feel depressed.
picnic (n) : barbecue, cookout, outing
Would you like to come to barbecue at our garden tonight?
probably (adv) : apparently, maybe, most likely, possibly
There are lots of dark clouds, it maybe raining soon.
Hes the best player of the team, hes most likely to become the team captain

- 90 -

next term.
farm (n) : field, garden, grassland, plantation
ukurova is covered with cotton fields.
My mother likes growing tomatoes in her garden.
farmer (n) : country person, gardener, planter
He was a simple country person and all his life was his farm.
raise (v) : breed, cultivate, grow
He breeds rabbits in his back garden.
ranch (n) : cattle farm, estate, plantation
In this cattle farm, there are forty cows.
much (adv) : greatly, a lot, extremely, highly
I was greatly moved by his kindness.
He is a highly skilled instructor.
locate (v) : settle, place, put, seat
He settled himself in his chair.
Put the chair nearer the fire .
extremely (adv) : greatly, intensely, quite, terribly, awfully
Im awfully sorry that I stepped on your foot.
I have been terribly worried about you.
destroy (v) : demolish, devastate, damage, break down
The old cars were broken down for their metal and parts.
They are going to demolish that old building.
destruction (n) : demolition, devastation, havoc, ruin
He tried to overcome the devastation of loosing his wife.
It was so painful to see the havoc left by the earthquake.
thick (adj) : crowded, packed, abundant, compact, condensed, dense, frequent, full,
populated
The explorers got lost in the dense forests of Amazon.
The trees grew in a compact mass.
Some people were walking on the roads because of the crowded sidewalks.
reflect (v) : give back, copy, imitate, mirror, return, reply, reproduce, take after,
rebound
His lies rebounded on himself because nobody trusted him anymore.
The election results mirror public opinion quite well.
location (n) : place, position, situation, site, spot, station
This is an instrument used to indicate the position of the aircraft.
She called back that she had found the perfect spot for the picnic.
I liked the situation of this house, its near my school.
light (v) : burn, fire, ignite, start on fire
The liquid ignited when somebody dropped a match in it.
rather (adv) : somewhat ,moderately, a bit, a little, enough, reasonably, comparatively
- 91 -

It somewhat surprised me though I wasnt waiting for it.

It was a moderately successful film ,I enjoyed a little .
harvest (v) : gather, pile up, store, crop
The farmer gathered the corn in August.
harvest (n) : crop, gathering, storing, fruitage
The winter wheat crop was not large this year.
The farmers couldnt have a fine storing because of the heavy storms.
blossom (v) : flower, bloom, burst open
Cherry trees flower in the early spring.
blossom (n) : flower, bloom, bud, posy
He gave her a bouquet of flowers.
The plant will come into bud in spring.

BOOK 14
LESSON 3

bear (v) : give birth, beget, breed, create, produce, reproduce

A cow produces milk.
Some tropical fish reproduce by laying eggs.
Jealousy begets hatred.
present (n) : gift, donation, grant, benefaction, largess, boon, giveaway
She gave a sizable donation to the needy.
Her thoughtful concern was a boon to me.
Kindness does not consist in gifts but in gentleness and generosity of spirit.
wrap (v) : cover, bandage, encase, enclose, pack, roll up, shelter, bundle up
Dont bundle all the clothes up into that bag so carelessly.
He packed some bread and cheese for his lunch.
sing (v) : choir, harmonize, carol, serenade, solo, tune, vocalize, hum
All the black people are going to choir in the church tonight.
The chorus began humming a song and it contrasted with the sopranos high
tunes.
look forward to (v) : anticipate, expect
I do not expect any trouble.
I anticipate his arrival at 4 oclock.
take turns (exp) : alternate
They alternated waxing the floor.
come over (v) : drop by, visit
Drop by tonight, and well surf on internet.
Ill visit my aunt after work today.

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softly (adv) : lightly, faintly, quietly, smoothly, tenderly, gingerly, gently

I reached out gingerly to touch the snake.
He pressed lightly on the handle.
He was talking quietly not to bother anyone.

uncomfortable (adj) : painful, rough, agonizing, annoying, thorny, troublesome,

distressing, irritating, torturing
Talking about freedom for a life-sentenced prisoner must be a painful subject.
The pioneers of U.S. led a rough life.
broke (adj) : without money, penniless, poor, needy, bankrupt
The company went bankrupt because it couldnt sell its products.
poor (adj) : 1. broke, empty-handed, in need, moneyless, penniless, poverty-stricken,
needy, beggarly, flat, stony
ant. rich, wealthy
First he lost his wife, then his job. Hes completely flat at the moment.
Some volunteers are saving money to help the needy families.
2. unfortunate, unlucky
Im unlucky at cards.
The unfortunate man lost everything he had on a bet.
to be over (v) : end, be finished
My struggle wont end until I get a satisfactory success.
The work will be finished by noon.
rich (adj) : wealthy, in the money, loaded, moneyed, affluent, fat, prosperous,
propertied
ant. poor, needy
Everybody turns around him because he has a flat wallet.
The affluent society doesnt really care about the price of bread.
proud (adj) : pleased, appreciative, content, glad, satisfied
The sailors were very glad when they saw the land on the horizon.
Im pleased with your work.
pretty (adv) : considerable, somewhat, very, fairly, kind of, quite, rather, sort of
Hes been acting rather strange lately.
Im getting sort of hungry.
beside (prep) : next to, close to, near, at the side of
Jack is sitting next to Mary.
besides (prep) : in addition to, as well as, other than, plus, together with, added to
I bought a pair of shoes in addition to a shirt.
The set consists of a table plus chairs.

besides (adv) : in addition, as well, also, furthermore, moreover

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I dont want to go out; furthermore, its too late.

The day was dark and cold, and moreover it was raining.
soft (adj) : faint, temperate, caressing, comfortable, cool, delicate, gentle, light, low,
pleasing, restful, smooth
The candle shed a faint light in the room.
He has a low voice which puts your soul at ease.
scared (adj) : frightened, afraid, fearful, terrified, shaken
He was frightened at the thought of his coming examination.
poorly (adv) : unsatisfactorily, badly, crudely, unsuccessfully, defectively,
insufficiently, shabbily
He acted his role badly.
This machine is working defectively, its helping us insufficiently.
continue (v) : persist, carry on, abide, endure, last, persist
In spite of everything, her faith endured.
Through 40 years of marriage, their love abided.
underneath (prep) : below, under, beneath
I could feel the magic blowing in the air as we stood beneath the stars.

BOOK 14
LESSON 4

accidental (adj) : coincidental, unexpected, unintentional

We had a coincidental meeting with Don at the theatre.
accidentally (adv) : by chance, by mistake, unintentionally
I burned my dress by mistake while I was ironing.
group (n) : band, crew, gang, platoon, association, club
Have you seen any of the gang lately?
lucky (adj) : fortunate, opportune, advantageous, beneficial, promising, favored,
happy, hopeful, well, providential
ant. luckless, unlucky, unfortunate, unhappy
I have been so fortunate in my business investments lately.
He spent a life that has been a series of happy accidents.
It was providential that rescuers arrived in the nick of time.
luck (n) : chance, accident, fortune, hap, hazard
It was his good fortune to meet her when he did.
We met by happy accident.
Dice is a game of chance.
We are partners chosen by hazard.
rough (adj) : 1. mean, severe, cruel, harsh, tough, hard
- 94 -

We had a harsh winter last year.

Nobody wants to risk anything at these rough times.
Leaving the boy foodless for 2 days was such a cruel punishment.
2. uneven, rugged, scabrous, coarse, harsh
ant. smooth
The harsh fabric chafed his skin.
We found an old house with uneven floors in the woods.
It is an allergic condition that results in scabrous hands.
Follow the rugged road up the mountain and youll find the lake.
tour (n) : journey, travel, trip, voyage, expedition
Theyre going on an expedition to photograph wild animals in Africa.
She wrote a book about her travels in South America.
I had an uncomfortable journey in a crowded train.
Take some books to read on the voyage.
tour (v) : visit, journey, explore, take a trip, travel
Well visit many countries in Asia in 2 months.
I traveled all around the world but still couldnt find why Im journeying.
smooth (adj) : level, flat, plane, even, flush
ant. rough
The work surface must be totally flat.
The competition will be done on an even dance floor.
report (n) : account, story, information, outline, version
His brief account of the voyage has become a classic.
Few people believed his story of what he had seen in deep water.
report (v) : knowledge, account for, document, inform, narrate
How will you account for your lateness to the major?
promise (n) : affirmation, agreement, assurance, commitment, consent, engagement,
insurance, swear, plight
I dont want to get married because I dont want any commitments.
If you need an assurance, just take a look into my eyes.
promise (v) : affirm, assure, commit, swear, vow
When John was caught stealing, he vowed hed never do it again.
He swore to obey the king.
smell (n) : scent, odor, aroma, essence
Some police dogs are trained to detect the scent of narcotics.
I like the aroma of fresh coffee a lot.
smell (v) : scent, sniff, snuff, nose
I can scent trouble in the air.
The dog nosed out the scent.
taste (n) : flavor, savor, tang
Keeping them out so long spoils the flavor of most foods.
He sipped slowly to get the full savor of wine.
There was a tang of vinegar in the salad.
taste (v) : savor, judge, try
- 95 -

He savored the meal with great pleasure.

cancel (v) : call of, erase, expunge, efface, blot out, delete, obliterate, cross out,
eliminate, rub out, wipe out
Erase what you wrote and start over.
He blotted out the offensive passage with black ink.
I found old coins with dates effaced by wear.
Delete his name from the list.
I called off my trip to Brazil at the last minute.
attempt (v) : try, endeavor, essay, strive, make effort
He tried several times to find a solution.
The air-rescue team endeavored to find survivors of the crush.
He had essayed dramatic roles on two earlier occasions but the results were
failure.
Both countries strive for a lasting peaceful solution.
board (v) : get on, hop on, enter
He got uptight as soon as he got on the plane.

BOOK 15
LESSON

trainee (n): student, beginner

The students in AFLS are highly motivated because they know that they are the future of
Turkey.
tough (adj): hard, difficult
Ebru is difficult to work with.
instruction (n) : direction, command, instructing, teaching, education, guidance
coaching, training, tutoring
We should listen to the directions carefully and answer the questions correctly.
drill (n) : exercise, lesson, practice
That's a tough exercise to do.
instruct (v): 1. teach, order, teach, tutor, educate, train, drill, guide, coach
The instructor taught a lot of new vocabulary today.
2. give information to, notify, brief, advise, inform, enlighten
The tourist guide briefed us about the Ancient Greek.
3. command, direct, order
The drill sergeant ordered the soldiers to march.
yell (v) : shout (at), cry out
The father shouted at his son when the boy poured another cup of coffee on the floor.
- 96 -

guard (v) : defend, keep, protect , safeguard, defend, watch over, keep safe
preserve, secure
The soldiers learn to protect the military base.
An armed person watches over the bank.
There is a group of specially skilled gunmen to preserve the president.
complain (about, to) (v) : state a grievance, express dissatisfaction, find fault
criticize
ant. compliment, praise, commend, approve, appreciate
The candidates criticized that there was not enough hot water.

guard (n) : watchman, guardsman, warder, Slang, watchdog, body of defenders

garrison, patrol, picket, watch, convoy, escort, protector, bodyguard
defender, guardian, custodian, gatekeeper, doorkeeper
There is always a watchman on duty at the gate to the base.
There are more than 20 gatekeepers around our base.
enter (v) : enroll in, sign up for, register for, enlist in, join, list, record, post
When a person registers for the military, he becomes a trainee.
I joined the field of education when I finished high school.
area (n) : zone, space, region, territory
The pineapple plantation occupies a large region of the island.
Alligators are found in marshy territory.
polish (v) : shine, wax
We all must shine our shoes and boats because military personnel should exhibit a proper
appearance.
polish (n) : wax, shining substance
Frank finished his wax.
attend (v) : be present at, go to, appear at, show up, frequent, visit, take care of, mind
serve, service, be attendant on, wait upon, care for, provide for
All students must show up the day before Thanksgiving.
I'll go to the work tomorrow.
The nurse is caring for the patient right now.
join (v) : become a member of, associate oneself with, sign up with, enroll in, enlist in,
enter, subscribe to
ant. leave, resign, quit
We became a member of a golf club.
killing (adj) : extremely painful, devastating
He had an extremely painful toothache.
separate (from) (v) : keep apart, divide, split, subdivide, cut, sever, detach
break part, disjoin, disunite, disconnect
ant. join, attach, link, unite, engage, connect
The two wings of the party parted because of having completely opposite opinions.
The tailor cut the cloth by using a pair of scissors.
- 97 -

separate (adj) : not joined, not connected, detached, disunited, not shared
single, individual, distinct, discrete, different, diverse, dissimilar
ant. joined, connected, united, shared, alike
The trainees have single rooms in the dorm.
The adjective and verb forms of the word "separate" have different pronunciations.
like (conj) : as, in the same way as, as though, as if
He acts as he is the boss of this company.
He talked as if he knew everything.
I want my students to do the exercises in the same way as I tell them to do.
missing (adj) : lost
The police are trying to find the lost child.
trash (n) : rubbish, junk, garbage, waste matter, worthless writing, worthless talk
Don't waste your time reading that trash!
Put all those rubbish in the trashcan behind the tree.

BOOK 15
LESSON

invite (v) : ask (somebody) to come esp. to a social occasion, call, urge
Did Col Cook call you to his reception?
invitation (n) : request for someone's presence, summons, offer, call
-Did they call us to the meeting?
-Yes, the offer came in the mail today.
reception (n) : affair, social gathering, party. Informal, do
They invited us to their party.
The social gathering was held in Turban Hotels.
guest (n) : invitee, visitor, caller, friend, company
How many visitors are coming for dinner?
club (n) : group, society, league, association, union, alliance, guild, fraternity, sorority
brotherhood, sisterhood
They hold the reception at the labor union.
My son participates in the activities of youth group.
celebration (n) : party, festivity, festival, feast, gala, jubilee, carnival, ritual, ceremony
ceremonial
Officers club is a good place for holding the celebration of silver wedding ceremony.
The party ended late in the evening and almost all the guests were extremely fired.
wedding (n) : wedding ceremony, marriage ceremony, marriage
- 98 -

People in the wedding ceremony enjoyed themselves very much and everybody wanted to
dance with the bride.
slice (v) : cut or divide into slices, cut through, cut off or remove as a slice or slices
(sometimes fol. by off, away, etc.)
My wife and I held the knife together to cut the cake into slices.
ceremony (n) : ritual, service, ceremonial, celebration
That's a part of the ritual that most people like to have pictures of.

as (conj) : while, when

While I was shopping yesterday, I saw Mrs. Adams inside the mall.
inside (prep) : on or to the inside of, within
I saw Mrs. Adams inside of the mall.
The detectives were sitting within the car observing the people in the restaurant.
company (n) : guest, guests, visitor, visitors, callers
Guests are coming for dinner.
have over (v): invite
We haven't seen our friends, Mary and John, a long time. We should invite them to dinner
sometime.
afraid (adj) : regretful, sorry, apologetic, unhappy, disappointed
I'm sorry (that) I forgot the name of things my wife wanted me to buy.
miss (v) : want, long for, pine for, lack, feel the loss of, feel the absence of, yearn for
The child longs for his mother.
before (adv) : at an earlier time, already, formerly
Have you already been to the Far East countries ?
have got (v) : have, possess, own
Do you have the Adams' number?
I own an air-conditioner, a stereo, and a mini bar in my limousine car.
have got to (modal) : have to
-Do you have to go now? -Yes. I have to leave right now.
afterward (adv) : later, after that
We're going to a wedding tomorrow and to the reception after that.
fresh (adj) : newly prepared, newly made, not stale, recent, well-preserved
in good condition,
ant. stale
Don't forget to buy some fresh vegetables for a green salad.
stale (adj) : no longer fresh, not good to eat, smell, etc., any longer
Where did you buy this box of cookies? They are no longer fresh.

- 99 -

company (n) : presence, companionship, friendship, fellowship, comradeship, society

people, friends, comrades, friend
My wife is my best friend that I've ever had.
John! Please stay home tonight. We're expecting people.
drop in (on) (v) : come by, drop by
I was extremely surprised to see two of my American friends. They dropped by me last night.
relative (n) : relation, cognate, kinsman, kinswoman, kinfolk, kin, people, family, folks
blood relative, cousin, flesh and blood, connection,
We invited all our folks.
stay with (v) : remain, not leave, live in a place for a while
My relatives have been living with us quite a long time.
as (prep) : like
She saluted very properly like a soldier.

BOOK 15
LESSON

application (n) : request, requisition, form, claim, appeal, suit

Hank and Helen went to the American Embassy this morning to fill out the form for their
passport.
I'm sorry, I can't accept your request. You should have completed your military service.
certificate (n) : document, certification, license, authorization, authentication
warranty, testimonial, diploma
Do you have a license of ownership for this car ?
I was among the top 10 students at the university and I was given an honor graduate diploma.
in addition to (prep) : as well as, besides
Besides their birth certificates, they also put the diplomas in their application envelopes.
require (v) : ask, demand, want
Some European countries ask visas to visit them.
The Military Police demanded the IDs of cadets drinking in a pub late at night.
apply (v) : to request something, esp. officially and in writing, make application
Civilian instructor, Ms. Karolu made an application to the embassy for a visa but it was
refused.
reason (n) : cause, occasion, motive, grounds, justification, explanation
There was no cause for her rudeness
Capt Girgin has a good motive for wanting to be assigned in Istanbul.
order (n) : command, dictate, rule, pronouncement, instruction, bidding
law, commandment, demand, dictum
Capt zkul received his commands to go to ncirlik AFB in Adana.
- 100 -

order (v) : give an order (to or for), command, bid, direct, instruct, charge, dictate
We were ordered not to fire unless we were fired at.

around (adv) : near in time, number, etc., about

After Sgt. Peterson finished his English training in Izmir, he was ordered to report to his base
commander around 14th or 15th of June.
Don't call me home before 7 p.m. I won't be home around 7 oclock.
Going to Istanbul from Izmir takes about 9 hours.
postpone (v) : delay, move to some later time, put off, suspend
The soccer match was put off to the following weekend because of the heavy snow.
We're delaying our vacation until August because of a very important project that came up
suddenly.
notice (v) : catch sight of, observe, eye, take in, take notice of, mark
ant. ignore, slight, overlook, disregard, neglect, misjudge
I didn't observe any change in John. He seemed the same as always to me.
Did you take notice of anything different in the room? I've changed the carpet.
ride (n) : a journey, a trip in a vehicle or on an animal
We will go for a ride in the car.
Would you give me a ride please? I haven't come in my car today.
earn (v) : make, receive, gain, get, collect, draw, realize, clear, net, pick up, bring
home.
Bob and Betty work very hard at their jobs and have gained a lot.
An average officer makes 500 millions a year.
Sultan Sleyman got the title of "The Magnificient" by his victories and personal value.
usual (adj) : accustomed, expected, familiar, habitual, normal, wonted, established,
well-established, typical, ordinary, routine, common, regular, standard
traditional, conventional, orthodox, popular
ant. unusual, uncommon, exceptional, unique, singular, individual, rare
extraordinary, unconventional, unorthodox
The normal thing for them to do on vacation is to go to the beach, but this year they want to do
something different.
We will meet at the standard time.
holiday(n) : celebration, fiesta, festival, vacation, vacation day, day of
rest
Capt. Ylmazok arrived in New York on the 4th of July celebration.
Half of the headquarters personnel are going on vacation in July.
life (n) : lifetime, term of existence, life span, life expectancy, survival
Butterflies have an average lifetime of 24 hours.
death (n) : dying, demise, passing, departure, decease, expiration, loss of life
He mourned the passing of his best friend.
alive (adj) : having life, not dead, living
Civilian instructor Don told that the victims brain functions had stopped but he was still living.
- 101 -

photograph (v) : to take a photograph of, shoot, snap

I'm intended to shoot as many of the museums as I can, so that I can show pictures to my
friends.
unusual (adj) : rare, exceptional, extraordinary, remarkable, noteworthy, atypical
untypical, novel, phenomenal, unique, uncommon, unfamiliar,
surprising, strange, peculiar, unheard-of, out of the ordinary, one of a
kind
ant. usual, common, commonplace, ordinary, unremarkable, unexceptional
average, typical, familiar, routine, normal, natural, traditional, conventional
orthodox
It is rare that the school personnel take leave in winter time.
After the competition of Psychology branch at the university, he has developed some strange
manners.
unusually (adv) : in an unusual way, very, more than is common, remarkably
outstandingly
-Isn't it remarkably cold for this time of year?
die (v) : perish, suffer death, expire, pass away, pass on, pass over, leave this world depart, meet
death, come to one's end, draw the last breath, go the way of all flesh, go from dust to dust,
kick the bucket
The 7th president of Turkey passed away when he was in office.
His father met death in an accident.
dead (adj) : no longer alive, lifeless
Most of the Turkish presidents are no longer alive now.
coast (n) : seacoast, shore, shoreline, seashore, seaside, seaboard
Izmir is located on the seacoast.
The shores of our country are covered with a lot of 5 star-hotels.
kid (v) : tease, make fun of, mock, laugh at, fool, trick, deceive
Don't get so scared, I was making fun of you.
I fooled her about her grade.

identify (v) : recognize, know, distinguish, determine, pick out, single out, tell the
identity of, be sure of, verify
I recognized the burglar at once when I saw him in the police station.
Before we enter the military zones and buildings, we must verify ourselves by showing our IDs.
purse (n) : handbag, shoulder bag, bag, moneybag, wallet
She dropped her handbag while she was getting on the bus.
She keeps her credit cards in her wallet.

- 102 -

BOOK 15
LESSON

shot (n) : infection, injection, dose

The injection helped him to recover his strength.
treat (v) : try to cure, try to heal, doctor, remedy, medicate, patch up
The doctors all around the world are trying to remedy the AIDS disease.
He's gone to hospital in Ankara to treat his stomachache.
wipe (v) : clean, swab, mop, scrub, rub off, dry, remove, clean off, rub off
The nurse cleaned the blood from the patient's leg with a piece of cotton.
seem (v) : appear, look, give the impression of being, have the semblance of, look like, look as if
You don't look well, Tim. What's the matter ?
She laughs a lot and always looks as if she is happy.
ill (adj) : sick, unwell, afflicted, diseased, unhealthy
I feel sick. I get dizzy when I stand up.
She hasn't come to work today because she has been afflicted for 3 days and it got worse
today.
clinic (n) : medical center, polyclinic, infirmary
The medical center holds sick call at 0800 hours in the morning and 1300 hours a day.
sign in (v) : check in
ant. sign out
When Sgt. Wayne checked in at the front desk, the clerk asked to see his ID card.
sign out (v) : check out
ant. sign in
You must check out before you leave the clinic.
medication (n) : remedy, medicine, medicament, healing application, curative
substance, tonic
The doctor asked airman Black his weight, height, age, and symptoms.
Then he asked about the medicament that he was taking.
record (n) : account, report, document, register, file, journal, chronicle, archive
history, note, memorandum, memo,
Everyone in the Armed Forces has a medical account .
Pilots have reports of the kinds of airplanes and the number of hours they have flown.
We always keep a register of how much we have spent.
seat (n) : (variously) chair, sofa, couch, divan, bench, cushion, place, box
He took a chair in the waiting room while waiting for boss.
operate (v) : perform surgery, perform an operation
After the plane crash, the doctors were very busy performing surgery to all those injured
passengers.

- 103 -

operation (n) : surgery

The surgery took one hour and he became conscious 3 hours later.
calm down (v) : settle down
He settled down after the fight.
twist (v) : sprain
While I was playing soccer, my ankle was sprained and I couldn't stand up.
injure (v) : harm, do injury to, wound, damage, do harm to, cause harm to, afflict, hurt
deform
ant. soothe, heal, aid, help, assist, benefit
How did you hurt your leg? It appears to be twisted.
She was wounded badly in the accident.
quiet (v) : make quiet, silence, still, hush, mute, stifle, muffle, smother
Now hush and listen to your teacher.
The protesters were shouting at first but they silenced after seeing the cops.
still (adj) : motionless, without movement, inert, stationary, at rest, unstirring
unmoving, immobile.
The doctor told me to be at rest while x-raying.
The soldier stood motionless in Antkabir.
appear (v) : 1. come into view, become visible, show, show up, emerge, arise
Dark clouds arose on the horizon.
2. look, seem, strike one as being
She looks older than she is.

injury (n) : hurt, harm, wound, damage, cut, scratch

I'm not a doctor. A doctor can tell how bad his wound is.
She received serious cuts.
We need to buy insurance against harm at work.
care (n) : charge, keeping, protection, serious attention, effort, ministration, attention
supervision, custody, control, management, charge, keeping, responsibility
protection
The doctors can give the patient the attention he needs.
If you want to be successful at work, you must do it with more effort.
donor (n) : contributor, benefactor, giver, philanthropist, humanitarian
All Turkish people were great contributors in the campaign after the quake.
waiting room (n) : lounge, waiting area
All the candidates assembled in the lounge to see the personnel manager to get the job.
opposite (adj) : 1. facing, opposed, other; reverse, converse
The two houses are on facing sides of the street.
2. opposing, opposed, conflicting, differing, contradictory, contrary antithetical,
antagonistic, adverse, counteractive, counter
We have opposing views on politics.
ant. 1. same
2. alike, like, identical, uniform, similar
- 104 -

oval (n, adj) : egg-shaped, ovoid

The rugby ball is egg-shaped. It is not exactly round.
bark (v) : yelp, yip, yap, howl, bay
The dog howled all night long and we couldn't sleep.
The dog yelped at the cat and ran after it.
individual (adj) : special, especial, separate, particular, exclusive, personal
private, independent, singular, one's own, specific, exclusive
personalized
ant. general, universal, group, collective, common
Every particular leaf on the tree is different.
Every singular carpet is made of pure silk.
individual (n) : person, somebody, single human being, self-determined being
distinct person, unique entity, autonomous being
We can't change the rules for a single person.

BOOK 16
LESSON 1
convenient (adj) : nearby, at hand, handy, easily accessible
ant. inconvenient, inaccessible, distant
He is attending a nearby school.
Keep the flashlight handy in case the fuse blows again.
nap (v) : doze, take a short sleep
The baby dozes every afternoon.
equipment (n) : apparatus
This apparatus can purify a thousand gallons of water a minute.
possibly (adv) : perhaps, maybe
Perhaps, we'll meet again soon.
fitness (n) : good condition, good shape, physical fitness
My brother is a swimmer. He has a good shape.
cut down (v) : bring down, reduce, trim down
I have decided to trim down eating to lose weight.
active (adj) : energetic, vigorous, lively
ant. inactive
No one is more energetic than a teenager.
energy (n) : vitality, power, force
Even after hours of work his vitality never seems to give out.
fit (adj) : healthy, hale, hardy, sound, well, in good physical condition, strong, in trim
These days he looks quite healthy.
- 105 -

gradual (adj) : slow, regular, slow-but-steady, gentle, steady, step-by-step

little-by-little
ant. sudden, abrupt, precipitate, instantaneous
Your work has shown a slow improvement.

health (n) : physical condition, general condition

How is the old man's physical condition ?
possible (adj) : conceivable, achievable, imaginable, potential
ant. impossible
Anything is imaginable with that man.
This plan seems achievable.
sleep (n) : slumber, snooze, nap, doze
I was awakened from a sound nap.
look after (v) : keep an eye on
I'll keep an eye on my sister all day.
avoid (v) : evade, elude, dodge, avert, sidestep, keep away from, keep clear of,
refrain from
ant. meet, face, confront
The thief evaded the police successfully.
The reporters gathered around him, but he dodged their questions.
The robber eluded his pursuers.
For better health you must refrain from eating too much.
suggestion (n) : advice, recommendation, opinion, guidance, counsel
I followed his advice that I lose weight.
It was on your recommendation that we hired that new typist.
You should seek an architect's counsel before building the house.
relaxation (n) : recreation, rest, fun, amusement, entertainment, pleasure,
refreshment
What's your favorite recreation ?
She looked forward to winter for the refreshment of long walks in snowy
weather.
I need some rest.
take part in (v) : participate, engage in, join in, be a participant
No professionals may participate in the amateur tennis tournament.
The children are engaged in a great activity.
doubtful (adj) : undecided, uncertain, unconvinced
ant. decided, certain, positive
She's still undecided about the quality of her choice.

skip (v) : pass over, omit, leave out, ignore, neglect

- 106 -

The autobiography leave out the author's childhood and just tells of his early
manhood.
proper (adj) : right, correct, appropriate, suitable, fitting, applicable
ant. wrong, inappropriate
I was never taught the correct way to hold a pencil.
A long dress is appropriate for a formal wedding.
necessary (adj) : required, obligatory, needed, needful, requisite, compulsory
essential
ant. unnecessary, nonessential
Past experience is requisite for this job.
Take whatever tools are required to get the job done.
unnecessary (adj) : needless, unessential
ant. necessary, required, obligatory, needed, needful, requisite, compulsory
essential
Buying the second cake was unessential.

BOOK 16
LESSON 2
senior (adj) : superior, higher in rank
ant. subordinate, junior
His rank is superior to mine.
Who is higher in rank in this class ?
junior (adj) : subordinate, lower, secondary, inferior
ant. senior, superior
He was the subordinate member of the committee.
courtesy (n) : politeness, courteousness, good manners, good behavior,
graciousness
ant. discourtesy
Friend or foe, king or fool, treat everyone with politeness.
You have to show good manners to your teachers at school.
responsibility (n) : duty, obligation, liability, accountability
He felt it was his duty to report the matter to the police.
He has an obligation to help support his parents.
Heavy liabilities forced the company into bankruptcy.
honor (n) : honesty, high-mindedness, honorableness, probity, decency,
nobleness of mind, trustworthiness, virtue
Are you questioning my honesty ?
The judge's integrity is unquestioned.
Above all, the Presidency needs a man of probity.
- 107 -

regulation (n) : rule, ordinance

It's against the rules to leave camp without permission.
The ordinance forbids fireworks inside the city limits.
privilege (n) : right
It is my right to serve you.
compulsory (adj) : mandatory, obligatory, required, imperative, requisite
ant. voluntary, optional, nonobligatory
Attendance at Sunday meeting is mandatory for students.
Paying taxes is obligatory.
Past experience is requisite for this job.
authority (n) : command, control, power, sway, force, weight, rule, supremacy
The dictator assumed command of the country.
The cabinet is completely under the sway of the Prime Minister.
honorable (adj) : honest
An honest man never tells lies.
respect (n) : regard, deference, veneration, reverence, esteem, appreciation, affection
ant. irreverence
I have little regard for liars.
I have the highest esteem for your honesty.
loyal (adj) : faithful, reliable, trusty, trustworthy, devoted, dependable
ant. disloyal, false, faithless, unfaithful, treacherous, untrustworthy
She was a faithful employee for 40 years.
Jim is not a reliable employee.
Only trustworthy people can be considered for such a high position.
loyalty (n) : faithfulness, fidelity, trustworthiness, reliability, devotion, dependability
ant. disloyalty, falsity, falseness, faithlessness
My grandfather always votes for the fidelity of a party.
His wife doesn't like his devotion to his mother.
sense (n) : feeling, sensation, emotion
He had a feeling of joy when his son was born.
The candidate addressed the crowd with emotion.

BOOK 16
LESSON 3
theater (n) : 1. Playhouse
This playhouse is the biggest and the most famous one in our city.
2. drama, stage entertainment
He has written a historical drama.

- 108 -

drama (n) : play, dramatic piece, stage play, dramatic performance, theatrical piece,
dramatic composition
Eugene O'Neill wrote several plays about the sea.
prefer (v) : choose, opt for
If it were up to me, I would opt for the blue sedan.
I'd choose the red one.
row (n) : tier
Our seats were up in the second tier of the balcony.
act (v) : perform, play, portray, represent
All of the actors performed admirably.
Who portrayed King Lear ?
actor (n) : performer, thespian, dramatic artist, trouper, player
He was a thespian known for his portrayals of Hamlet and King Lear.
actress (n) : player, thespian
The cast of players included several famous people.
perform (v) : act, play, present, represent, portray
He has acted the part of Hamlet three times.
Which actor represented Hamlet ?
Who portrayed King Lear ?
kind (adj) : kindly, benign, generous, good-hearted, tenderhearted, merciful,
good-natured, charitable, gentle, polite, courteous, civil
ant. unkind, cruel, harsh, merciless, severe
He was a kindly man, helping those less fortunate than he.
She was a good-hearted woman who wouldn't hurt a fly.
The benign uncle tended to spoil the boy.
He was basically a polite man.
stand (v) : bear, endure, abide, put up with, tolerate, withstand
I can't abide loud noise,
The company has endured tremendous losses.
She can't bear the sound of chalk scraping on a blackboard.
I will not withstand any more of your insolence !
He couldn't tolerate the snobbery of some of the guests.
scary (adj) : frightening, terrifying
ant. cheering, comforting, pleasant, pleasing
When I saw his gun it became a very terrifying situation.
performance (n) : show, presentation, play, rendering
The theater gives two presentations a day.
The local theater has a new show this week.
type (n) : kind, sort, variety, class
What kind of dessert do you like ?
Is this the sort of car you want ?
The orchard grows several varieties of apples.

- 109 -

humor (n) : 1. funniness, comedy, comicality, ridiculousness, ludicrousness, drollery

The funniness of the situation had everyone laughing.
The seriousness of the situation left no room for comedy.
2. mood, temper, spirits, frame of mind
Dad's always in a good mood on payday.
hate (v) : dislike, despise, detest
ant. like, love, esteem, favor
I dislike selfish people
I detest looking at snakes
I despise anyone who is cruel to animals
adventure (n) : dangerous undertaking, venture, escapade, enterprise
Have you read about the dangerous undertaking of Marco Polo ?
Speculating in the commodities market can be a costly venture.
The students ' latest escapade was painting the town statue purple.
humorous (adj) : funny, comic, witty, droll, laughable, amusing, comical
ant. unfunny, grave, serious, solemn, sober, sad, earnest
It's a very funny story, but I don't want to repeat it.
Charades is an amusing game.
Mark Twain's writings are witty.
It was such a comic state of affairs we had to laugh.
modern (adj) : new, contemporary, present-day, up-to-date, modernized, modernistic
ant. antique, ancient, old, old-fashioned
Do you prefer contemporary furniture ?
The house has a hot tub, a built-in vacuum system, and other up-to-date
features.
The first thing we have to do is have a modernized kitchen.
stage (n) : raised platform, raised floor
The actor almost fell off the raised platform.
act (v) : perform, play, portray, represent, enact
He has performed the part of Hamlet three times.
The man represented himself as a leading surgeon.
dislike (v) : hate, despise, detest
ant. like, love, esteem, favor
Those girls have hated each other since high school.
musician (n) : instrumentalist, player
Do you know a good instrumentalist in this city ?
musical (adj) : melodious, melodic
The piece of bamboo makes a melodious sound.
play (n) : drama, stage play, dramatic piece, dramatic performance
Eugene O'Neill wrote several dramas about the sea.
antique (adj) : old, antiquated
ant. modern, new, fashionable, recent, current
She has a fine collection of antiquated furniture.

- 110 -

close to (adj) : near, nearby, next to, neighboring

ant. far, distant, far off
The house is next to the park.
The migration of the ducks southward showed that winter was near.
I will take a trip to the neighboring countries soon.
furthermore (adv) : also, moreover, besides, in addition, too, additionally
Bicycling is good exercise; moreover, it doesn't pollute the air.
walk (n) : stroll, saunter
Will you join us for a stroll in the park?
We took a slow saunter around the park.
fight (v) : 1. battle, do battle with
The story tells how David battled Goliath.
2. resist, contend against, struggle against, oppose
She resisted the tears as she spoke.
He struggled against those who opposed his plan.
3. argue, dispute, quarrel
I separate the children when they start arguing.
likewise (adv) : similarly
I thought the two men behaved similarly.
quit (v) : stop, desist, cease, make an end of, end, discontinue
He can't stop smoking.
audience (n) : listeners, spectators, onlookers
Thousands of spectators jammed the stands.
Onlookers crowded the sidewalk as the clown began to perform.
space (n) : 1. outer space, universe
The rocket was lost in the universe.
2. area, territory, expanse, scope
The pineapple plantation occupies a large area of the island.
surround (v) : encircle, circle, enclose, ring, encompass
The fence circles the yard.
A heavy wire fence encircles the building.
Ring the castle so no one can escape.
A high stone wall enclosed the estate.
High mountains completely encompass the little ski resort.
war (n) : battle, combat, fighting
The enemy battleship was sunk in combat.
The Battle of Waterloo was decisive.

damage (v) : harm, mar, impair

Will this cleaning fluid harm the furniture ?
The water shortage impaired the city's fire-fighting capacity.
A large scratch marred the table.
- 111 -

excuse (n) : alibi, explanation, self-justification

The criminal had no alibi for his action.
There was no explanation for her rudeness.
stuff (n) : material, matter, substance
Do you have the material you need to make the rug ?
take apart (v) : disassemble, break apart, break up
I disassembled this machine but I cant put it together.
go on (v) : continue, keep on, go along
The rain continued all day.
We kept on walking until we got to a small house.

BOOK 16
LESSON 4

handle (n) : 1. grip, handgrip, hold

The sword has a gold grip.
handle (v) : 1. operate, run, work, manipulate
The pilot really knows how to operate an airplane.
2. hold, touch, pick up
Don't touch the tomatoes, you'll bruise them !
install (v) : put in, set up
ant. remove
The mechanic set up the accumulator.
enough (adj) : adequate, sufficient, ample, plenty, abundant
ant. inadequate, insufficiency, inadequacy
Is there sufficient food for everyone ?
enough (pron) : sufficient amount, sufficiency, ample supply, plenty, plentitude
The paint is the right color, but did you buy sufficient amount ?
The car has plenty of room for everybody.
shut down/off (v) : close off, close down
The workers had closed down all the machines before they left the plant.
take apart (v) : disassemble, break apart, break up
ant. assemble, put together, set up
It took two hours to disassemble the bicycle.
adjust (v) : set, fix, regulate
It's cold in here; can you regulate the thermostat ?
put together (v) : assemble, set up
ant. disassemble, break apart, break up

- 112 -

We need the manual to assemble the computer correctly.

incapable (adj) : unskilled, inept, incompetent

ant. capable, able, competent, skilled, skillful
Incapable management ruined the company.
The soldiers were brave but inept.
The incompetent typist had to redo the letter five times.
capable (adj) : competent, skillful, skilled, able
ant. unskilled, inept, incompetent
Napoleon was one of the most skillful generals in history.
Be sure to get a competent electrician for the job.
ability (n) : skill, talent, proficiency, qualification, capability
ant. inability, incapability, incompetence
A good salesman has the skill to sell anything.
Only applicants with the proper qualifications will be considered.
data (n) : facts, information
Information on witchcraft can be found at the library.
screen (n) : monitor
I watched the program on the director's monitor.
for example (exp) : for instance
Why dont you ask someone for help ? For instance, you can call John now.
smart (adj) : clever, intelligent, bright, sharp, keen, brainy
ant. dumb, dull, stupid
It's easy to teach clever students.
lend a hand (v) : help, assist, give assistance to, aid
Ted helped his brother build the bookcase.
The nurse assisted the doctor in the operating room.
Many organizations aid the poor on some certain days.
assemble (v) : put together, set up
ant. disassemble, break apart, break up
The parts of F-16 jets are put together in different countries.
intelligent (adj) : smart, clever, bright, sharp, keen, brainy
ant. dumb, dull, stupid
Only bright students are given scholarships.
Smart students are accepted for the competition.

glasses (n) : eyeglasses, specs, spectacles

Spectacles are used for correcting defective vision.
experience (n) : personal knowledge, personal involvement
- 113 -

Personal knowledge is the best teacher.

command (n) : order, commandment, direction, directive
Who issued the order to fire ?
The research center will be under his direction.
sign up (v) : sign on, sign, contract
The firm contracted for delivery of the merchandise in six months.
used (adj) : secondhand
ant. new, unused
I have decided not to buy a secondhand car.

BOOK 17
LESSON 1
depend on/upon (v) : trust, bank on
Please trust me.
elderly (adj) : old
My father is about 70 years old. He is very old .
fool (v) : deceive, joke
Young woman deceived him by her attitude.
demand (v) : call for, exact, insist on, require, (idiom cry out for)
Being pilot requires so much working.
appearance (n) : aspect, look(s)
Her elegant look showed good taste.
clever (adj) : alert, bright, intelligent, sharp, smart
He is bright enough to pass the test.
Smart girls carry out good career.
His being intelligent drives some of us crazy.
glasses (n) : spectacles
He never forgets to wear his spectacles when he reads.
unselfish (adj) : selfless
ant. selfish
He is a selfless person in his business life.
selfish (adj) : egotistical
ant. unselfish
When we talk about love, he is so egotistical.
personality (n) : Identity, character
Nobody can change ones character easily.
- 114 -

generous (adj) : big, big-hearted, great-hearted, large-hearted, unselfish

ant. self-serving, mean, selfish, unkind
He was very unselfish in the yesterdays charity auction.
neat (adj) : orderly, shipshape, tidy
ant. disorderly, untidy, messy
He has an orderly life.
Her mother wants him to keep his room tidy.
responsible (adj) : dependable, liable
ant. irresponsible
He can be considered as dependable on any occasion.
deny (v) : controvert, disaffirm, negate, contravene
ant. confirm, admit
The company disaffirmed the announcement of agreement.
The Institution is negating the existence of new species.
demand (n) : call, claim, requisition, need, requirement, want
Requirements for this computer may take too much time to complete.
rely on (v) : depend on (or upon)
My superior officers always depend upon me.
attractive (adj) : charming, appealing, enchanting, pretty, sweet, tempting,
lovely, fascinating.
ant. disgusting, repellent, distasteful
Marias husband is so charming.
Susan is a pretty woman.
Maria Carey has a fascinating voice.
observation (n) : notice, comment
She told us to take her notices into consideration.
mid (adj) : central
Central America is a beautiful region.
middle (adj) : central
Central Intelligence Agency conducts so many operations in the middleasia.
mean (adj) : unkind, troublesome, nasty.
Hes always been a troublesome guy.
character (n) : nature, complexion, disposition, make-up (also makeup)
This kind of manner may not be in his nature.

stingy (adj) : cheap, tight, miserly

ant. sharing
He is too tight to pay his employees a living wage.

- 115 -

brunette (n) : dark

Some people like dark women.
scream (v) : screak, screech, shriek, shrill.
She shrieked out for help.
The little boy shrilled when she saw a mouse under rug.
trust (v) : depend on, rely on
You can't rely on somebody you dont know.
We can't depend on the trains to run on time.
friendly (adj) : sympathetic, warmhearted
Soccer fans must be warmhearted to each other.
A new born baby is the most sympathetic creature in the world.
demanding (adj) : strict, tough, taxing, burdensome
ant . undemanding
Don't complain about me.- I'm not a strict teacher.
This book appears to be very taxing, doesn't it?
Our school commander is a tough officer.
dependable (adj) : reliable, trustworthy, responsible
Your money is in good hands. He is trustworthy.
I learned the news from a reliable source.
She is very responsible.
trust (n) : confidence
Don't worry about it; put your confidence in me.
honest (adj) : honorable, righteous, upstanding
ant . dishonest
He has an honorable face.
He is a righteous merchant.
Trkiye needs upstanding politicians.
irresponsible (adj) : incautious, reckless
ant . responsible
It was incautious of you to leave the children alone in the swimming pool.
His reckless driving caused that terrible accident.
judgment (n) : common sense
To send soldiers to Somalia needs political common sense.
messy (adj) : sloppy, untidy, slovenly
ant . tidy, neat
Please clean up your table; it is very untidy.
She usually leaves her dorm and bed sloppy.
unfriendly (adj) : hostile
ant . friendly
Enemy movements seemed to us to be hostile.
detective (n) : eye, investigator, gumshoe
His wife hired an investigator to follow him.
- 116 -

I know a retired policeman who is working as a private eye now.

fact (n) : event, phenomenon, actuality
You have been discussing on this subject for hours. Can you tell me what the event is?
The aim of a detective is to find out actualities.
kid (v) : joke
When he said he got sick and tired of you, he was joking.
admission (n) :admittance, entrance, access, entry, ingression
They campaigned for the admittance of women to the club.
Entry to the concert costs only two dollars.
Illegal access trials to the system mostly are denied.
basis (n) : fundamental, base, root, foundation, cornerstone
What is the cornerstone of your opinion ?
There is no scientific root for this claim.
Is it safe to predict the result on the base of one opinion?
dresser (n) : wardrobe, closet
I bought a new wardrobe for my daughter.
She put the her raincoat into the closet wet.

force (n) : energy, impact

You have to use your energy to lift the table up.
The impact of explosion broke all the window.
heart (n) : ticker (slang).
The patients ticker stopped suddenly.
income (n) : earnings, gains, profit, salary
ant . expenses
In Turkey, so many families have lower gains.
The profit sources of this country are very limited.
Tax is one of the main earnings of most countries.
residence (n) : home
Hello, Mr.ahins home, may I help you?
sight (n) : vision, look
He lost his vision in an accident.
She has got good look for a woman of this age.
text (n) : subject
The student subject has five chapters.

- 117 -

BOOK 17
LESSON 2

advertisement (n) : announcement

My company put an announcement in the newspaper last year.
available (adj) : attainable, gettable, obtainable
The information you want is not obtainable right now.
When you want something from me, make sure of its being gettable .
appliance (n) : device
-What kind of devices do you have in your house? - Dishwasher, washing machine and
stove.
include (v) : contain
The price contains postage charges.
district (n) : region
The South region of Izmir is facing the mountain.
fairly (adv) : pretty, rather
My father is rather sick today.
She speaks English pretty well.
consider (v) : examine, think over
He paused to think over the situation.
Your suggestions will be carefully examined.
lease (v) : rent, hire
I want to rent a furnished apartment.
She hired a new apartment yesterday.
argument (n) : clash, controversy, debate, disagreement, hassle, quarrel
They were having a clash about the accident.
We got into a controversy about politics.
There are many quarrels against smoking.
perfect (adj) : absolute, ideal, faultless, indefectible, flawless
She has a faultless face.
Living in a house will be ideal for my family.
The weather was absolute last week.
argue (v) : contend, dispute, hassle, quarrel
Please, do not hassle with a policeman.
They are quarrelling about money in the class.
He contends that G.S. will win the game.
public (n) : civil, civic, national, common
This is my own telephone, the common phone is over there.
Civil transportation doesn't come to this district of city.

- 118 -

transportation (n) : conveyance, carriage, transport

London's public conveyance system is the best in the world.
The Ministry of Transport is responsible for the country's roads and railroads.
Izmir has a good public carriage system.
advertise (v) : announce
You can announce your product on TV.
due (adj) : owing, payable, unpaid, owed
The bill of lunch is payable today until 5 p.m.
I can't afford the payment of this house, because the utilities are owed each month.
garbage (n) : waste, rubbish
The streets are covered with rubbish.
We ourselves collect the waste in the yard.

BOOK 17
LESSON 3

national (adj) : public

Terror is Turkey's public problem to solve.
gather (v) : assemble
The students assembled in the theater an hour ago.
official (adj) : authoritative
ant . unofficial
Before you leave for Istanbul, you'd better have an authoritative permission.
government (n) : administration, control, direction, governance, rule
The Governance is/are planning a new tax now.
Who is the head of the rule in Turkey?
participate (v) : carry on, engage, partake
Everybody in this class is expected to carry on in this discussion.
Turkey's aim is to engage in European Economic Community.
The students will partake in the graduation ceremony at 3:00 p.m.
place (v) : position, set
He positioned the book carefully on the shelf.
You can set the table in the middle of the class.
display (v) : exhibit, show, show off, expose
Turkey will exhibit the Turkish made F-16s in Ankara.
display (n) : demonstration, exhibit, exhibition, show
The show of the flags gave me a good impression.
The demonstration of Turkish made F-16 will be in Izmir during the Izmir International Fair.
He placed the exhibits (flags) on both sides of the theater.

- 119 -

flag (n) : pennant, standard

Turkish pennant has a crescent and a star on the red cloth.
American standard has stars and stripes on it.

fly (v) : flap, sail, wing

You see the Turkish flag is sailing in the air.
The Turkish flag will wing in our space forever.
I see a bird flapping over the school building.
symbol (n) : emblem, character
The dove is a character of peace.
A flag is an emblem of a country.
parade (n) : display
The soldiers are on display today, so they'll be tired.
precede (v) : forerun
ant. follow, succeed
The ceremony will be held at 3 o'clock, but the parade will forerun the ceremony at 2 o'clock.
discipline (v) : train, educate
They never make any attempt to educate their children.
The drill sergeants will train the recruits.
discipline (n) : manner
I have the military manner; I can't do this.
occasion (n) : cause, event, gathering
What was the cause of your being in the U.S.?
The opening of a new school is a great event.
I only wear a tie on special gatherings.
associate (v) : ally, combine, connect, join, keep company
He keeps company with criminals.
Officers join with other officers at the Officers club.
ANAP allied with DSP to form the government.
indicate (v) : imply, show, designate
He showed his willingness with a nod of his head.
The government designates that there will be increases on salaries.
I implied that the meeting was over.
mandatory (adj) : required, compulsory
The graduation ceremony will be held in the lounge of DCO barracks. It is required for
everyone to attend it at school.
It is compulsory to pay your debt within two weeks.
govern (v) : administer, rule, control, direct
In Turkey the president and prime minister rule the country.
Governor Clinton controlled Arkansas for four years.
In U.S.A. the president administers the nation.
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set (v) : position, lay, spread, place, adjust

My daughter spreads the table for dinner every evening.
I wanted the bellboy to place my suitcase down near the reception desk.
Position my books on the top shelf of the cabinet.
support (v) : uphold, back (up), keep, maintain, provide for
Air Force upholds the other forces from the sky in war.
Turkish families back up their children until they get married.
I'm the only one to maintain my family economically.
position (n) : location, appointment, office, situation, place
I'm not in the situation to let you leave the class.
I have a good office at this school.
He changed the location of this table.
Turkey has a strategic place in the world politics.
gathering (n) : assembly
There was an assembly of commanders at the headquarters.
official (n) : executive, authority
The executives from Educational Ministry and officials from Health Ministry....
You can't go against my order; I'm an authority here.
debt (n) : due, liability, indebtedness
You have to pay your due right away.
He suicided himself, because he was heavily in liability.
indication (n) : sign
The high inflation is a sign of economic recession.
The school commander attended the meeting; it is a sign that the meeting is formal.

formal (adj) : ritual

ant. informal
Since it is a ritual dinner party, we have to wear our formal dress.
point out (v) : refer, designate
They designated me that the meeting will be formal.
A customer referred to an order that he had placed.

BOOK 17
LESSON 4

generate (v) : produce

The developed countries produce electricity from nuclear power stations.
produce (v) : generate, create, originate
Pine trees originate rubber.

- 121 -

product (n) : production

Radioactivity is the production of nuclear energy.
conduct (v) : carry, transmit, convey, channel
All metals transmit electricity and heat.
The wood and plastic don't convey the electricity and heat.
How can we carry electricity from one city to another?
flow (v) : course, run, stream
The current runs through the copper wires.
The electricity courses in two directions to complete the circuit.
Kzlrmak river is streaming rapidly from North to South.
flow (n) : rush, flux, stream
The rush of energy is called current.
The stream of the oil from the tanker ship should be cut off right away.
We can't see the flux of electricity with our eyes.
charge (v) : load, fill
My car battery is almost dead. I should load it soon.
When you keep your car running, it fills the battery itself.
power (n) : strength, force
Allied forces in Europe decided to continue the operation.
The instructor in the class doesn't have strength to let the students leave the class early.
use (n) : benefit, profit, usefulness, utility
I don't know the other profits of my machine.
This machine has many benefits in this factory.
What utilities does the electricity have?
run (v) : work, operate
I have a few appliances working on electricity.
My electric shaver operates very well.
switch on (v) : turn on
ant. switch off
Please, turn on the lights.
insulate (v) : isolate
Many houses could be warmer if they are isolated against heat loss.
protect (v) : defend, guard
The shell of a tortoise defends its body inside it.
He raised his arm to guard his face from the blow.
protection (n) : cover, defense
They wear their helmet for the defense of their heads.
Wearing sun glasses is good cover for your eyes.
energy (n) : force, might, potency
Electrical force is used to heat and lighten the houses.
We can produce atomic potency more easily than the energy sources.
Turkey generally uses electrical might for almost everything.
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powerful (adj) : mighty, strong, forceful, influential, authoritative

ant. powerless
A strong electric current can kill people.
NASA has an influential space telescope.
That doctor usually prescribes very mighty drugs.
attach (v) : fasten, connect, clip
You can connect that wire to the part you cut before.
Clip your homework to the end of instructor text.
It is possible to fasten these two parts with screws.
twist (v) : wind, distort
The little girl winded the wire into a star shape.
He distorted his face with pain.

source (n) : origin, contact

The origins of energy are limited in the world.
We ought to find another contact of alternative energy.
supply (v) : give, provide
The government has to provide foreign currency.
The school will give your needs.

BOOK 18
LESSON

acquire (v) : get, obtain, attain, gain, secure, procure, capture, achieve
realize, earn, win, pick up, cultivate
ant. lose, be deprived of, relinquish, give up, forgo
I managed to get two tickets for the concert.
The company has recently obtained new offices in central Van.
graduate (v) : receive a diploma, receive a degree, complete one's studies
award a diploma to, confer a degree on, grant a degree to
My son will receive a diploma from the high school next year.
graduate (n) : alumnus, alumna, recipient of a diploma, holder of a degree
My wife is a holder of degree from Cambridge University.
Our school will give a party to 1985 alumni.
commission (v) : authorize, empower, appoint, assign, name, delegate, charge
bid, order, direct, give the go-ahead, engage, employ, hire, contract, charter
He has been appointed to teach this lesson.
He will be ordered to be a pilot after the pilot training.
He was assigned as a second lieutenant after the academy.
eligible (adj) : qualified, able to be chosen, acceptable, authorized, appropriate,
proper, suitable, fitting, applicable, desirable, worthwhile
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ant. ineligible, unacceptable, inappropriate, unsuitable

Only native-born citizens are applicable for the U.S. presidency.
Anyone over the age of 18 is qualified to vote.
appoint (v) : name, designate, assign, deputize, commission, delegate, select,
nominate, engage
We have decided to assign a new teacher.
I was commissioned as an English teacher two years ago.
The Supreme Court judge is selected by the president.
appointment (n) : designation, assignment, placement, commissioning, naming, selection,
choosing, nomination
We are all pleased about the designation of Tom as a chairman.
I hope to get a teaching assignment at the new school.
leader (n) : chieftain, supervisor, superior, commander, manager, captain, foreman, boss,
forerunner, frontrunner, pacemaker, pioneer, guide, master
ant. follower, adherent, henchman, partisan, disciple
ATATURK is a famous Turkish commander in the 20th century.
My daughter is the boss in a company.
candidate (n) : applicant, nominee, aspirant, competitor, contender, contestant, office seeker, job
seeker.
I'm interviewing applicants for this job.
Mr. Williams will be a parliamentary nominee next year.
There are lots of competitors for this job.
ineligible (adj) : unqualified, disqualified, not eligible, unentitled, unfit, unacceptable, unsuitable
ant. eligible, qualified, suitable, fit
A child is not eligible for vote.
Sorry, sir. I'm unqualified for that job.
Married men are unsuitable for the military academies.
lead (v) : guide, show the way, steer, draw, direct, head, command, conduct, pilot,
convey, shepherd, marshal, precede, go before
She got the qualities necessary to direct the school.
A general commands an army.
The prime minister conducts the government.
leadership (n) : administration, directorship, guardianship, guidance, lead,
supremacy, primacy, mastership, headship
They elected him to the administration of x party.
Turkey has lost her primacy in textile production in the world.
What qualities are we supposed to have for mastership?
motivate (v) : activate, move, arouse, provoke, influence, persuade, actuate, stir up
ant. discourage
There are lots of things to move the students to learn English in military.
You can actuate them by giving high score on PT.
The people who are well activated will be more successful in their fields.
qualify (v) : make fit, make eligible, fit, train, prepare, adapt, ready, make competent or capable,
enable, empower, entitle, authorize, give power, commission, certify, legitimate, be
eligible, measure up, be accepted
- 124 -

Will our team enable for the second round of the championship?
My elder brother will certify as a doctor this summer.
Her teaching experience will make him eligible for the job.
qualification (n) : requisite, prerequisite, requirement, eligibility, fitness, suitableness, competency,
capability, ability, capacity, faculty, talent, accomplishment, achievement, gift, skill,
property, attribute, standard, credential, certification
He has all the requirement for a leadership.
Previous experience is not an essential competency for this job.
She has all the standards to enter the army.
requirement (n) : prerequisite, essential, requisite, must
Another important essential to be a pilot is a good appearance.
The prerequisites for the poor people living in country are food and shelter.
reach (v) : 1. arrive at, get to, come to, make, get as far as, set foot in or on, land
at, enter
When will we arrive at Los Angeles?
2. stretch, stretch out, extend, outstretch, strain after something, grab
at, make an effort
He stretched for the phone and quickly dialed a number.
3. contact, get, find, get in touch with, communicate with.
You can find me at this number.
4. extend, climb, spread; approach, move, amount to, go to, hit
Record sales this week approached to thousands.
establish (v) : institute, found, set up, bring about, bring into existence, form, organize, create, begin,
start, open, initiate
Uluda University was found in 1975.
Vehbi Ko started his business after the Second World War.
The Air Force Language School was opened in 1956.
primary (adj) : chief, main, principal, fundamental, basic, key, cardinal,
prominent, predominant, dominant, ruling, star, leading, greatest,
highest, utmost, important, necessary, vital, essential
The main purpose of his visit is to improve trading relations between two countries.
While we were at the Air Force Academy, our basic field was jet engineering.
commission (n) : authority, authorization, power, capacity, mandate, charge, duty, task, appointment,
mission, assignment, office, function, role, deputation, warrant, license, proxy,
commitment, entrusting, trust
He has his appointment and is now a lieutenant.
In Turkey, when a cadet finishes the academy, he receives his assignment as second
lieutenant.
design (v) : plan, conceive, fashion, devise, draw, draft, sketch, draw up plans for
Who planned the Sydney Opera House?
Retired general Jackson drafted that type of air-craft.
I'm trying to sketch my own house.
design (n) : sketch, drawing, outline, plan, blueprint, diagram
Have you seen the latest plans for the new library.
I like the drawing of F-16 jets.
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strategy (n) : military plan, overall plan, grand design, scheme, tactics, maneuvering,
devices, game, artifice, policy, machination, plotting
Turkey improved new tactics for Cyprus island.
Military plan should be taught at military academies.
program (n) : schedule, order of events, things to be done, agenda, plan, order of business,
curriculum, syllabus, timetable, card, bill, prospectus, book, slate, calendar, bulletin
Opposition party plan promises big tax cuts.
We have a different agenda now.
The curriculum of this school is very demanding for students.
social (adj) : sociable, gregarious, friendly, neighborly, pleasant, agreeable
I can't spend all of my time studying English. Don't forget. I have a sociable life.
name (v) : 1. choose, delegate, appoint, nominate, deputize, commission
authorize, select, specify
The president chooses some of the top officials in Turkey.
He was authorized as the chairman of this company.
The Air Force Commander will select officers for the Turkish General Staff.
2. call, christen, baptize, designate
My father called my son Joe when he was born.
I don't know how to designate these flowers.
primarily (adv) : mainly, chiefly, essentially
She is interested mainly in engineering.
Kaleky was chiefly a fishing village ten years ago.

quality (n): 1. characteristic, attribute, trait, mark, feature, aspect, property, character. nature,
constitution, disposition, temperament, qualification, capacity, faculty
She has a feature of kindness that appeals to everyone
2. value, worth, caliber, degree of excellence, grade, rank, class, merit.
The furniture was of poor merit.
3. social status, rank, family, position, high station, standing, blood eminence, distinction,
dignity
You could tell he was a man of dignity by his dress and behavior.
counselor (n) :1. adviser, instructor, tutor, mentor, cabinet member, minister
The counselor of the firm resigned.
2. legal adviser, lawyer, attorney, counsel, counselor-at-law, advocate, British
barrister, solicitor.
The attorney for the defense asked that the case be dismissed.
once in a while (adv): sometimes, but not often
My students sometimes speak English in the class.
He doesn't often drink alcohol once in a while.
advisor (n) : counselor, guide, mentor, director, coach, instructor, teacher, tutor
Mr. Beckham is a special government counselor on the Middle East.
I have to see my tutor about changing my schedule.
file (n) : collection of papers or documents, information for reference, data, records, archives, stacks,
filing cabinet, folder, drawer, dossier
- 126 -

CIA will keep the records on him.

They will keep your report in a folder.
recommendation (n) : advice, suggestion, the act of recommending: praise,
commendation, good word, behest, approval, endorsement, reference
ant. condemnation, criticism, disapproval, rejection
We bought this car on Joe's advice.
I will take your suggestion into consideration.
step (n) : stage, phase, move, process, measure, maneuver, proceeding, act, action, procedure
When I'm in charge of the training section, my act step will be a change in working hours.
We must take action to improve the education at this school.

BOOK 18
LESSON

weatherman (n) : weather forecaster

According to the weather forecaster, the weather will be cold tomorrow.
forecast (v) : predict, project, foresee, expect, anticipate, calculate, foretell, foreknow
He predicts a big increase in sales.
The teacher foreknew that all of his students would pass the test.
forecast (n) : prediction, projection, foreknowledge
The weather prediction on the radio said there would be a heavy rain.
The government's economic projection for the coming year are bad.
favorable (adj) : advantageous, good, giving help, affording aid, helpful, beneficial, serviceable,
convenient, timely, fair
ant. unfavorable
There is a good weather today.
My forecast for tomorrow is convenient weather conditions.
likely (adj) : 1. probable, inclined, apt, liable, destined
It is probable that my candidate will win the election.
2. plausible, credible, reliable, believable, reasonable, rational,
Your story is a likely one.

seemingly truthful

likely (adv) : probably

They will probably come by car.
The weather will probably change from rain to snow soon.
unlikely (adj) : improbable, not likely
He may come but it is not likely.
It is improbable that they will get scores over 80.
condition (n) : state, situation, circumstances, state of affairs, shape, standing, position, status
We got used to the unfavorable circumstances in military.
The status of this car is not good enough.

- 127 -

bulletin (n) : brief announcement, news report, report, dispatch, release, account, communiqu,
communication, statement, message, notification, note
The TV stopped its night news to bring this weather news to people.
Here is the latest report on television.
severe (adj) : strict, harsh, rigorous, taxing, demanding, vigorous, rough,
stiff, cruel, brutal, merciless, ruthless
That was a cruel punishment on the court TV last night.
hazard (n) : danger, risk, threat, menace, endangerment, jeopardy
That gas tank is a serious fire danger.
There are lots of risks to the children at homes.
hazardous (adj) : dangerous, unsafe, risky, threatening
Driving very fast is very risky for motorists.
Cancer is a very threatening disease for everybody.
watch out (phr v) : be careful , watch , look out
Look out ! A train is coming!
Don't go near the house! Be careful with for the dog in the yard.
barricade (n) : barrier, rampart, bulwark, blockade, obstruction, impediment, obstacle, fence
The police put blockades on the street to stop the traffic.
It is impossible for us to pass the barriers.
barricade (v) : block, obstruct
In case of flash flood, they will block the street.
The police obstructed the whole roads going out of the city to catch the bank robbers.
set up (phr v) : establish, arrange, set
The jury established a committee to look into unemployment.
The police will set the barricade on the east end of the road right away.
precaution (n) : safety measure, caution, care, safeguard, defense, protection, security, forethought,
provision, prudence, foresight, anticipation, carefulness, circumspection
I always carry my umbrella with me as a caution.
Turkey didn't take proper protection against Iraqi refugees.

rise (v) :

1. go up, move upward, ascend, climb, mount, soar, spire, tower, extend directly upward,
slope upward
Heat went up very quickly as a result of this, everybody is sick.
Food costs moved upward sharply.
2. increase, become greater, rocket, spire, surge, become larger,
swell, burgeon, become louder
The water level rose after the heavy rain.
3. get up, stand, arise, get out of bed
He rose and looked at the clock and fell asleep again.

evacuate (v) : leave, withdraw from, quit, vacate, abandon, desert, forsake
ant. enter, go in, occupy
The village was deserted because of floods.
- 128 -

I will vacate my house first due to flash flood.

They left exactly thirty five villages before Atatrk Dam set up.
damage (n) : injury, harm, hurt, impairment, destruction, despoliation, loss
The storm caused great destruction.
This will do a lot of harm to his political reputation.
He suffered from knee injury in a car accident.
The flood caused serious loss to our crops.
strike (v) : hit, smash, knock, beat,
She hit her son with hand.
The ship smashed a rock and started to sink.
flood (n) : great overflowing of water, overflow
The water rose to overflow level.
The town was destroyed by the great overflowing of water after the storm.
flood (v) : cover with a flood, wash over, fill to overflowing, flow over
Every winter the river flows over the valley.
After the heavy rain, many homes were covered with a flood.
warn (of, against) (v) : alert, forewarn, give warning of danger, put on one's guard, caution, notify,
make aware, apprise, signal, inform, advise, counsel, admonish
He informed me against high inflation in Turkey.
I advised him not to go near the mean dog.
accustomed to (adj) : used to
We are used to getting up early at the school.

probable (adj) : likely, possible, promising, presumable, expected, supposed, encouraging, apparent
It is possible that there will be an election in 1999.
It is apparent for my students to pass this test.
look out for (v) : be careful with
When we hear a flood warning, we look out for it.
I was warned to be careful with shop lifters when I worked at the BX.
flash (n) : news bulletin , newsflash
Did you watch the newsflash yesterday?
wish (v) : want, desire, hope, long, crave, yearn, hunger, thirst,
aspire, set one's heart upon
I want to retire next year.
We hope that you will be successful at your new station.
run into (v) : 1. bump into, collide with, hit
She bumped into a tree and was injured slightly.
2. encounter
I encountered some old friends at the movies last night.
visible (adj) : 1. capable of being seen, observable, perceivable, perceptible, discernible, seeable,
in sight, in view, clear, distinct, prominent, well-defined
Cyprus is observable from Anamur.
- 129 -

2. obvious, noticeable, evident, apparent

Her dissatisfaction was obvious.
It is evident that he will fail in the final exam.
ant.1.invisible, imperceptible, indiscernible,
2. hidden, concealed, obscured, buried
visibility (n) : field of observation, range of view, reach of sight
The fog is heavy, and reach of sight is down to 20 meters.
fog (n) : thick mist, haze, smog, cloudiness
She got lost in the thick mist.
There are patches of smog on the driveway.
foggy (adj) : misty, hazy, clouded, cloudy, smoggy
Don't drive fast on a misty day.
It is unpleasant to be out on a smoggy day.

invisible (adj) : not visible, not perceptible to the eye, imperceptible, unseen
ant. visible, apparent, plain
The ghosts are invisible.
interrupt (v) : stop, break off, cause to stop, break in on, discontinue, cut in on, disturb, interfere with
Sorry to stop you but I have a question.
The senior student usually disturbs me by asking questions.

BOOK 18
LESSON

convince (v) : persuade

We finally persuaded the police about our innocence.
agree (v) : go along with, think alike, be of one mind, side with, support, subscribe, come to the same
conclusion, admit, grant, concede, accept
ant. disagree, differ
She accepted the price for the car.
They do not side with my proposal.
definite (adj) : 1. precise, exact, fixed, set
The club has a fixed meeting time each week:
2. sure, positive, certain, clear-cut.
She was sure about the caller's message:
ant. indefinite, undetermined, indeterminate, unclear, uncertain
definitely (adv) : unquestionably, absolutely, undeniably, surely, certainly, assuredly, positively,
categorically, unavoidably, explicitly, decisively
ant. perhaps, maybe, possibly, potentially, plausibly
I will surely follow my doctor's advice.
I'm certainly coming to the lab in the afternoon.

- 130 -

permit (v) : allow, let, give permission, give leave to, tolerate, approve,
My father allowed me to drink alcohol in his presence.
You're not let to smoke and drink tea in the class.
concerned (adj) : worried, anxious, uneasy, disturbed, troubled, distressed,
upset
ant. undisturbed, untroubled, carefree
He has never been worried about what the other people think of him.
He is upset because of his personal problems.
benefit (v) : be useful to, be an advantage to, do good for, advance, better, profit, be helped, be
aided, be served, gain, profit from
You can profit from your native speakers.
How can I gain from the fall in prices?

advise (v) : recommend, suggest, offer an opinion, urge,

We will do as you suggest.
The doctor urged complete rest.
She recommended us where to eat Chinese food in Istanbul.
disagree (v) : differ, be unlike, fail to agree, not coincide, vary, be at variance, conflict, diverge,
depart, be of different opinion, think differently, stand apart, oppose one another, differ in
opinion
ant. agree, coincide
Osman and Sevim often differ in their opinions but they are good friends.
I definitely oppose the last speaker.
point (n) : 1. sense, reason, cause, object, objective, aim, intention, purpose, end, value, use
I didn't get your reason.
At the end I got your purpose.
2. sharp end
You shouldn't hold the knife from the sharp end.
agreement (n): treaty, pact, deal, bargain, understanding, arrangement
A treaty has been signed between Turkey and Greece.
After a little while we had a bargain on the price of the jacket.
personal (adj) : private, own, individual, intimate, exclusive, confidential, secret, special, particular,
subjective.
I'm not supposed to explain my private problems here.
This is my own idea.
I'd like to speak to Col Bury about a confidential matter.
concern (n) : worry, anxiety, apprehension, trouble, care, distress, disturbance, thoughtfulness,
regard, solicitude, consideration, attention.
Her anxiety made us more nervous.
We always appreciated her care for our son.
disagreement (n) : difference, lack of agreement, variance, unlikeness, conflict, controversy, quarrel,
opposition
ant. agreement
The conflict between the two coalition parties is the cause of the chaos.
- 131 -

There was a huge controversy over the plans for the new school.
point of view (n) : opinion, attitude, standpoint
It is your opinion, but I'm entirely against your wishes.
From my standpoint, he will be a successful student at the school.
to tell the truth (exp) : actually, really, in fact, indeed
In fact, I'm over thirty years old.
Actually, I don't want to work out today.
mainly (adv) : chiefly, principally, mostly, primarily, predominantly, for the most part, most of all,
above all, in the main, on the whole, in great measure, first and foremost
ant. secondarily, partially, slightly, least of all, minimally, to a large degree
The book is chiefly about the author's childhood.
His money comes mostly from business investment.
employ (v) : hire, use, engage, take on
ant. dismiss, fire, discharge, let go
The mill hires a thousand workers.
The company takes on people according to their skills.
fire (v) : 1. shoot, project a missile, open fire, bombard
The policeman shot the mad dog.
F-16 bombarded the enemy ports.
2. dismiss, discharge, let go
If you don't do your work properly, you can be discharged from your factory.
employment (n) : work, job, employ, service, occupation, business, profession,
vocation,
ant. unemployment
The lack of business in big cities caused turmoil.
At last I found my present job, so I'm earning rather well now.
employee (n) : worker, wage earner, laborer
My father was a government worker.
Laborers of Zonguldak coal mine went on strike yesterday.
employer (n) : boss, owner, manager, supervisor
Aydn Doan is a famous boss in Turkey.
Our new supervisor is a little strict.
hire (v) : employ, engage, take on
The Air Force Language School will employ experienced teachers.
The house was so large it was necessary to engage an extra maid.
supervise (v) : watch over, oversee, look after, manage, direct, govern, survey, control, guide,
conduct, have charge of, administer, handle
I manage thirty instructors in this school.
Master Sergeant Jackson is handling at least ten mechanics.
supervisor (n) : head, chief, manager, director
Col Mediterranean was our ex-manager in this section.
The original founder is still head of the organization.

- 132 -

excellent (adj) : outstanding, superior, superlative, exceptional, superb, great, tremendous, terrific,
wonderful, first-class, admirable, notable
ant. bad, poor, imperfect, inferior, terrible, awful, substandard
The food I ate in Chinese Restaurant was superb.
I have a terrific idea for this project.
head (n) : leader, chief, director, boss, administrator
The president is the leader of the Armed forces at the time of war.
Could I see the director of this company, please?
unemployed (adj): jobless, laid-off, out of work, workless, idle, at leisure, unoccupied; fired,
discharged, dismissed
Jobless people rushed to the big cities in 1980's.
My brother is idle at present.
The number of unoccupied people is rising all the time.
rsum (n) : 1. sketch, survey
Before joining the lecture, I need to read the survey.
2. curriculum vitae
If you want to work in this company. Send your CV to the address below.
movement (n) : motion, change of position, stirring, progress, agitation, action
The motion of my finger gives me great pain.
He was badly bruised that even the slightest progress was painful.
part (n) : role, character, personification
What's your role in the play?
Didn't you like your character in the new play?
pass over (v) : disregard, ignore, overlook, pay no attention to
Please, ignore his rudeness; he didn't mean that.
A teacher should disregard some abnormalities in the class.
tryout (n) : test, trial
There will be a test tomorrow afternoon.
Will you take part in the trail of our new dance class?

BOOK 18
LESSON

blind (adj) : sightless, unable to see, without vision

He is sightless from birth.
fact (n) : happening, occurrence, event, act, circumstance, incident, reality, actuality, truth, certainty,
I just want to argue about the events not the theories.
Don't give me a long account, just tell me the bare truth.
blame (v) : hold responsible, accuse, charge, find fault with, condemn, criticize, disapprove.
Don't criticize me if it doesn't work- it is not my fault.
People disapproved the rise in oil prices and other items.
- 133 -

They held the Armenians responsible for the failure of peace talks.
accuse (v) : charge, blame
The insurance investigator charged the fire to a faulty heater.
The police blame the accident on the driver who was attempting to pass.
persuade (v) : convince
She convinced her husband to buy a new car.
consideration (n) : thought, regard, attention, concern, notice, deliberation judgment,
Ali never showed no attention for his mother's feelings.
After a long judgment, I have recommended him for this post.
remind (v) : bring to mind, bring back to, bring to recollection, awaken memories of, put in memory,
put in mind
Don't bring to my mind her attitude. I don't want to remember it.
Kim Basinger's wavy hair awakened Jack's memories of his ex-wife.
share (v) : own jointly, use jointly, receive together
The doctors own the office jointly.
We will receive the difficulties together.
share (n) : part, portion, allowance, quota, percent, percentage
I had no part in my father's property.
Turkey should have had 10 percentage share in Kerkk petroleum.
however (adv) : in spite of this, nevertheless, yet, on the other hand
The company's profits have fallen. Nevertheless, this is not a serious problem.
My room is small. Yet it is comfortable.
detail (n) : particular, item, fact, component, feature, aspect
The full components of the computer have not yet been made public.
If you're interested in the job, I'll send you all the aspects.
look after (phr v) : take care of, be responsible for, keep an eye on
Who will take care of the baby while they're out?
Don't worry about your daughter, I will keep an eye on her.
sudden (adj) : abrupt, quick, speedy, rapid, immediate, instant, unexpected,
surprising
ant. slow, gradual, extended, deliberate, foreseen, expected
Her marriage was very unexpected.
An instant increase in the cost of oil disappointed people.
control (v) : command, govern, rule, master, regulate, manipulate, manage, have
charge of, supervise, dominate, reign over
Ottoman Empire reigned over the whole North Africa for years.
In democratic countries, you cannot manipulate the Media.
control (n): command, management, mastery, regulation, direction, rule, domination, jurisdiction,
authority, supervision, charge
The school commander is out of city, so deputy commander will have the authority until he
returns.
The army is in full charge of the province.
- 134 -

Sometimes, a country may be in the command of military.

spoil (v) : 1. go bad, decay, deteriorate
Food goes bad more quickly without preservatives.
2. overindulge, pamper, coddle, mollycoddle, baby
He babied his son by giving him too much money.
ant.1 preserve, conserve, save
2 deprive, overtax, discipline
bring back (v) : remind of, bring to mind, suggest to, bring to recollection,
awaken memories of, put in memory, put in mind
Hearing the song reminded me of happy memories.
Visiting Blue Mosque (Sultan Ahmet) brought to collection the good glorious days of Ottoman
Empire.
force (v) : push
The tornado pushed the boat into the house.
comment (n) : commentary, criticism, remark, explanation, observation
He made several unfavorable commentary about our candidate.
I regret my explanation on his sudden visit to Bosnia.
lobby (n) : entrance hall, reception hall, anteroom, waiting room, reception room
I saw him sitting in the reception hall.
She had everybody gather in the reception room of the barracks.
pale (adj) : colorless, white, pasty
You are looking rather pasty. Are you sick?
Her colorless skin needed some make up.
pale (v) : whiten
She whitened at the sight of blood.
unbelievable (adj) : incredible, surprising
Galatasaray's victory against Arsenal was incredible.
It is surprising to see snow in summer.
space (n) : room, area, location, place
Is there enough room in your car for one person?
That's the place you can park your car.

BOOK 19
LESSON 1
in addition (adv) : additionally
We tried to help the victims; additionally, we called an ambulance.
consequently (adv) : therefore, so
Im too late; therefore Ill not eat breakfast.
- 135 -

go along with (v) : get along with

Those twins cant get along with each other.
eager (adj) : avid, keen, desirous, excited
ant. indifferent, unconcerned, uninterested
People who are too avid for success may miss some of the joys of life.
We were keen about going to the picnic.
knowledge (n) : information, data, news
The Captain received the information that the war was over.
general (adj) : collective, widespread, popular, common, usual, accustomed
normal, natural, overall
ant. uncommon, unusual
His usual mood is pleasant enough.
The suggestion met with common approval.
I have an overall idea of how a car works.
specific (adj) : precise, definite, exact, certain, fixed, specified
ant. indefinite, uncertain, vague, general
There are two certain questions we must answer.
What is the definite time of arrival ?
attract (v) : draw, lure, allure, entice, invite, beckon, pull
ant. repel, repulse
The decoys lured the ducks to the pond.
Isn't there any way we can entice you to come to the party ?
all at once (adv) : all of a sudden, suddenly, abruptly, without warning, unexpectedly
ant. gradually, slowly, deliberately
Suddenly the lights went out.

tolerate (v) : put up with, stand

I can't put up with that loud music.
I cant stand naughty children.
tolerant (adj) : understanding, unprejudiced, fair
ant. intolerant, prejudiced
Can't you be unprejudiced of other ideas ?
once in a while (adv) : from time to time, now and then, occasionally
I sleep late from time to time.
neglect (v) : ignore, disregard, overlook, omit
ant. attend to, take care of, notice, regard
He's been ignoring his bills for months.
inquire (v) : ask, query, seek information, question, make inquiry
The pilot inquired about the weather conditions.
get along (v) : advance, progress, come along
The troops progressed twenty miles.
- 136 -

The biologist advanced a new theory of life.

end up (v) : finish, conclude, end
ant. start, begin
We finished dinner around 9 o'clock.
Unfinished (adj) : entire, whole
ant. incomplete
The library has an entire set of Robert Louis Stevenson's books.
incomplete (adj) : unfinished
ant. unfinished, entire, whole
It's five o'clock and the work is still unfinished.

BOOK 19
LESSON 2

assist (v) : help, aid, abet, lend a hand, give a hand

The nurse helped the doctor in the operating room.
assistance (n) : help, aid
The pilot needed the copilot's help in landing the plane.
keep away from (v) : avoid
How did the burglars avoid the guards ?
fatal (adj) : terminal, deadly, mortal, causing death, lethal
Only her friends knew she had a deadly illness.
He received a mortal blow.
Too many sleeping pills can be lethal.
absolutely (adv) : certainly, definitely, entirely, completely
John will definitely have a place on the team next season.
He's entirely wrong.
drop off (v) : fall asleep, doze off, drowse off, flake out
The driver fell asleep and caused the accident.
entire (adj) : whole, total, full, gross, complete
The two boys ate a whole pizza by themselves.
The total cost was over a hundred dollars.
otherwise (adv) : if not, or else
Leave now; or else you'll be late.
kill (v) : murder, slay, slaughter, put to death, assassinate, end the life of
According to the historians he murdered his rival in cold blood.
David slew Goliath.
I couldn't stand to watch them slaughter the cattle.

- 137 -

rest (n) : remainder, residue, residual

The remainder of the produce was used for feed.
A residue of coffee grounds remained in the pot.

arrange (v) : group, array, set out, pose, set in order, sort, assort, classify
ant. disorganize, disarrange, mess up, scatter
Group the shoes together according to size.
Let's sort the names alphabetically.
Eggs are classified according to size.
get through with (v) : 1. finish, finish off, finish up
We finished our work just on time.
2. contact, reach, get hold of
I finally contacted him by phone.
in place of (prep) : instead of
Lets eat chicken instead of hamburger today.
misplace (v) : mislay
I mislaid my keys.
order (n) : arrangement, classification, grouping, organization
The arrangement of the books seems to be correct.
What do you think of the grouping of the items on sale.
use up (v) : consume, deplete, eat up, run through, wipe out
The small car consumed very little gas.
The drought has depleted our supply of water.
stay away (v) : avoid
How did the burglars avoid the guards ?
run across (v) : come across, run into
Where did you come across that stupid man ?

BOOK 19
LESSON 3

attendance (n) : presence, attending, being there, appearance

ant. nonattendance
Your presence at the club meeting is necessary.
adjust (v) : accustom, attune, acclimate, adapt
Astronauts have to attune themselves to weightlessness in space.
In a few days you'll be acclimated to the cold weather.
The chameleon adapts to its surroundings by changing color.
object (v) : disapprove of, oppose
I don't disapprove of whiskey.
Several of the speakers opposed the project.
- 138 -

sufficient (adj) : enough, adequate, ample, plenty, abundant, satisfactory

ant. insufficient, inadequate
Is there enough food for everyone ?
Our hotel room wasn't luxurious, but it was adequate.
This country has an ample supply of fuel oil if we don't waste any.
The actress gave a satisfactory performance.
obtain (v) : acquire, get, attain, gain, gain possession of, take
John Paul Getty acquired a fortune in the oil business.
He attained success through hard work.
Get a copy of the book from the library.
mission (n) : assignment, commission, job, task, charge
The student's assignment was to write a book report.
Each child is responsible for certain household tasks.
The ambassador was given the commission to negotiate the treaty.
capability (n) : ability, competency, competence, proficiency, skill, efficacy
potentiality, talent
ant. incompetence, inadequacy, inability, inefficiency, impotency
Only pilots of the highest ability are chosen to become test pilots.
The young surgeon showed exceptional competence.
The girl seems to have a talent for drawing.

communicate (v) : inform of, make known, convey

The radio stations informed of the storm warnings to the islanders.
Please convey my best wishes to your parents.
assume (v) : accept, become responsible for, take on, take up, take over
The new admiral will accept the command of the Pacific fleet.
No one will become responsible for the safety of that old building.
responsibility (n) : charge, task, burden, obligation, duty
Taking care of a family is a big obligation.
She bore the burden of raising two children alone.
He felt it was his duty to report the matter to the police.
develop (v) : improve, advance, grow
The children improved their reading skills further during this year.
The biologist advanced a new theory of life.
The report shows how our business has grown this year.
confide (v) : reveal, disclose
The lawyer disclosed the details of the merger.
Further investigation revealed the true facts.
confidence (n) : trust, faith, belief, reliance, credence
ant. distrust, mistrust, doubt, disbelief
The people's trust in the government has been shaken.
I have faith in Dick's integrity.
I have complete belief in my friends.

- 139 -

confident (adj) : convinced, certain, sure, positive, assured

ant. unconfident, uncertain, unsure
I'm confident of his loyalty.
I'm certain I put the book on the table.
She was positive she had seen him.
self-confidence (n) : faith in oneself, self-reliance, confidence
He would be a good pianist if he had more self-reliance.
You can succeed many things if you have a little faith in yourself.
success (n) : achievement, attainment
Man's first walk on the moon was a stunning technological achievement.
She's a woman of great attainments in several fields.

successful (adj) : thriving, flourishing, prosperous

The pizza parlor did a thriving business.
We all acknowledge that flourishing result.
He had the well-fed look of a prosperous businessman.
technique (n) : procedure, method, way, formula, approach, manner, system
Doctors are developing a new method for treating diabetes.
The doctor developed a new procedure for liver transplants.
His whole approach to the problem is wrong.
guide (v) : lead, pilot, direct, conduct, escort, usher
The hunters need someone to lead them through the jungle.
The mayor conducted the visitors through town.
The policeman directed us to the shopping center.
guidance (n) : counsel, advice, direction, leadership, conduct, supervision, lead
Seek an architect's counsel before building the house.
The young man sought advice on the choice of a career.
Funds will be spent under the committee's direction.
Most of the legislators followed the lead of the governor.
achieve (v) : accomplish, attain, realize, reach, succeed in
ant. fail
The Community has accomplished its goal of collecting one million dollars.
Finally, the scientists succeeded in solving the problem.
sensible (adj) : reasonable, wise, logical, rational, sane, sound
ant. unreasonable, irrational, unsound
Your proposal sounds reasonable, but we'll have to talk about it further.
The plan was presented in a logical manner.
You can depend on him to make a sound choice.

- 140 -

BOOK 19
LESSON 4

attention (n) : heed, regard, notice, concern, consideration

I warned him, but he paid me no heed.
Nobody paid any consideration to the warning.
He gave little regard to his parents' feelings.
The plan is not worth our notice.
annoy (v) : disturb, bother, pester, tease, irritate
ant. calm, soothe, comfort, relieve, please, gratify
You children must stop bothering me by asking for candy all day long.
I'm disturbed every day by the slow bus service in this town.
He's always pestering me to help him with his homework.
The child's crying irritated the nurse.
rush (v) : hurry, hasten, speed
Hurry and get home before it gets dark.
She ate her lunch and hastened to her appointment.
The ambulance sped to the hospital.
rush (n) : haste, speed, dispatch, urgency
We have time to eat without haste.
The job must be done with dispatch.
start out (v) : depart, set off, set out, take off
Before you depart, let me give you an advice.
They set out at dawn not to miss the plane.
helpful (adj) : beneficial, useful, advantageous, usable, profitable
ant. useless, harmful
Some of her suggestions were very beneficial.
An electric blender is useful if you bake a lot.
You'll find it advantageous to learn Spanish before visiting South America.
regret (v) : be sorry for, feel sorrow for, be ashamed of, rue, repent
ant. feel happy for, rejoice
You'll be sorry for having said those words !
I rue the day I ever met you!
regret (n) : sorrow, grief, remorse, remorsefulness, rue, ruefulness
ant. satisfaction, pleasure, remorselessness
I've never had any sorrow over anything I've done.
waste (v) : squander, misspend, misuse, throw away
ant. save, conserve, spend wisely, use well
Don't squander your money on such a cheaply made dress.
Don't misspend time on nonessentials.
pay attention (v) : pay heed (to), give ear
- 141 -

If you don't pay heed to what I say, you can't be a successful student.
disappoint (v) : frustrate, sadden, disillusion, let down
ant. satisfy, gratify
You frustrate us by not coming to our party.
I hate to disillusion you, but your chance of winning is weak.
Her decision of leaving the city saddened us.
disappointed (adj) : frustrated
Our parents will be frustrated with our decision.
disappointing (adj) : dissatisfactory, unsatisfying
The actress gave a dissatisfactory performance.
guilty (adj) : criminal, sinful, immoral
ant. innocent, blameless
The thief sought forgiveness for his criminal acts.
annoying (adj) : bothersome, irritating, pestering, teasing
Being without a car for the day was bothersome.
I left him because he was irritating.
lazy (adj) : idle, shiftless, indolent
ant. hardworking, assiduous, diligent
Spring makes everyone feel idle.
The indolent boy was fired.
This office has no place for a shiftless worker.

lenient (adj) : merciful, kind, gentle, tenderhearted, tolerant, mild, kindhearted

soft-hearted, moderate
ant. harsh, rigid, rigorous, strict, severe, cruel, merciless
The judge was merciful in sentencing the criminal.
She was a gentle woman who wouldn't hurt a fly.
The tenderhearted man wept at the news.
The teacher was too tolerant of disobedient behavior.
strict (adj) : stern, rigid, severe, authoritarian, rigorous, stringent, inflexible
ant. lax, lenient, indulgent, permissive, loose, flexible
He's too stern with his son.
Her authoritarian father insisted that she be home by midnight.
Stringent laws are needed to protect the consumer.
Putting him in prison was a severe punishment.
turn in (v) : hand over, deliver, render
Hand over the newspaper, please.
stupid (adj) : dull, dumb, brainless, witless, unintelligent
ant. smart, intelligent
A dumb class is difficult to teach.
He is a dull man and you need explain things very carefully and slowly to him.
lack (v) : be short of, fall short of, need
People die in Africa because they are in shot of food.
- 142 -

After the bankruptcy he fell short of money.

lack (n) : absence, deficiency, need, neediness, deprivation, scarcity
His lack of a college education brought problems as he grew older.
A lack of food caused her to grow weak.
stay up (v) : keep up, sit up
I keep up until midnight.
put aside (v) : save, set aside, store, hold, keep, put away
ant. use, spend
I'm saving this dress for a special occasion.
Squirrels store nuts for the winter.
You should keep some of your salary for your education.

BOOK
20
LESSON 1
set (n) : receiver, group
I bought a new stereo receiver last week.
The same group of doctors operated on him.
feel like (v) : want (to)
I'd rather stay home tonight; I don't want to go out tonight.
put off (v) : postpone
Can you postpone making your decision for a day ?
list (n) : catalogue, roll, register
I have a roll of things to buy in the grocery. How many students are there on your register ?
list (v) : book, enrol, inscribe
I booked all the students who failed on the test.
She enrolled all the things he had to do.
Orhan is inscribing the courses he will take before going to his main
base.
separate (adj) : individual, lone
This word has three individual meanings.
She has two lone accounts in this bank.
quantity (n) : amount
I buy food in large amounts.
purchase (v) : buy (v)
Why don't you buy that chicken?
- 143 -

purchase (n) : buy (n)

He gave enough money to his son for the buy of his food.
label (n) : ticket
I stuck the ticket on my luggage.

cost (n) : charge, price

The high charge of renting a house in lzmir surprised me a lot.
I don't know the exact price of this book.
apart (adv) : separately
I and my daughter live separately in the same city.
thus (adv) : therefore, hence
He didn't put aside enough money; therefore, he couldn't buy this car.
The bus was late; hence, I was late for class.
tear up (v) : destroy
He got angry with his father and he destroy the bill.
tear (v) : rip
He ripped the pages of my book.
mixture (n) : blend, mix
Camel cigarette is a blend of Turk and American tobaccos.
The students in my class are a mix of air force, army and navy.
mix (v) : blend, combine
Don't blend oil with water.
He combined tomato, lettuce and onion to make salad.
combine (v) : join, unite
We united two classes to make a large class.
If you join your money with your brother's, you may have enough money
to buy a house you want.
ingredient (n) : element
The eggs, butter and sugar are the elements of the cake, but flour and
fat are the most important ones.
depend (v) : rest on
The price of shares (bond) will rest on the number of people who want
to buy them.
call for (v) : demand, require
This sort of work requires a lot of hard working and patience.
The opposition have demanded an inquiry about the stand by treaty.

stir (v) : mix

Nancy has put some cream in your coffee but she hasn't mixed it.
- 144 -

create (v) : produce

Your answer produced confusion.
bet (n) : wager
I placed a wager on "Sahmaran" horse but I lost my bet.
bet (v) : gamble
I gambled one million on the red horse, but he came in last.
give away (v) : donate
After my son graduated from the school, I donated all of his books.
mostly (adv) : generally
He uses his car generally for driving to work.
separate (v) : divide, part
The two friends parted from each other at the crossroads.
The aim of this terrorist group is to divide one part of Turkey from the
main land.
separately (adv) : apart, discretely
They arrived together but left discretely.
You don't have to go to work apart.
call for (v) : pick up
Ill pick you up at nine o'clock.
The service bus will pick up the students every morning.
from time to time (adv) : sometimes
Sometimes I go to the movies.
My grandfather gives me money sometimes.
raw (adj) : uncooked
I enjoy eating uncooked vegetables.
The meat was cooked outside but still uncooked inside.
property (n) : holdings, possessions
I have very important holdings in the center of the city.
My house is my private possession and it can't be entered without
permission from a judge.

BOOK
20
LESSON 2
enemy (n) : foe, opponent
He is a ruthless person and he made a lot of opponents.
Turkey has so many foes in this region.
attack (v) : aggress, strike, hit
The enemy stroke us at night.
- 145 -

He hit me physically.
Serbia aggressed the Bosnian troops again after the cease fire.
attack (n) : assault
The enemy assault just began before midnight.
threaten (v) : intimidate
The terrorists intimidated to blow up the Fatih Sultan Mehmet
suspension bridge.
neutral (adj) : uninvolved
Turkey stayed uninvolved in the Second World War.
defend (v) : guard, protect
I have right to protect myself against any kinds of attacks.
The duty of armed forces is to guard the country against the internal
and external enemies.
ally (n) : coalitionist
Pakistan has always been a strong coalitionist of Turkey for years.
battle (n) : combat
They lost many soldiers in the combat.
nevertheless (adv) : however
We, as being Turkey, never feel like fighting. However, we should be
alert.
maintain (v) : preserve, sustain
He took the lead, and sustained it until the end of the race.
Turkey should preserve a strong army in this region.

settle (v) : reconcile, land

We reconciled our dispute out of court.
Many Kurdish refugees were landed in Diyarbakir and Mardin by Turkish government just
before Gulf War.
border (n) : boundary
We combined some of boundary guard units for security.
freedom (n) : independence, liberty
People are fighting to gain their liberty from the invader country.
Children should be given some independence when they are young.
engage in (phr.v) : draw in
The two men were drawn in robbery yesterday.
secure (adj) : safe
I don't feel safe myself in here any longer.
Turkish Air Force makes Turkish people feel safe forever.
security (n) : safety
The armed forces are in charge of Turkey's safety.
- 146 -

alert (v) : warn

Please warn me if you see my boss coming in.
The doctor warned the students to the flu.
alert (adj) : watchful
The countries have to be watchful to the possible enemy attacks.
threat (n) : menace
The use of nuclear bomb is a potential menace.
situation (n) : condition
The country is in a desperate condition due to drought.
The economic condition of this country is not good.
I'm in a bad condition without sufficient money.
notify (v) : inform
Please inform the school staff that the inspection will be on Friday.
authorize (v) : license, empower
The school commander licensed me to hold the meeting in the theater.
Who empowered you to handle this situation?
additional (adj) : further, more, extra
Turkish Air Lines demand extra charge for heavy baggage.
They took further steps in order to keep the purchasing power of TL. against American dollar.
I don't need more explanation about this event.
take over (v) : relieve
I'll relieve my father's business when my father retires.
engage (v) : encounter
They encountered the enemy in battle.

BOOK
20
LESSON 3

system (n) : entity

The general strike throughout the country disrupted the postal entity.
function (n) : job, purpose, role
We know the importance of brain roles.
The job of a chairman is to lead and control the meetings.
The purpose of this part in the engine is not so important.
ignite (v) : light
Gasoline lights easily.
This device is used to light the mixture of gas and air.
The fire was lit by a cigarette that was thrown away.

- 147 -

provide (v) : supply, support

The government supplies all of our needs while we are in service.
You're married and you should support your family. 1 can't help you anymore.
spark (n) : blink
He is my enemy. Whenever I see him, the blinks fly.
The blinks from his cigarette caused the forest fire.
fluid (n) : liquid
The level of brake liquid is very low.
The doctor removed some liquids from my injured knee.
pump (v) : drain
Iraq stopped draining gas to Turkey when the war broke up.
The government drained a lot of money into the market, so it caused inflation.
accelerate (v) : speed up
Don't speed up your car if you are a new driver.
On this road, you may speed up your car from 90 to 120 km.
transmit (v) : pass, send
The survivors of the shipwreck sent their location to nearest naval base.
The aim of transmission is to send power from the motor to the wheels.
The captain will pass the message to the soldiers.
We use radio to pass the message to our post.
standard (adj) : routine, ordinary, typical
An ordinary life doesn't cost too much.
Typical blood sample can be easily found in the laboratory.
You fell behind the routine in education and training.
shift (v) : change
My wife is practicing driving but she usually forgets changing the gear.
Change gears when you go up that hill.
We have to change the location of this installation.
lever (n) : handle
Pull the handle to stop the engine.
You must pull this handle in order to operate this machine.
I usually use shift handle to shift the gears.
Don't pull the handle powerfully, or you may brake it.
release (v) : free
Free your mind.
The teacher will free the class at 2:20 p.m. today.
You have to free the bird. Otherwise, it may die.
defect (n) : fault, imperfection, absence
I have a hearing imperfection. I will check the car faults.
Have you noticed any absences in this recorder?
look over (v) : survey
Survey the old files to find your mistake.
- 148 -

Leave your report on my table. I want to survey it.

The teacher will survey your homework after class.
estimate (v) : assess, evaluate, calculate, judge
I haven't assessed the value of this painting yet.
She asked the building company to judge the cost of the repairs of the roof.
I evaluate that it will cost me very expensive.
How far do you calculate the distance from lzmir to Manisa?

align (v) : line

Please, line your books in the cabinet.
You didn't line your picture on the wall.
Mechanic, I want to have the wheels of my car lined.
interior (n) : internals, inside
The internals but not the exterior of my car is very clean.
The inside of my room is very clean.
exterior (n) : externals, outside
We are painting the externals of the house.
What color is the outside of your house?
defective (adj) : faulty, imperfect
I bought a new washing machine, but some parts are faulty.
What will you do with the imperfect cooling system?
altogether (adv) : completely
It rained a lot, but completely it was a good trip.
The matter you are mentioning is completely different from the subject.
function (v) : work, operate
My car doesn't work well in cold weather.
The machine will not operate properly if it is not kept well-oiled.
repair (n) : correction
The mechanic is carrying out corrections to my damaged car.
The road is under correction.

BOOK
20
LESSON 4

combustion (n) : flaming

He invented internal flaming engine in 1890.
Flaming in the engine is caused by the spark plug.
Flaming won't take place if the fuel is dirty.
combustible (adj) : burnable, flammable

- 149 -

Gasoline is the burnable liquid.

Petrol is highly flammable, but water is incombustible.
Keep flammable materials away from sparks.
process (n) : means, method, way
I don't know the means of combustion in this engine.
In the cooling method, water circulates through the radiator.
Learning English is a long way.
component (n) : part, element
I have to remove some parts of the carburetor.
A radiator is a element of a car's cooling system.
internal (adj) : inner
You can't see your inner organs but you feel their existence.
Don't poke your nose into my business, it is my inner family problem.
He has an inner injury.
It doesn't interest other countries-it is Turkey's inner matter.
external (adj) : outer
The skin is an outer organ of the body.
This medicine is for outer use only.
The engine is outer to the boat.
eliminate (v) : exclude, discard
Fenerbahe was excluded from the championship.
We will exclude his name from the list of the tour to Europe.
The exhaust will be discarded from the exhaust pipe.
purpose (n) : aim, goal, intention
What was the aim of his visit to Ankara?
My goal is to learn English at Air Force Language School.
Did she come to zmir to see her kinfolk, or for business intentions?
friction (n) : traction
Oil reduces the traction between parts.
Traction causes heat.
Traction against the rock caused his rope to break.
lubricate (v) : grease, oil
This brand of oil greases the machine well.
Don't forget to oil the gears of your car.
surface (n) : cover, area
There are marks on the cover of the table.
The area of the moon is very rough.
rub (v) : brush, wear
This tire seems badly worn; it must be wearing against something.
Lubricants reduce the amount of friction caused by two metal parts that are brushing against
each other.
rub (v) : massage, wipe
If your hands feel numb due to cold; massage your hands.
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I wiped the window with a cloth.

filter (v) : purify, refine
You need to purify the drinking water in zmir.
I usually drink refined coffee.
A law must force the industrialists to purify the smoke of the factories they own.
circulate (v) : move around, rotate
The blood rotates through the body.
Money moves around in the economy.
The antifreeze is rotated throughout the engine by the water pump.
pressure (n) : tension, compression
The tension of tire is too high; it may explode.
While you pilot an aircraft, glance at the compression gauge once in a while.
regulate (v) : adjust, handle, fit
The thermostat adjusts the temperature.
The gears handle the speed of the machine.
The carburetor fits the flow of fuel to the cylinders.
malfunction (n) : breakdown, failure
The results of the exams have been delayed owing to a breakdown in the computer.
The pilot reported a failure in his right engine.
useful (adj) : favourable, appropriate, proper, effective
I have an effective idea about the issue you are discussing.
A dictionary is an appropriate tool when you are studying English.
This library holds many favourable books about Turkish history.
This one is the proper tool for mending that machine.
overhaul (n) : check, examine, inspection
When the malfunction was reported, it was decided to give the machine a complete inspection.
An engine check for your car will be expensive.
I gave the van a complete examine.
tear down (v) : destroy, diassemble
When I heard the sudden noise, the old building was destroyed.
The new building will be built as soon as the old one is destroyed.
We need to diassemble the engine and then rebuild it.
rebuild (v) : reconstruct
The house was reconstructed after the fire.
I'll have the engine of my car reconstructed next month.
I hope this prime minister will reconstruct the manufacturing industry.

BOOK 21
LESSON

recent (adj) : new, modern, up-to-the-minute, contemporary, up-to-date, lately

made, late, novel, fresh, not long past, of yesterday, latter-day
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ant. old-fashioned, dated, old, long past, remote, long ago

He is talking about his late trip to China.
Election 94 was the most exciting election of our contemporary time.
I was surprised to see a modern movie in Iran.
contribute (v) : donate, hand out, present, lead to, help bring about,
to have a hand in, bear a part
ant. slow, detract
Exercising leads to good health.
Various factors bear a part in his downfall.
My wife has a hand in my success in my job.
She donated a dollar towards Bosnian refugees.
conclude (v) : close, draw to a close, finish, end, complete, discontinue, stop, terminate, halt, break
off, settle, decide, resolve, arrange, effect, accomplish, bring to, pass, carry out,
decide, determine, judge, deduce, reason, surmise, infer
The pianist completed the recital with a Chopin tude.
The peace negotiations were successfully accomplished.
After waiting an hour they inferred that she wasn't coming.
maximum (adj) : greatest possible, optimum, greatest, utmost, top, highest,
maximal, supreme, unsurpassed, paramount, foremost, most,
largest
ant. minimum, minimal, least possible, least, lowest
The plane can fly at an optimum altitude of 75, 000 feet.
The car was going at its utmost speed.
minimum (adj) : least possible amount, smallest amount possible, least
possible degree, modicum, lowest quantity. lowest amount
allowed, least, smallest, least possible, basic, base
ant. maximum, largest, greatest
This price is the smallest amount possible. I never lower the price less than this.
They paid the basic fee to enter the fair grounds.

rapid (adj) : quick, fast, express, swift, speedy, hurried, instant, brisk, active,
expeditious, prompt, feverish, agitated, rushing, galloping, flying, accelerated, unchecked
ant. slow, leisurely, gradual, deliberate, lazy, sluggish
She made a brisk departure.
It was an age of instant strides in science.
scenery (n) : landscape, terrain, general appearance, view, spectacle, vista,
stage setting, backdrops, backgrounds, scenes, sets
The landscape up at the lake is just breathtaking!
He painted backgrounds for the community playhouse productions.
dense (adj) : crowded, compressed, compact, close, concentrated, thick,
impenetrable, heavy, intense, dumb, stupid, dull, ignorant,
dimwitted, thick, thickheaded, slow
ant. sparse, scattered, dispersed, thin, transparent, light; alert, bright, intelligent, quick
The crowd was so impenetrable we could hardly move.
It was difficult to see through the thick fog.
He's so stupid he'll never understand your message.

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portion (n) : part, section, division, segment, sector, piece, fraction, fragment,
measure, quantity, amount, sum, part, division, allowance,
share, apportionment, allocation, serving, helping, ration,
percentage
A part of the contract dealt with Royalties.
Her share of the inheritance amounted to $50, 000
population (n): inhabitants, residents, citizenry, public, commonality, people,
folk, populace
The inhabitants of the city rose by 20 percent.
populate (v): live in an area, inhabit, to come and live in an area
Balkans were inhabited by Manisa and Konya Trkmens after the war.
growth (n): natural development, development, advancement, advance,
progress, improvement, maturity, prime, expansion, increase,
development, extension, increment, enlargement, burgeoning,
surge, spread, amplification
It's awesome to watch the progress of a child.
Has that cherry tree reached its full maturity?
region (n) : area, territory, space, expanse, tract, range, country, land, district, neighborhood, zone,
province, locality, vicinity
My cousin lives in a mountainous region.
peak (n): summit, tip, top, crown, crest, climax, maximum point, highest degree, prime
ant. base, bottom
The top of the mountain was covered with snow.
He has reached the highest degree of his career in military.
spread (v) : 1. stretch out, open, unfold, untwine, unroll, unfurl, extend
Let's spread the blanket under that tree.
2.scatter, be scattered, strew, bestrew, sprinkle, overspread, cast, distribute, diffuse,
shed, be shed, disperse, extend, stretch, cover
She spread her toys all over the room
3. publish, communicate, circulate
The radio spread the news as soon as it happened.
appetite (n) : hunger, thirst, desire, craving, yearning, passion, inclination,
fondness, liking, stomach
ant. distaste, dislike, detestation, disgust
The diet pills made him lose his hunger.
He has an enormous desire for classical music.
average (n) : 1. arithmetical mean, ratio, medium, norm,
accomplishment
She hopes to graduate with a B average.
2. the ordinary, the standard, the typical, the general, the usual, normal,
He plays ice hockey better than average.
average (adj) : 1. mean, medium, median, medial
Including stops for gas and a traffic jam, our medium speed was still 40 miles an
hour.

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2. typical, ordinary, common, normal, usual, standard, moderate, fair, so-so, tolerable,
indifferent, not bad
ant. maximum, minimum. unusual, uncommon, different, special, remarkable,
exceptional, extraordinary, extreme, abnormal, memorable, conspicuous, noticeable,
prominent, outstanding, superlative, surpassing, excellent, wonderful, terrific, great,
fine, good, awful, bad, dreadful, terrible, horrible, lousy

abnormal (adj) : unnatural, unusual, irregular, uncommon, unconventional, exceptional,

extraordinary, unexpected, unaccustomed, inordinate,
strange, peculiar, rare, queer, odd, freakish, eccentric, bizarre, curious, unheard of,
grotesque, weird, monstrous
ant. normal, natural, typical, usual, ordinary
That cat has an unusual fear of birds.
An extraordinary amount of snow fell in October.
normal (adj) :average, usual, ordinary, expected, natural, regular, typical, representative,
conventional, constant, steady, unchanging, reliable, dependable, in good order, wellregulated, in shape, fit, sound, healthy,
continuous, uninterrupted, unchanging, uniform, sane, reasonable, rational, rightminded
ant. abnormal, unusual, exceptional, irregular, peculiar, rare, singular, uncommon, remarkable,
monstrous, unnatural
His growth is normal for that age.
occur (v): happen, take place, result, appear, arise, rise, turn up,
emerge, develop, materialize, show itself, manifest itself, be found, be met with, enter
one's mind, cross one's mind, suggest itself, hit, strike
ant. be avoided, disappear, vanish, fade away, be suppressed
When did the accident occur?
Tuberculosis occurs most often in damp climates.
It didn't occur to me that you would object.
habit (n): practice, behavior, custom, convention, routine, characteristic tendency, trait, peculiarity,
rule, manner, way, practice, acquired mode of behavior, habitual action, fixed practice,
confirmed way, leaning, inclination, predisposition, fondness, dress, attire, costume,
garment, apparel, clothes, clothing, outfit, uniform
Where did the custom of shaking hands originate?
George has that awful fondness of picking his teeth.
Each order of nuns wears its own special costume.
once more (adv) : one more time, now again as before
Can you do it one more time please? I couldn't see it.
pick up (v): get, find, learn, see, hear, find out, discover, collect
The students learn a lot of words by speaking English out of class.
Where did you find out that idea?
Please collect your toys when you've finished playing.

drain (v) : 1. draw fluid from, pump off; remove by degrees, empty out
- 154 -

Empty out the oil out of the crankcase.

2. discharge, flow off gradually, flow out
Most of the river flows out into the Gulf of Mexico.
3. empty, impoverish, use up.
He used up his parents of every cent they had.
industry (n): business, commerce, field, manufacture, trade
There has been a decline in the manufacture of Turkey due to inflation.
keep up with (phr v) :perform as swiftly or successfully as others,
to persevere, continue, to maintain in good condition or repair, to stay
informed
I stayed informed with the help of my laptop when I was in Africa.
anyway (adv) in spite of everything, in any case, anyhow
It doesn't make much difference because we're going to be late anyhow.
I don't like classical music, but I listen to it anyway.
She told me not to buy it, but I bought it in spite of everything.
rate (n) : 1. speed, pace, tempo
She can read at the rate of 100 words a minute.
2. price, charge, figure, fee, dues, cost, expense, assessment
The room rates at the hotel ranged from $10 to $35 per day.
per (prep) : for each
How much beer will they drink for each?
take after (phr v): to look or behave like, resemble (an older relative), follow
Melisa looks like her mother; she has the same eyes, ears and nose.
The prime minister will follow the same principles in economy.
once again (adv) now again, as in the past, once more
He failed the test once more.
With his new book he proved his talent as in the past.
call off (phr v) : cancel
The game was cancelled due to bad weather conditions.
approximate (adj) : rough, very near, estimated, relative, nearly accurate,
almost exact, inexact
The estimated time of our arrival will be two o'clock.
brand (n) : 1. branding iron, mark made by branding; label, mark, emblem, stamp, sign, trademark
The store removed the brands from the dresses so it could sell them at a discount.
2. brand name, make, manufacture; type, kind, sort, variety, grade, class, quality
Mazda is a nice brand.

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BOOK 21
LESSON

characteristic (n) : attribute, trait, quality, aspect, feature, property,

mark, mannerism, peculiarity, specialty, trademark
One of the aspects of a dog is its faithfulness.
It is a pecularity of her that she never complains.
Honesty is an important trait of people.
property (n) : feature, trait, peculiarity, specialty, trait, mark, aspect, quality
As I know, many plants have medical traits.
She has all the specialties that an officer needs.
substance (n) : material, matter, stuff
Iron is a useful material used in many fields.
nowadays (adv) : these days, now, at the present time, at the moment,
We used to listen to the radio a lot, but these days we mostly watch TV.
Currently, almost every young person attends high school.

currently, today

flexible (adj) : elastic, bendable, bendy, stretchy

ant. Inflexible, stiffy, rigid
Copper is a very bendable metal.
Rubber is more elastic than copper but steel is inflexible.
Can you name some stretchy substances?
elastic (adj) : flexible, bendable, bendy, stretchy
Rubber is a flexible and elastic material.
My brothers girl friend had stretchy jeans on.
rigid (adj) : stiff, inflexible
Concrete is a stiff material.
A steel bar is inflexible.
contain (v) : hold, have, include
That box has old pictures and letters.
This bottle holds two pints of milk.

stretch (v) : make wider, make longer, extend

My son made my pullover wider while we were playing.
He extended his garden as far as this fence.
affect (v) : influence, change, have an effect on
Smoking influences health badly.
I hope the high inflation won't change the prices of items.
as a result (adv) : consequently, accordingly, thus, so, therefore
I was very tired last night; consequently, I went to bed early.
All banks increased the interest rates; thus, no one could borrow money from the banks.
- 156 -

as a result of (prep) : because of, due to, on account of, in consequence of

He was late because of the heavy snow this morning.
Due to power failure, classes were canceled today.
content (n) : subject matter
It is very difficult to understand the subject matter of his speech.
bounce (v) : fail to pay, fail
Mike's check failed because he didn't have enough money on his account.
absorb (v) : suck up
ant. leak, drain
The sponge sucks up water.
effect (n) : result, outcome, consequence, end
One of the outcomes of cancer is losing ones hair.
He is suffering from the consequences of too much alcohol.
effective (adj) : productive, efficient, practical
ant. ineffective, wasteful, useless
The doctor prescribed productive medicine for my painful cough.
This medicine is very efficient in treating colds.
escape (v) : run away, steal away, flee
The prisoners ran away from the prison last night.
They managed to flee from the burning house.
form (v) : shape, mould
She moulds the clay into a bowl.
Try to shape this block of wood to look like an apple.

shape (v) : form, mould

You'll have to form the clay before it dries out.
You can mould the clay into various things.
The parents and teachers shape the characters of the children.
real (adj) : true, actual, genuine, authentic
ant. artificial, false
My coat is made of genuine leather.
Is your ring true gold?
What was your actual reason for your absence?
artificial (adj) : man-made, unreal, manufactured, synthetic, unnatural
ant. real, genuine, authentic
The difference between your coat and mine is that yours is man-made, mine is real leather.
The flowers you see in my house are not natural; they're all synthetic.
This drink contains no unnatural flavoring.
resist (v) : 1. stand firm, withstand, endure, tolerate
The village stood firm against the attack.
2. oppose
The government is opposing the doctors' wage demands.
- 157 -

hardly (adv) : scarcely, barely

I can scarcely live on the money I earn.
The concert was barely attended.
original (adj) : 1. first; earliest, primary
ant. secondary
The first owner of the house was a French man.
2. unique, new, fresh, novel, creative
ant. old-fashioned
That was a unique idea. I didnt expect that from Joe.
soak (v) : wet, saturate
First, wet the beans in water for two hours.
The rain is so heavy that it saturated the ground
squeeze (v) : press, clasp
She clasped my hand very hard.
Bob pressed the tube hard and the last of the toothpaste came out.

result (n) : effect, outcome, consequence

I can't decide without seeing the outcome of this course.
Your hard work is beginning to show consequences.

BOOK 21
LESSON

fill (v) : 1. stuff

ant. empty
She stuffed her notebooks into the drawer.
2. prepare
The pharmacist prepared my prescription
aid (n) : help, assistance, support, backing
We plan on arranging a concert in the support of handicapped people.
Turkey has sent different kinds of help to many countries for five years.
determine (v) : decide, settle, resolve, verify, establish
The police will settle the cause of the accident.
The court decided that the man was guilty of murder.
legal (adj) : lawful, legitimate
Don't worry about it; it is quite lawful!
It is legitimate to drive 90 km per hour in Turkey.
illegal (adj) : unlawful, forbidden, illicit
ant. legal, lawful, legitimate
- 158 -

It is forbidden to drink alcohol in the barracks.

It is unlawful for people under 17 to drive a car.
search (v) : explore, investigate, examine, inspect, quest
The police examined the city for the thief.
Scientists quest for the truth.
innocent (adj) : 1. not guilty, blameless, faultless
Janet was blameless. She did nothing wrong.
They hanged a faultless man.
2. unknowing, naive, unsophisticated
Innocent young people are not allowed to see that movie.
ant. 1. guilty, blameworthy
2. sophisticated, wise
commit (v) : do, perform, carry out
You did a serious error by hiring this man as a driver. He had three accidents.
crime (n) : misconduct, wrong, offence, violation, felony, misdemeanor
Drug-smuggling is a serious felony.
He committed a violation by running the red light.
lawyer (n) : counsel, counselor, attorney
I suggest you hire a good counselor.
We will get an experienced attorney to represent me before the court.
court (n) : courtyard
The judge wants complete silence in courtyard.
case (n) : 1. instance, occurrence, happening
The occurrence of that illness worried everyone.
2. action, suit, lawsuit, claim
My suit will be held in Military Court.
represent (v) : speak for, act for
The senior student may speak for our class in the conference room.
A lawyer acts for his client in the court.
criminal (adj) : illegal, unlawful, felonious
He has felonious tendencies, so you have to keep yourself away from him.
The police say the man has a long unlawful record.
civil (adj) : 1. municipal, public
Military personnel shouldnt go to public places with uniform.
2. polite, respectful, gracious, well-mannered
He always behaves in a civil manner.
efficient (adj) : skillful, capable, effective, proficient
ant. inefficient, ineffective, useless
He is a quick, effective worker.
Maj. Black is considered to be a very capable pilot.
Our effective, new machine is much cheaper to run.
just (adj) : 1. fair
ant. unfair
- 159 -

I think the jurys decision was not just.

2. rightful, lawful, legal, proper, deserved
You have received a proper punishment.

fair (adj) : just, honest

You must be just to both sides.
He didn't promise to give aid, to be honest, he didn't know the fact that you have been
handicapped.
judicial (adj) : legal
The Supreme Court is the highest court in the legal system.
justice (n) : fairness, equity
ant. injustice
They have at last received compensation, so fairness has been done.
The Constitution of Turkey guarantees equity for all people in the country.
interpret (v) : 1. explain, define, make sense of
He explained the parts we couldnt get.
2. translate, paraphrase
I cant speak Russian; will you translate for me?
aid (v) : support, help, assist, back
A lawyer can help you in the court.
He backed us after the accident.
rescue (v) : save, set free, release, liberate
They saved people from burning buildings.
My daughter set a cat free from a high tree.
client (n) : patron, customer
The lawyer will defend his customer before the court.
Patrons of the town come from all over the town.
enforce (v) : urge, insist on, force
The commander must force discipline in his unit.
stand for (phr v) : 1. tolerate, accept without complaining represent
If I were you I wouldn't tolerate that kind of treatment.
2. represent
-Your name's Larry C. Paul. What does C. stand for?
- C. in my name represents Chamberline.
in general (adv) : generally, commonly
Generally, most Turks are friendly and helpful.
Commonly, people behave well in Izmir.

judge (v) : 1.decide

2. estimate
3. criticize
4. conclude
Who will decide the next case?
- 160 -

Try to estimate the distance from Izmir to Istanbul.

I criticized her because of her impolite attitude.
The jury couldnt conclude at the end of the case.
abbreviation (n) : shortened form, short form, shortening, condensed
form, reduced form, compressed form, contracted form, cut-down form, reduction,
contraction, diminution, abridgment, condensation, compression, abstraction,
lessening, cutting, clipping
ant. full form, written-out form, lengthening, extending, extension, elongation, stretching,
stretching out, drawing out, expansion, enlargement, increase, increasing, augmentation,
prolongation
The shortening for United Nations is U.N.
abundance (n) : ample amount, great supply, full measure, profusion,
sufficiency, excess, more than enough, plenty, surplus, glut, plenitude
ant. scarcity, deficiency, lack, dearth, scantiness, sparseness, paucity
Turkey has plenty of crops.
At the party there was food and drink in full measure.

BOOK 21
LESSON

command (v) : direct, lead, head, have authority over, have charge of, be master of, rule, boss,
govern, guide, conduct, manage, supervise, superintend, administer
The general himself will be leading the troops.
He managed the school with the help of his staff.
branch (n) : section, part, segment, component, arm, wing, member, extension, division, subdivision,
chapter, offshoot; bureau, office, branch office, department, agency
The Economy bank has bureaus all over the world.
He is the chairman of the local department of the union.
Our unit is the smallest part of the Air Force.
head (v) : be head of, direct, supervise, manage, take charge of, administer, superintend, lead,
conduct, boss, command, govern, control, rule, be master of, have authority over, officiate
at
The sales director directs a team of 20 representatives.
The army band managed the parade.
The general chief of staff commands the Turkish armed forces on behalf of the president.
obligation (n) : duty, responsibility, a favor owed, debt, indebtedness, liability
He has a duty that must remain secret.
Your responsibility is to attend the meeting.
Head (n) : leader, chief, director, boss, administrator, chairman of the board, chairman, chief
executive officer, chief executive, president, manager, superintendent, foreman, supervisor;
(variously in government) dictator, king, queen, monarch, sovereign, ruler, czar, potentate,
suzerain, president, prime minister, premier; (variously in the military) commander-in-chief,
commanding general, general, captain, commandant, commander, admiral, commodore,
field marshal, marshal
Mr. Ecevit is the leader of the Democratic Left Party.
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In Turkey, man is usually accepted the chief of the family.

Who is the prime minister of the government?
inform (v) :tell, apprise, notify, let know, give notice to, advise, make known to, report to, give
knowledge of, give information, acquaint, familiarize, send word to, disclose to,
communicate to, declare to, mention to, enlighten, edify, serve notice on, signify to,
announce to, indicate to, tip off
I told him that I would not be able to attend.
You must notify the commander about the schedule.
request (v) :ask, ask for, apply for, call for, solicit, bid for, seek, sue for, make suit
The secretary asked for a new typewriter and she got one.
We desire your early response to our letter.

for, desire

urge (v) : argue for, advocate, recommend, advise, counsel, prescribe, suggest, push for, champion,
support strongly, back
You may suggest your father to buy a new car for you.
They argued for the new law.
influence (v) :induce, persuade, impel, act upon, work upon, move, prompt, provoke, stir, inspire,
incite, arouse, actuate, sway, exercise influence on, have a bearing on, play a decisive
role in, incline, dispose, predispose, guide, be guided, bring pressure to bear on
The U.N. secretary requested Turkey to persuade the Azeri government to sit at the peace
table with Armenia.
What were the factors that inspired you to become an officer?
contact (v) : communicate with, reach, get in touch with, get hold of
I haven't reached the chief yet have you?
Please get in touch with me if you need other information.
conduct (n) : behavior, comportment, deportment, ways, manner, action, deeds
Capt. Eagle had an award of twenty million for his good behavior.
The TV reporter was accused of unprofessional deeds.
Their good manners at the party was appreciated by the host.
prohibit (v) : forbid, disallow, proscribe, say no to, negate, disqualify, deny, veto
Smoking on the public transportation busses is forbidden.
We are disallowed to read daily newspapers during the working hours.
advantage (n) : asset, help, benefit, aid, service, profit; blessing, boon, support,
comfort, convenience
What is the benefit of learning English?
One of the blessings of this method is that it contributes to learning and teaching languages.
disadvantage (n):drawback, handicap, detriment, weakness, weak point, inconvenience,
impediment, hindrance, fly in the ointment, trouble, hardship, nuisance, burden,
flaw
He knows that there are so many handicaps of being lazy in the military.
You have to consider the asset and drawback of driving to work.
hesitate (v) : pause, delay, stop briefly, halt, falter; be undecided, be
uncertain, be unsure, be irresolute, waver, vacillate, shilly-shally, dillydally, straddle the
fence
He never wavered in his determination to become a doctor.
He paused for a moment, and then gave his permission.

- 162 -

discover (v) : come upon, find, learn of, detect, gain sight or knowledge of, stumble upon, chance
upon, light upon, uncover, unearth, locate, bring to light, root out, ferret out, dig up, find
out, ascertain
Columbus found America in 1492.
Scientists have detected a new virus.
brief (v) : inform, inform quickly, give the high spots, fill in on, give the details of, describe to, advise,
instruct, prepare
Instructor pilots informed the student pilots before flying.
We always give the high spots to our students when they first come to the school.
extend (v) : stretched out, draw out, lengthen, make longer, elongate,
continue, protract, prolong
She prolonged her contract for another five years.
Possibly, I will lengthen my stay in Ankara.
extension (n) : lengthening, continuation, increase, prolongation; delay, postponement
She requested an prolongation of her contract.
discharge (v) : 1. release, allow to go, let go, free, set free, liberate
He was released from the prison this morning.
I'm quite well now; the doctor will let me go from the hospital.
2. set off, shoot, activate, touch off, fire off, detonate, trigger, explode, send forth a
missile from, eject, launch, propel, let fly
He dropped his gun and it fired off loudly.
She triggered her gun accidentally.
discharge (n) : release, release document, walking papers, demobilization
I had a medical release because of my illness; I'm retired now.
Since he got his walking papers from the military, he is very happy.

BOOK 22
LESSON 1

poison (n) : venom, toxic, bane

Strychnine is a deadly venom.
Beware, my lord - there's bane in that cup.
poisonous (adj) : toxic, venomous, noxious
Carbon monoxide is toxic to humans.
Some jellyfish are venomous.
The room was filled with noxious fumes.
snake (n) : ophidian, serpent
He is holding a serpent in each hand.
insecticide (n) : insect powder
Keep insect powder beyond the reach of children.
swallow (v) : gulp, gulp down, ingest
Chew your meat thoroughly before you gulp it.
- 163 -

at once (adv) : immediately, right away, instantly, now, straightaway

You should immediately call an ambulance.
When I saw the thief running away, I informed the police right away.
favor (n) : help, aid, assistance, backing, grace, kindness, support
I hope to solve that problem with his assistance.
My mother gave me great support in my marriage.
concern (v) : worry, trouble, disturb, make anxious, distress, disconcert
The boy's poor health worried his parents.
Forgetting his lines greatly disconcerted the actor.
Money problems make me anxious.
particular (adj) : notable, uncommon, unique, especial, peculiar, personal
Everybody appreciates his unique contributions to medical science.
Its a personal matter that shouldnt be discussed in public.
This rose has an uncommon loveliness.
major (adj) : greater, larger, main, principal, chief, leading, primary
outstanding, important, serious, prime
ant. minor, lesser
The greater part of the job is done.
This is one of the outstanding paintings of the Renaissance period.
His patient's well-being was the doctor's chief concern.
There's been a serious accident on the thruway.
crash (n) : accident, collision, smashup, crackup
Several persons were injured in the car accident.
There was a three-car collision on the highway.
crash (v) : collide, strike, hit, run into
The two cars collided at the intersection.
The speeding car struck a telephone pole.
approach (v) : near, come, come near, draw near, come nearer to, come
close, move toward
ant. leave, go, draw away
Throw out the lines when you near the dock.
The car slowed as it drew near the corner.
Summer is coming.
critical (adj) : decisive, crucial, grave, serious, sensitive, urgent
vital, dangerous, perilous, risky
ant. uncritical, safe, secure
This is a decisive time in the nation's history.
The international situation is becoming a matter of grave concern.
This is one of the most vital issues now before Congress.
breathe (v) : draw breath, draw in air, respire
He is not drawing breath anymore.
choke (v) : gag, suffocate
The rescuers were suffocating from the heavy smoke
- 164 -

The murderer suffocated his victims.

The smell of sulfur makes me gag.
slight (adj) : small, little, minor, unimportant, insignificant, moderate
imperceptible, negligible, tiny
ant. considerable, great, big, important
Only a small change in temperature is predicted.
She had a little cold last week, but she's fine now.
The interest on my small savings is negligible.
minor (adj) : small, insignificant, slight, unimportant, inconsiderable
ant. major, greater, important, significant
He received only insignificant injuries.
Flu is an inconsiderable illness; however it must be cured.
pass out (v) : faint, black out, lose consciousness
She fainted when she read the telegram.
When he sees blood, he loses consciousness.
give a hand (v) : help, aid, assist, lend a hand
Help me; let's finis this work today.
I will hire a secretary to assist me in my office.
interrupt (v) : disrupt, break up, cut in, break in
The special TV report disrupted regular programming.
He cut in my speech and shouted.
shout (v) : cry out, cry, call out, yell, scream
The drowning man cried out for help.
The lost man yelled, hoping someone in the woods would hear him.

BOOK 22
LESSON 2
feature (n) : characteristic
Tactfulness is one of his nicest characteristics.
spot (v) : locate, see, pick out, recognize, discover, detect
I finally located a redcap.
I didn't recognize you in that crowd.
We detected the robbers as they entered the store.
huge (adj) : extremely large, immense, enormous, giant, gigantic, great
overwhelming
ant. small, little, tiny
Mammoth Cave is immense.
The public dinner was held in an enormous room.
China is a gigantic country.
reckless (adj) : heedless, unmindful, careless, irresponsible, thoughtless
- 165 -

ant. cautious, heedful, mindful, careful, thoughtful

He was fined for heedless driving.
Several thoughtless mistakes cost the man his job.
yet (adv) : nevertheless, however, still, even so, all the same
The little child fell off the tree; neverthelless, he didn't cry.
He lost everything in that fire; even so, he seems happy.
We missed the bus, still we have enough time.
plain (adj) : simple, unaffected, unpretentious, unassuming, modest, everyday
ordinary, average, common, undistinguished, unornamented
ant. affected, pretentious, sophisticated, distinguished, decorated
ornamented, adorned, fancy, frilly
She wore a simple black dress to the reception.
The girl's unaffected manner charmed everyone.
The play was undistinguished, but the acting was good.
complex (adj) : complicated, difficult, perplexing
ant. simple, uncomplicated, easy, clear, obvious, unconfused
The new mayor must deal with many complicated problems.
Mathematics is perplexing to me.

differ (v) : contrast, stand apart from, deviate from, depart from, diverge from
be unlike, be dissimilar, be distinct, be disparate
This photograph stands apart from the other one.
I've always felt the twins were completely unlike.
run across (phr.v) : come across, ran into, meet, encounter
Where did you run into each other ?
We came across at the beach.
flame (n) : flare, blaze, fire
The ice skaters turned around the blaze of the bonfire.
entrance (n) : entry, entranceway, entryway
ant. exit
The store owner placed a guard at the front entry.
exit (n) : way out, egress, doorway out, passage out
ant. entry, entranceway, entryway, entrance
There is only one way out at the theater.
familiar (adj) : known
ant. unfamiliar
The mystery man was a known star of stage and screen.
surprise (v) : astonish, astound, amaze
The magician's next trick will astonish you.
Alexander Graham Bell astounded the world with his big invention.
Her rapid progress in karate amazed the teacher.
difference (n) : distinction, lack of resemblance, dissimilarity, unlikeness
contrast, variation
- 166 -

ant. resemblance, similarity, likeness

What is the distinction between theology and theosophy ?
Can you see the lack of resemblance between the two products ?
declare (v) : proclaim, pronounce, announce
The salesman proclaimed that his tonic would cure all ills.
I now pronounce you man and wife.
The President announced his cabinet appointments.
flammable (adj) : inflammable, combustible, combustive
ant. nonflammable
Inflammable material should not be stored next to the chimney.
Gasoline is highly combustible.
former (adj) : previous, earlier, preceding, prior
ant. present
The house was built by her previous husband.
The preceding message was prerecorded.
Sorry, I'd love to go, but I have a prior commitment.
note (n) : memorandum, notation
Make a memorandum to get some more milk.
nominate (v) : 1. name, pick, choose, authorize, elect, select, invest
The Prime Minister name him Ambassador to France.
The United States elected Teddy Roosevelt in 1901.
2. propose, suggest, recommend
I suggest Bill for club president.
He proposed his new neighbor for club membership
vote (v) : cast a vote, cast a ballot, select, elect
The deputies will cast a vote this week.
Who do you think will be elected as the president ?
elect (v) : select by vote, choose by ballot, choose, pick, select
ant. vote down, vote out
In democracies, Prime Ministers are selected by vote.
designate (v) : appoint, choose, elect, select, name, nominate, assign
The President appointed a new cabinet member.
When will they name a president ?
The reporter was assigned to cover international news.
latter (adj) : second-mentioned, most recent, latest, last-mentioned
Of your two examples, I prefer the second-mentioned.

BOOK 22
LESSON 3
blunt (adj) : dull, dulled, unsharpened
ant. sharp, keen

- 167 -

It's hard to carve a roast with a dull knife.

join (v) : connect, bring together, unite, tie together
ant. disjoin, part, separate, disconnect
Please connect the two wires.
We brought our power together to win the competition.
fasten (v) : attach, tie, connect
ant. unfasten, separate, untie, part
Attach a stamp to the envelope and mail it.
Tie the boat to the dock.
motion (n) : move, action, movement
One move and I'll shoot!
The room shakes with his every movement.
drill (n) : electric drill, boring tool
I need a an electric drill to make a hole here.
drill (v) : bore
You'll have to bore a hole for each of the bolts.
adhere (v) : 1. be faithful, be loyal
He is faithful to the advice of his father.
I was always loyal to What I said.
2. stick
The picture doesn't stick to the window.
bolt (n) : fastening rod, pin, dowel
The engine is held in place by two strong fastening rod.
sand (v) : sandpaper
First, sandpaper the wood to make it smooth.
coarse (adj) : rough, unsmooth
ant. fine, smooth
We rode over rough terrain.
I know You sanded this piece of wood but it is still unsmooth.
aim (n) : goal, target, purpose, desire, wish, intention
His goal is to move to Florida.
His purpose was to graduate from medical school and become a surgeon.
grip (v) : grasp, seize, grab, clutch, clench, hold tight
She grasped the letter and held it to her breast.
He seized his gun and ran out to investigate.
He jumped up from the table, grabbed his hat, and ran to the bus stop.
bare (adj) : unclad, naked, nude, stripped, undressed, unclothed, unrobed
disrobed, uncovered
ant. clothed, dressed, clad, covered, attired, robed, appareled
Naked bathing is not allowed on this beach.
Marble statues of unclad figures lined the museum walls.
The nude statue caused considerable comment.
- 168 -

glue (n) : mucilage, paste

You need a bit of mucilage to hold the two ends together.
glue (v) : paste, gum, stick, fix, affix, plaster, fasten
You may have to paste this stamp onto the envelope.
enable (v) : empower, make possible for, qualify
His hard work made a big promotion possible for him.
French law empowers the police to search any suspicious person.
Two years of experience qualified him for a promotion.
rust (n) : corrosion, oxidation
The old sink pipes were full of corrosion.

BOOK 22
LESSON 4
ammunition (n) : ammo
We don't have enough ammo.
firearm (n) : gun, small arm, sidearm
The policeman drew his gun from its holster.
upper (adj) : top, higher
Put the book on one of the top shelves.
explode (v) : blow up, burst loudly, burst violently, blast, go off, erupt
The construction crew blasted a tunnel through the mountain.
He watched the bombs bursting in air.
essential (adj) : requisite, necessary, needed
ant. unnecessary, unessential
Water is essential to the growth of crops.
Past experience is requisite for this job.
Take whatever tools are necessary to get the job done.
identify (v) : recognize, know, name
You can recognize me by my green hat.
sight (n) : eyesight, vision
With such poor vision he really needs glasses.
Wearing glasses will aid poor eyesight.
inner (adj) : interior, inside, internal
ant. outer, outside, exterior, external
The bleeding must be coming from an internal injury.
The lead horse was on the inside track.
The interior walls of the cabin were unpainted.

- 169 -

outer (adj) : outside, exterior, external

ant. interior, inside, internal
The seed has a hard exterior covering.
The external part of skin is called the epidermis.
The outside walls are brick.

adequate (adj) : enough, sufficient, ample, suitable, satisfactory

ant. insufficient, not enough, inadequate, unsuitable, unsatisfactory
Is there enough food for everyone ?
This country has an ample supply of fuel oil if we don't waste any.
The actor could have given a satisfactory performance.
extreme (adj) : intense, excessive, unusual, exaggerated
ant. mild, common, average, ordinary
The heat from the furnace is intense.
Excessive spending can lead to bankruptcy.
The fisherman is wearing an exaggerated size of watch.
thorough (adj) : perfect, pure, total, complete, entire, absolute
ant. partial, incomplete, imperfect
His story was an absolute lie.
Our triumph was complete.
The entire school turned out for the football game.
check off (phr.v) : check, mark, mark off, tick off
The teacher marked off the correct answers.
stationary (adj) : immovable, motionless, standing still, standing, immobile
fixed, stable
ant. moving, mobile
It is easier to aim at a immovable than at a moving target.
Bolt the table to the floor to make it immobile.
at ease (adv) : at rest
Capt.Truman told his men to stand at rest.
tendency (n) : disposition, inclination
She has a disposition to criticize that has lost her many friends,
People have an inclination to sleep in hot weather.
make sure (exp) : be sure, be certain
Be sure to close the windows before you leave.
risk (v) : endanger, jeopardize, put in jeopardy, imperil, put in peril
The spread of urban areas endangers wildlife.
Lack of attention to safety rules may imperil your job as well as your life.

detect (v) : discover, uncover, notice, note, observe, perceive, see, spot
We discovered the robbers as they entered the store.
Did you notice anything strange in his voice ?
- 170 -

tend (v) : be inclined, be disposed, have a tendency, have an inclination

Children are inclined to to sleep early today.
Generally, most children have a tendency to eat much sweet.
arm (v) : take up arms, obtain arms, furnish with weapons
The cowboys obtained arms to fight the rustlers.
In World War II, America furnished many of its allies with weapons.

BOOK 23
LESSON 1

form (n) : shape, appearance, arrangement, anatomy, model, structure, configuration

Melted glass can be molded into many shapes.
They were interested in the configuration of the southern plateau.
matter (n) : substance, material, body, element, entity, individual, object, being,
quantity, thing
Salt is a useful substance.
Brick and wood are building materials.
After the union of the east and west, Germany has become one political entity
again.
state (n) : condition, attitude, category, mood, nature, position, situation, circumstance
His clothes were in shabby condition.
The beautiful sunny morning put him in a happy mood.
vacuum (n) : emptiness, free space, nothingness, void, vacuity
No nightmare of hostile objects could be as terrible as this void you put me
through.
Her death left an emptiness in his life.
space (n) : room, scope, gap
Move along and make room for me!
Theres not much scope for initiative in this job.
occupy (v) : seize, take up, capture, conquer, hold, keep
Panic seized the crowd.
This chair takes up too much room.
volume (n) : capacity, amount, size, measure, mass, quantity
The food was enough in quantity, but not very good in quality.
The auditorium has a seating capacity of 200.
An hour is a measure of time.
exist (v) : be, endure, happen, live
What was, and is, and will abide.
Once upon a time there was a beautiful princess.

- 171 -

be composed of (v) : be made up of, consist of

Elements are made up of atoms.
The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
element (n) : basic, component, factor, fundamental, ingredient, item, particle, piece,
subdivision, unit
Shes such a character! I cant figure out the components of her personality.
Butter and eggs are two of the ingredients of this sauce.
atom (n) : bit, fragment, modicum
If he had a modicum of sense, he wouldnt do such a foolish thing.
When she dropped the bowl, it broke into fragments.
particle (n) : atom, piece, bit, iota, speck
Nobody believed him since he doesnt have an iota of proof.
Theres a speck of dirt in my eye!
Bits of glass were all over the floor.
tiny (adj) : very small, microscopic, minute, negligible, wee
His contribution to the effort was negligible.
Jennie cant eat alone yet, shes a wee child.
molecule (n) : unit, jot, whit, smallest part, bit
Her smug airs didnt impress me a jot.
All his sudden wealth made him not a whit happier.
Family is the smallest part of the community.
convert (v) : change, alter, remodel, transform, revise
He revised his opinion so suddenly.
I wish I could change this wicked world to be a better one.
melt (v) : liquefy, fuse, fade
Lead will fuse at quite a low temperature.
My future plans are unsettled, everything I ask for seems to fade in time.
evaporate (v) : dry up, dissolve, vaporize
The sun dried up the puddles.
vapor (n) : fumes, must, mist, steam, fog, smoke, gas
Petrol fumes from car engines poison the air.

surround (v) : enclose, encircle, loop, ring, round, shut in

The garden was enclosed by a high fence.
I shut myself in the sweetest dreams of love when the first blossoms of spring
encircled the earth somehow.
layer (n) : covering, thickness, zone, overlay
The overlay of gold on his tooth was the first thing attracted me to him.
Put a covering over the hole.

- 172 -

altitude (n) : height, elevation

The prison was surrounded with a wall two meters in height.
Denver is the city with a high elevation.
press (v) : compress, crush, force down
They compressed some air in extra tubes for the drivers.
This machine crushes wheat grain to make flour.
pressure (n) : weight, compression, heaviness, stress, tension
The weight of the show put stress on the roof.
They tested the tension on the tightrope before using it.
exert (v) : apply, put forth, use
He put forth great effort and won the race.
exhale (v) : breathe out, expel, give off, let out
The drowned child expelled air and water from his lungs only after five minutes
of first aid.
inhale (v) : breathe in, draw in, inspire
Breathe in some fresh air and feel life each time you inspire.
expand (v) : enlarge, extend, augment
Her regular salary is augmented by working all the time.
The ancient Romans extended their empire into Asia.

BOOK 23
LESSON 2

step (n) : action, move, advance, stage, grade, level

He died in the last stage of his disease.
After a hot discussion, his last move was to remain silent.
sequence (n) : series, order, continuance, graduation, progression
After a series of unsuccessful attempts, he has at last passed hid driving test.
victim (n) : prey, quarry, sacrifice, casualty
Some greedy consumers are easy prey for advertisers.
It wasnt her fault, she was just a quarry of circumstances.
I feel great pity for the casualties of wars and disasters.
investigate (v) : examine, inquire, inspect, search, check out
The investigator checked out the suspects story.
The police inquired into her background.
carry out (v) : accomplish, achieve, finalize, effect
We tried to arrange a peace but accomplished nothing.
He will never achieve if he doesnt work hard.
Only total national effort can effect a victory.

- 173 -

conscious (adj) : knowing, understanding, aware, alert, awake

ant. unconscious
Dark clouds made him aware that the rain was coming.
He is awake to the problem.
procedure (n) : method, process, formula, maneuver, strategy
We didnt agree with his method of handling the situation.
Its hard to understand some political maneuvers.
wound (n) : injury, damage, harm
He suffered serious injuries to the arms and legs.
fracture (n) : break, rupture, disjunction, crack
He cooled his anger with a crack in the mirror.
Hell have a rupture of muscle if he goes on dancing like that!

infect (v) : pollute, contaminate, disease, influence, poison

We killed the rats by poisoning them.
Flies contaminate food.
initial (adj) : first, beginning, primary, basic, leading
Your safety is my primary concern.
Understanding is the first step of peace.
proceed (v) : continue, carry out, go on, move on, pass, advance
The meeting will continue after lunch.
He went on talking after a short break.
bandage (n) : cast, compress, dressing, gauze, plaster
He put a plaster on the cut to keep it clean.
The nurse covered the boys wound with a gauze.
apply (v) : put on, affix, cover, lay, spread
The soldiers laid their backs to the truck and moved it out of the mud.
The woman put a blanket on the childs cold body.
firmly (adv) : immovably, durably, enduringly, solidly, steadily, strongly, stiffly, tightly,
fixedly
ant. softly, loosely
I wanted to know him more at the moment he shook my hand strongly.
Our friendship grows enduringly as the years pass by.
He held me so tightly that I could cry.
continuous (adj) : constant, unending, continued, endless, unceasing
The constant brightness of her eyes make me bear all her lies.
He didnt continue his speech because of the endless interruptions.
wound (v) : damage, harm, hurt, injure
She was injured badly in the accident.
He was seriously hurt when she fell from the ladder.
firm (adj) : stable, unmoving, durable, fixed, motionless, screwed, settled, solid,
- 174 -

sound, steady, strong, stationary

ant. weak, unsteady, loose
My love for you is solid as a rock.
He wouldnt have left you in the half way if he hadnt had a stable character.
Everyone appreciated the actors sound performance.

elevate (v) : lift up, raise, erect, heighten

He raised the fallen child to its feet.
As she waited, her excitement heightened.
expose (v) : reveal, display, show, unmask, manifest
The disease manifests itself in yellowness of the skin and eyes.
The curtains opened, to reveal a darkened stage.
restrict (v) : confine, circumscribe, encircle, restrain, handicap
His poor eyesight handicaps him in his work.
Her illness confined her to bed.
He tried to restrain his laughter.
aware (adj) : knowledgeable, alert, awake, conscious, mindful
A good policeman must be mindful of the risks involved in his business.
He was conscious of the man staring at him.
collide (v) : slam into, crash, hit, strike
The automobile slammed into a tree.
He couldnt notice the glass door and crashed into it.
collision (n) : accident, contact, crash
All the passengers were killed in the plane crash.
No one was hurt in the accident.
collapse (v) : fall down, fall apart, break down, drop, fail, give out
The swimmer gave out after ten laps.
The peace talks have broken down, they began fighting again.
He dropped to his knees after the race.
The wind caused some trees to fall down.
crush (v) : compress, smash, break, crumble, crunch, mash, squeeze, quash,
extinguish, press
The army quashed the rebellion.
His hopes for a promising life extinguished by a single bullet.
The little boy smashed the plate with a hammer.
somewhat (adv) : a little, slightly, moderately, fairly, not much
He wont give any harm around, hes slightly drunk.
It was a moderately successful film.
You seem a little tired this morning.

series (n) : order, succession, continuity, group, array, chain

The crowd were met by an array of policemen.
- 175 -

His words came out in quick succession.

I have been through a chain of strange events this week
carry on (v) : continue, endure, last, hang on, persist
We have to hang on to our studies until graduation.

BOOK 23
LESSON 3
correspond (v) : communicate in writing, exchange letters, hear from, keep in touch,
pen
I tried to pen you but couldnt find the right words.
Ive been exchanging letters with my university friends for many years.
Parents always look forward to hearing from their children.
Though youre a thousand miles away, dont neglect keeping in touch with me.
direct (v) : guide, address, lead, pilot, target, zero in
Dont go further ; lets zero in on the problems at hand.
He always lets his conscience guide him.
go over (v) : review, analyze, revise, examine, study
In preparing for the exam, John reviewed his notes.
fold (v) : bend, curl, double over, overlay, crumple, corrugate, gather, overlap
The farmer overlaid one more shingle on the barn for the stormy times.
One feather overlaps another on a birds wing.
He crumpled the paper and put it in his pocket.
transport (v) : carry, move, transfer
She transferred the bracelet from her right wrist to her left.
She carried the child upstairs.
secondary (adj) : subordinate, less important, second-rate, lesser, lower, minor,
inferior
She always felt inferior to her older sister.
The way you behave is less important to me than the way you think.
destination (n) : goal, aim, landing-place, station, target
His only aim in life is to be with you wherever you go.
Our station is anywhere; just name the place and well be there!
The target of this advertising campaign is the young housewife.
throughout (adv, prep) : all over, all the time, all through, during, far and near, from
beginning to end, from start to finish, overall, up and down
I lived in the country during the summer.
The fans come from far and near to greet the idol.

distribute (v) : allocate, deliver, spread, give out, scatter

The mailman delivers the mail at 8 a.m. everyday.
The farmer spread fertilizer to the ground.
- 176 -

route (n) : direction, line, path, track, trail

The meteorologists are trying to predict the track of the storm for faster
evacuations.
A black cat crossed his path.
correspondence (n) : letters, mail, messages, post
His check should arrive in todays mail.
endorse (v) : support, approve, back up, defend, stand behind
The senator didnt support the new tax reform.
Each citizen should defend his rights.
means (n) : way, method, system, tactic, technique
They used various techniques to get their prisoners to cooperate.
I appreciate his ways of healing a broken heart.
look in on (v) : visit
Visit me if you have time tonight.
by way of (prep) : via, by means of
John went town via the turnpike.
meanwhile (adv) : at the same time, in the mean time, cocurrently, when, during this
time, for the moment
The train doesnt leave for an hour; during this time, Im going to take a nap.
Mother went shopping; in the meantime, I cleaned the house.
converge (v) : gather, combine, come together, join, meet, merge
The river meets the ocean at New York.
Lets combine our forces and fight together.
Once we come together, Ill never leave you again.
intersect (v) : cross, cut, come together, meet, converge
We are just like two parallel roads that never cross.
The roads converge at the stadium.
opposite (prep) : facing, across from
The barracks is across from the mess hall.
My window is facing the trees in the yard.

forward (adv) : ahead, along, forth, in advance

Can you see the boy far in advance of his friends?
If you go ahead, youll find the library.

- 177 -

BOOK 23
LESSON 4

awfully (adv) : very, badly, excessively, extremely, quite, terribly

I felt quite lonely when he moved to a new city.
I was terribly scared because she was driving extremely fast.
phase(n) : period, aspect, chapter, development, position, state, stage, step
The children can be so naughty im the early period of their childhood.
Lets bring our project one stage nearer to completion.
Shes a bright child who is a step ahead of her classmates.
demonstrate (v) : show, display, indicate, exhibit
She showed her anger by throwing a book.
The new artist is exhibiting his sculptures at the new gallery.
The moment he began talking, he displayed his ignorance.
expert (adj) : skilled, knowledgeable, proficient, clever, experienced, professinal,
qualified, sharp
Years of practice had made Steve proficient in playing the flute.
His being an experienced politician makes him win the votes of most people.
accuracy (n) : precision, correctness, certainty, definiteness, efficiency, exactness,
sharpness, sureness, mastery
In the view of facts, his certainty was appalling.
Hes such a professional that he always seeks for correctness in his job.
aim (v) : point, direct, address, fix, focus
He adressed his remarks to the jury.
I directed all my enrgy to my work.
target (n) : aim, goal, destination, object, point, spot
Whats the point in lying her again?
The object of his visit was not clear.
He finds finding a job overseas as an easy destination.
effort (n) : work, exertion, attempt, industry, struggle, sweat
Climbing a mountain involves great physical exertion.
It was a great struggle for her to make him understand.

inspect (v) : examine, check, inquire, investigate, question, search, survey

My professor checked the sources I mentioned in my footnotes.
We surveyed the prospects for building in the area.
progress (v) : move forward, move on, get along, advance, proceed
He advanced through the crowd.
This year is moving on so quickly.
improve (v) : better, help ameliorate
- 178 -

ant. worsen
The immigrants are hoping to better their lot in life.
A coat of paint would help the house.
This is a cancerous condition that cannot be ameliorated by chemotherapy.
satisfactory (adj) : adequate, okay
I dont need a new one, that car is okay for me now.
The citys water supply is no longer adequate.
level (adj) : horizontal
ant. vertical
Stand the table on its legs, so that the top is horizontal.
level (n) : rank, position, degree, grade, stage, standing
He has achieved high rank in the army.
I have my position in society to consider.
Now that hes paid his fine, hes a member in good standing at the fraternity.
accurate (adj) : precise, careful, correct, definite, exact, right, solid, unmistakable,
true
His instructions were not precise.
He has definite ideas on that subject.
Im gonna be there at the exact time; dont worry.
Are you sure you got the correct address?
This medicine is a true cure for a headache.
depress (v) : push down, lower, press down, dip
He lowered the bucket into the well and had some water.
She pressed down the button and got a box of soda.
Beginning his letter he dipped his pen into the inkwell.

interfere (v) : meddle, intervene, barge in, intrude, hinder, poke nose in
The storm hindered the search for the missing child.
Many years intervened before they met again.
The inconsiderate young man intruded upon their privacy.
immediate (adj) : instantaneous, without delay, critical, current, prompt, urgent
The reaction of the audience was instantaneous.
Theres an urgent business thatI have to attend.
barely (adv) : hardly, scarcely, almost not
There was scarcely a person on the street.
Theres hardly any coal left.
go on (v) : continue, carry on, keep on
He kept on singing even louder though nobody enjoyed it.
She couldnt continue living in the same town after her parents died.
give up (v) : cut out, leave off, quit, resign, stop, surrender, abandon, walk out on,
chicken out, throw in the towel
- 179 -

He abanoned all hope.

The president of the club resigned today.
He cut out studying as soon as the bell rang.

BOOK 24
LESSON 1
extensive (adj) : wide, broad, comprehensive, considerable, all-inclusive, thorough
The story has wide coverage in the newspaper.
They have had thorough training to become officers.
actually (adv) : in fact, really, indeed
For the first time in years, in fact the exchange rate of dollar fell down.
My father looks rather young, but he is actually 69 years old.
I wasn't really angry at Suzzy, just a little annoyed.
actual (adj) :
real, existent, existing, concrete
He said that the repairs would cost 9 million TL, but the real cost was less.
This book is based on the existent facts.
overall (adj) : total, general, complete, entire, comprehensive, extensive,
My general impression of his work is good.
The complete situation is encouring.
vary (v) : differ, be unlike, contrast, fluctuate, alternate, disagree
The weather differs according to the season.
The price of their products never fluctuates; it is always convenient.
various (adj) : numerous, many, countless, innumerable, several
He had numerous symptoms; a fever, a headache and a sore throat.
The menu offered countless drinks, such as fruit juice, milk, coffee and soda pop.
For several reasons I would rather not meet him.
construct (v) : build, erect, make, fabricate, set up
ant. demolish, destroy, raze, tear down, take apart
They are building a new building on the slope of the mountain.
The second suspension bridge over the Istanbul strait was erected in the late 1980s.
concrete (n) : fused stones, alloyed rocks, (loosely) cement; (technical use) mixture of cement sand
and water.
We use fused stones to make strong buildings.
A cement wall is hard, heavy, and inflexible.

erect (v) : construct, build, put up

The engineers intend to construct a bridge over this river in order to have easier access to the
other side.
They will build a building on this site next year as soon as the construction plans are finished.
pour (v) : spill
- 180 -

Don't spill the coffee on the carpet.

fixed (adj) : not varying, not fluctuating, constant, steady
ant. moving, mobile, wavering, unstable, unsteady
She's steady in her commitment to her job.
The table here is constant; it can't move.
utilize (v) : use, make use of, put to use, employ, take advantage of
This constructing company uses the best materials in their constructions.
You will accomplish more if you make use of your time more efficiently.
Copper is put to use for the production of electrical wire.
comparatively (adv) : rather
, relatively
I was rather surprised at your behavior.
He has a relatively good chance of winning the race because he seems stronger and faster
than the other men.
access (n) : admittance, entrance
The only means of admittance to the building is along a narrow tunnel.
This road will give you access to the highway. Follow it, it'll take you to the highway entrance.
alloy (n) : compound, mixture, blend, composite
Bronze is a compound metal made of copper and tin.
Brass is a mixture of copper and zinc.
source (n) : origin, basis; cause, beginning
I located the origin of contamination of Izmir Bay ( sea).
Our major basis of light is the sun.
refine (v) : filter, process, purify, cleanse
Petroleum has to be processed before it is used as gasoline.
The dehumidifier filters the moisture out of the air.
turn into (phr v) : change into, become
Iron ore becomes steel at the factory.
Liquids changes into solids when they're frozen.
origin (n) : source, cause, basis, base, foundation, reason
It's interesting to study the source of words to know where they came from.
The foundation of this river starts in mid Turkey.
mine (v) : extract, take from the earth, remove from a mine, dig for
The men are digging for gold.
When silver is extracted, it is removed from the ground.
abundant (adj) : sufficient, enough, plenty, more than enough, rich
ant. insufficient
Kuwait has plenty supplies of oil and gas.
The crops will be sufficient this year due to the heavy rains.
relatively (adv) : rather, comparatively
The exam was rather easy.
Today is a comparatively warm day for this time of year.

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pure (adj) : clean, unmixed

It is difficult finding clean drinking water in big cities.

BOOK 24
LESSON

cockpit (n) : compartment

He slept in the compartment and crashed into the mountain.
runway (n) : paved surface
The plane is approaching the paved surface; it is getting ready to land. ,
maneuver (v) : deploy, move, manipulate, steer, pilot, guide
He tried to steer the aircraft away from the birds.
It is difficult to pilot a boat in rough waters.
disaster (n) : catastrophe, calamity, misfortune, great mishap, cataclysm, tragedy,
ant. blessing, benefit, good fortune, profit
The flood was a terrible catastrophe; hundreds of people died.
The earthquake was the worst tragedy this year.
windscreen (n) : windshield
A windshield protects the pilot of an airplane from the blast of the wind.
aviation (n) :
flying, flight, aeronautics, aerodynamics
He wants to study aeronautics at the university.
People interested in flying should join the Air Force.
navigate (v) : sail across, sail, cruise, ride, voyage, ship, sail over, ride across,
fly
Compasses were used by sailors to sail during storms at sea.
As a navigator, Tom skillfully flies many kinds of aircraft.
fear (n) : dread, terror, panic, threat, horror, apprehension, anxiety, worry, concern, fearfulness,
Panic swept through the swimmers as they saw the shark.
He is always a reason for worry.
mask (n) : false face; face covering, face guard.
Surgeons wear false face to prevent the spread of infection.
Jet pilots wear oxygen face guards.
windshield (n) : windscreen
Your windscreen is very dirty.
propel (v) : drive forward, drive, force, push forward, push, start
A sailing boat is forced by wind.
The plane is started by a powerful engine.

- 182 -

cross-check (v) : assure, ensure, control, check

Did you check the data to see that it was correct?
He ensured the word by looking it up in the text book and in the dictionary.
I bet you do your work properly but I have to control everything to be sure that they are 100%
correct.
cross off (phr v) : cross out, mark
If you can't come, cross out your name from the list.
Don't forget to mark the items we already got from our shopping list.
cross out (phr v) : cross off, mark
He looked at the list and crossed off the names of the people who couldn't be attending the
ceremony.
Mom marked the items she didn't need from the list.
discard (v) : eliminate, get rid of, throw away, throw out, remove, abandon, dump
ant. retain, keep, preserve
Let's get rid of these worn-out shoes; we can't wear them anymore.
You should throw away this defective watch; it would be too expensive to repair.
go wrong (v) : fail, miscarry
ant. go right
The sum hasn't worked out, but I can't see where I failed.
The plan miscarried and we couldn't rob the bank.
precaution (n) : safety measure, caution, care, safeguard, defense, protection,
security, anticipation, carefulness, wariness
It would be a good defense to lock all the doors.
Equipment is carefully sterilized against infections as a safety measure.
ignore (v) : take no notice of, disregard, pay no attention to, turn one's back on, shut one's eyes to,
neglect, pass over, skip, omit, overlook.
ant. acknowledge, notice, note, regard, recognize, mark
His advice was completely disregarded.
The government would be unwise to neglect the growing dissatisfaction with its economic
policies.
concentrate (v) : focus, center, give full attention to, pay attention to
I can't focus on my work when I'm hungry.
The terrorists centered their activities on the gas pipe line between
Turkey and Iraq.
In the class, just pay attention to what I'm saying.
attitude (n) :

disposition, frame of mind, outlook, point of view, perspective,

manner
Sometimes, I don't like my helpful manner towards people who dont deserve it.
The pilot was worried because he couldn't adjust the disposition of his plane correctly.

velocity (n) : rapidity, swiftness, speed, fleetness.

Jets with turbojet engines can travel at a speed of 500 to 600 mph.
The car came round the corner at a rapidity that he was unable to stop.
fear (v) : be afraid of, be frightened of, be scared of
The little boy was scared of the thunder.
- 183 -

I'm afraid of lightning.

panel (n) : committee, board, group, expert group, advisory group, select group, jury; discussion
group
A board of judges was chosen to make the final decision.
The commander will set up a committee to evaluate the performance of 1998 graduates in four
skills of English language.
The prime minister summoned a group of experts and advisors to revise the new tax policy put
by the government a month ago.
precise (adj) : exact, specific, strict, true, clear-cut, definite, explicit,
accurate
He is good at math; he makes exact calculations.
During construction, it is essential to use definite measurements so as not to make a mistake.
I don't know the specific time her plane arrived.

maneuver (n) : 1. troop movement, troop deployment; movement of warships, planes, armored
vehicles, etc.; training exercise.
The generals planned the troop movement carefully.
2. scheme, stratagem, move, tactic
The prime minister thwarted the opposition's tactic.
dive (v) : plunge, jump
The girl plunged into the swimming pool.
He jumped into the sea and started to swim like a dolphin.
bumpy (adj) : uneven, with many bumps, rough, not smooth
It was a rough flight.
This is an uneven narrow road, therefore drive carefully to avoid damaging your tires.
missile (n) : projectile, shell, object or weapon that is thrown or shot; (variously) shaft; guided missile,
rocket
Some rockets can travel very far distances throughout the air.
The guided missile was fired from the aircraft without any warning.

BOOK 24
LESSON
3
dissolve (v) :
melt, liquefy, render, soften
Water is used to soften many substances.
When the sun came out the snow melted quickly.
for instance (exp) : for example
There are several watertight substances; for example, plastic and rubber.
principal (adj) : chief, leading, foremost, most important, supreme, superior, capital, main, dominant,
predominant, outstanding, cardinal; primary, prime, first; fundamental, essential,
basic; greatest, ultimate, paramount
- 184 -

The Nile is one of the most important rivers in Africa.

Bread is the main food for the people in some parts of the world.
Heart is the primary organ in the human body.
excessive (adj) : excess, overabundant, too much, profuse; extreme, extravagant, exaggerated,
unreasonable, needless, unnecessary, senseless.
ant. insufficient, deficient, inadequate, lacking, wanting
The prices of brand-new cars are exaggerated.
My son takes an too much interest in cars.
especially (adv) : specifically, exclusively; principally, particularly, primarily
I bought a gift specially for my sweety.
This tape is for people who primarily appreciate classical music.
soil (n) : ground, humus
After planting the tree, he replaced the humus around it firmly.
She mixed sand, leaves, and powdered iron into the ground.
fertile (adj) : productive, fruitful, vegetative, rich, generative, reproductive
This land is very fruitful; the crops grown on it are abundant.
The soil is very productive in ukurova.
To make the soil rich the farmer used animal manure other than artificial fertilizer.
vaporize (v) : evaporate
Water evaporates when it boils.

moisture (n) : dampness, moistness, wetness, damp, wet, wateriness; humidity, evaporation, vapor
There is some evaporation in my watch. It's not waterproof.
Some vapor began to collect on the windshield of your car.
exceed (v) : go beyond, go over, pass, overdo, outreach
The cost will not pass 50.
Mr.Adu got a ticket because he was going beyond the speed limit when he got caught.
The amount of money we had outreached our expectations.
saturate (v) : soak thoroughly, immerse, submerge.
Immerse the cloth in the dye for twenty minutes first.
She submerged the clothes in the sudsy water.
condense (v) : abridge, shorten, abbreviate, reduce, cut,
ant. expand, lengthen, enlarge, increase
This report should be shortened to less than five pages.
gravity (n) : gravitation, gravitational attraction, attraction, mutual attraction of objects, pull of the
earth
Gravitation is the reason why objects fall to the ground.
Can you imagine how everything would float through the air without the force of the pull of the
earth?
ordinary (adj) : common, commonplace, usual, average, customary, standard, normal, everyday,
routine, familiar, typical, conventional, traditional, habitual, unexceptional,
stereotyped, run-of-the-mill.
- 185 -

I've got an average car, nothing special.

Visiting old people is part of her routine.
This is a normal watch; it's not waterproof.
reservoir(s) (n) : supply, store, reserve, fund, stock, accumulation, pool
Turkey should make use of its underground reserves.
The supply is surrounded by a fence. This protects the city's drinking water.
The water in the pool is getting low due to a lack of rain in this area.
look into (phr. v) : investigate, check , examine
There is a problem I have to check.
The police are investigating the crime; I'm sure they will solve it.
principle (n) : belief, article of faith, doctrine, way of thinking, system of belief;
attitude, position
Can you defend your beliefs even you are in a difficult position?
The Church teaches the doctrine of free will.
penetrate (v) : cut through, pass through
The nail easily pass through the soft wood.
The knife cut through his stomach.
excess (n) : overabundance
ant. deficiency, lack, shortage
There is an overabundance of tomatoes this year.
eventually (adv) : ultimately, finally, in the end, in the long run, when all is said and done
ant. immediately, at once
He worked so hard that finally he made himself ill.
After many attempts she managed to get promotion in the end.
accumulate (v) : gather, gather together, collect, accrue, assemble, grow, save up, store up,
ant. scatter, distribute, waste
He gradually gathered an impressive collection of paintings.
Brad has collected several hundred foreign stamps.
well (n) : spring, pool, fountain
There is a natural pool behind our garden.
All the village provides water from that spring.
adapt (v) :adjust, conform, accommodate, fit, suit, harmonize to
He fitted himself to new circumstances.
When we moved to Izmir, the children adjusted themselves to the change and environment
very well.
fluent (adj) : able to speak readily, ready in speech, smooth-spoken, vocal, articulate
ant. hesitant, stammering, halting, tongue-tied
He's a highly articulate speaker.
The prime minister is able to speak readily in three different languages. He rarely makes a
mistake.
principal (n) : head of a school, headmaster, master, dean, person in authority, chief person, chief
authority, superior.
The headmaster of my high school retired last year and settled in Izmir.
- 186 -

Ron was awarded a scholarship in the Harvard Universityby the dean.

BOOK 24
LESSON 4
disease (n) : illness, sickness, ill health, physical disorder, ailment,
ant. health, healthiness
Chicken pox is a common childhood sickness.
Back pains and an upset stomach are just two of his ailments.
cure (v) : restore to health, make well, heal, rid of an illness
This medicine will make your cough well.
This medicine will help heal the wound.
surgery (n) : operation
Your condition is critical and needs an operation.
inject (v) : shoot
The nurse shot me right on the hip.
vision (n) : eyesight, sight
Wearing glasses will aid poor sight .
eyesight (n) : vision, sight
My uncle lost his vision after the big explosion.
recover (v) : return to good condition, regain strength, get well, return to health, improve, heal
ant. grow worse, worsen
I don't think I'll get well from this bad cold.
As soon as he regains strength and feels better, he'll work.
get around (phr v) : move around, travel from place to place, get about
He's getting old and he doesn't move around much any more.
She gets about quite a lot, working for an international company.
After a few days rest in your bed, you may get around in the house.
pull through (phr v) : recover, heal , get well
He is very ill, but with careful nursing he'll get well.
My mom's heart is weak; I bet she will recover her illness with regular exercise.
assure (v) : make sure, make certain, guarantee, ensure, secure, confirm.
ant. be uncertain, be unsure,
He confirmed us of his ability to solve this problem.
I can guarantee you that the medicine is perfectly safe.
He cross checked two documents to make sure that the amount was correct.
faith (n) : belief, confidence, trust, security, reliance, assurance, certainty
ant. doubt, uncertainty, skepticism, unbelief, disbelief; mistrust, suspicion
I'm sure she'll do as she promised; I've got great confidence in her.
He still has great talent, but he has lost belief in himself.
- 187 -

get over (phr v) : get well, recover

He's just getting well after the big accident.
Sooner or later you'll recover. Don't worry.
admit (v) : 1. let in, allow to enter, let enter, give access to, welcome
Please let in the guests of honor.
Only 15 new lawyers were given access to the bar:
2. acknowledge, confess, profess, declare
Did the thief confess his guilt?:
ant.1 exclude, keep out, dismiss, reject
2 deny, reject
in charge (adj) : responsible
Capt Jones is responsible while Maj Thomas is on leave.
undergo (v) : go through, submit to, experience; withstand, stand, encounter, endure, sustain,
weather, suffer, brave.
Turkey must go through some major economic changes in order to implement the economic
stability programme.
An officer experiences many hardships before being a general.
unit (n) : group, section, division
Family is the smallest social section of the society.
The patient will be taken to the recovery division after the surgery.
ensure (v) : assure, be sure of, make sure, make certain of, guarantee, warrant,
secure
The doctors want to be sure that everything possible has been considered before the operation.

mild (adj) : gentle, calm, smooth, easygoing, good-tempered, moderate, pleasant,

She gave the baby a gentle pat on the back.
The water was so calm it looked like glass.
guard against (phr v) : protect, safeguard, defend, watch over, keep safe, secure
The dog protected the house against intruders.
chart (n) : diagram, graph, table, scheme, plan, outline, sketch
It is a sales table on the wall.
According to this weight plan, you shouldn't weigh more than 80 kilograms.
Doctors and nurses write details about their patients in each patient's medical diagram.
erratic (adj) :

inconsistent, unpredictable, unstable, shifting, changeable, variable, fitful, odd,

eccentric, queer, strange, peculiar, unusual, unnatural, abnormal.
ant. consistent, unvariable, regular, unchanging, stable, steady, certain, sure, reliable,
predictable, dependable; typical, normal, customary, natural
He made strange movements with his hands.
Ms.Bergson is an unusual tennis player.

fluctuate (v) : rise and fall, change often, vary irregularly, shift
The price of vegetables and fruits rise and fall according to the weather.

- 188 -

His feelings shift between excitement and fear.

The temperature varies irregularly in Istanbul.
stable (n) : sound, solid, steady, fixed, stationary, firm, safe, secure, immovable
The ladder isn't safe. It may fall down.
dismiss (v) : allow to leave, permit to go, release, excuse, send forth, let go, free, liberate
The students will be excused from class early today.
Although he was well, the doctor didn't let him go from the hospital.
get down (phr v) : reduce, lessen, lower
He took penicillin to reduce his fever, and he's now recovering from his illness.
Talking about things lessened the tension.
typical (adj) : representative, standard, normal, average, stock, regular, usual,
ordinary; true-to-type, conventional, model
Sultan Ahmet Mosque is the best representative of Mimar Sinan's style.
The young couple had a conventional Turkish wedding. There was dancing, singing and
having fun with it.

break down (phr v) : 1. divide into

The figures must be divided into several categories.
2. die, fail, give out, give way, go
Your car is gone. You 'd better sell it immediately.
3. crush
The police crushed the door and entered the house.
confine (v) : 1. limit, restrict
Please limit your remarks to the topic under discussion.
2. keep in, shut in, shut up, hold, fence in, imprison, jail, lock up, custody
The dog was kept in a fenced enclosure.
The prisoner was imprisoned in a windowless room:
ant. 1. extend, expand
2. release, free, liberate, let out
manner (n) : way, style, mode, fashion, method, custom, practice, habit; aspect, appearance,
character
I like his style of teaching; he gives good examples and allows the students to participate in
group discussions.
I agree it had to be done, but not in such an offensive way.
My instructor's method for teaching pronunciation is very good.

BOOK
LESSON

25
1

surroundings (n) : circumstances, environs, conditions, environment

It's important to work in friendly circumstances.

- 189 -

exhaust (v) : use up, run through, expend, deplete, dissipate, spend
consume, finish
The soldiers had used up their supply of ammunition.
The drought has depleted our supply of water.
The small car consumed very little gas.
pollute (v) : contaminate, dirty
The oil spill contaminated the river.
We certainly dirtied this gulf.
emit (v) : send out, give forth, give off, give out
ant. receive, retain
The old radiator sends out little warmth.
The sun gives out heat and light.
emission (n) : sending out, emitting, transmission, ejection
Sending out of the signals can be interrupted by any failure.
fume (n) : smoke, vapor, unpleasant odor
Smoke is coming out of the chimney.
Unpleasent odor from his cigar made dining disagreeable.
plant (n) : factory, shop, foundry, business, establishment
He works in a big factory.
He has an excellent woodworking shop in his basement.
toxic (adj) : poisonous, venomous, deadly, fatal, lethal, noxious
ant. nontoxic, nonpoisonous, nonlethal
Carbon monoxide is poisonous to humans.
The room was filled with noxious fumes.
expel (v) : force out, drive out, cast out, eject, discharge, spew
The whale forced out water from his blowhole.
The volcano spewed out molten lava.
The police ejected the demonstrators from the hall.
contaminate (v) : pollute, dirty, soil, make impure, spoil
ant. purify, clean, cleanse
The oil spill polluted the river.
We certainly dirtied this floor.
She soiled the carpet with her muddy shoes.
endanger (v) : threaten, put in danger, imperil, jeopardize, hazard, risk
expose, compromise.
The malicious rumors compromised his good reputation.
Lack of attention to safety rules may imperil your job as well as your life.
It's senseless to risk other people's lives.
atomic (adj) : nuclear
The university received a grant for nuclear research.

temporary (adj) : momentary, impermanent, transient, transitory

ant. lasting, everlasting, permanent
- 190 -

Physical beauty is impermanent and fades with age.

Youthful beauty is transient.
His first love was a transitory summer romance that ended when school began.
permanent (adj) : lasting, everlasting
ant. momentary, impermanent, transient, transitory
The diplomats tried to conclude a just and lasting peace.
They built an everlasting monument to the hero.
site (n) : place, land, location, territory
Beware of that slippery place on the mountain.
No one knows the location of Captain Kidd's hidden treasure.
The mountainous territory was impassable in winter.
project (n) : plan, design, job, task, work
The mayor has a plan for renewing the business district.
He has a design for becoming a millionaire in five years.
They were paid according to the number of jobs.
coordinate (v) : organize, arrange, systematize
Try to organize the work so that the painters are finished in time.
The travel agent arranged the trip with a stopover in Rome.
involve (v) : implicated, entangled, include
The suspect implicated two others in the Robbery.
The witness entangled himself in a web of lies.
The plan includes the cooperation of young and old.
advance (n) : progress, improvement, advancement, forward movement
ant. retreat, worsening, regression
He made progress with his work.
There has been little improvement in the air pollution problem.
invent (v) : originate, create, develop, contrive, conceive
ant. copy, imitate, reproduce
He originated a new prosessor.
Alexander Graham Bell created the telephone.
similarly (adv) : likewise
Im trying to do likewise.
moreover (adv) : further, besides, also, more than that, what's more
furthermore, in addition
Bicycling is good exercise; furthermore, it doesn't pollute the air.
manufacture (v) : produce, fabricate, mass-produce, make
The company produces toys.
compulsory (adj) : mandatory, obligatory, required, imperative, requisite
ant. voluntary, optional, nonobligatory, nonrequired, nonrequisite
unimperative, nonbinding
The nation has mandatory education for everyone at the age of six.
Paying taxes is obligatory.
Past experience is requisite for this job.
- 191 -

BOOK
LESSON

25
2

warfare (n) : war

War raged along the border for days.
submerge (v) : sink, go down, submerse, immerse, plunge
ant. emerge, surface
The submarine sank.
She submersed the clothes in the sudsy water.
Immerse the cloth in the dye for twenty minutes.
The blacksmith plunged the red-hot horseshoe into a bucket of water.
vessel (n) : ship, boat, craft
The Queen Elizabeth II is one of the largest ships afloat.
The small craft skimmed over the water.
warship (n) : battleship, combat ship, war vessel
Turkey started to manufacture its own battleship long ago.
port (n) : 1. seaport, harbor, dock, pier
The ship will reach harbor tomorrow morning.
2. larboard, left
ant. starboard
The captain walked to the larboard of the ship.

abandon (v) : 1. leave, desert, forsake, abdicate

ant. keep, hold, possess
She left her child on the doorstep of the church.
The police are looking for a woman who deserted her
children.
He held her close and swore never to forsake her.
The king abdicated his throne.
2. discontinue, give up, stop, cease
ant. continue, maintain
I had to discontinue my gymnastics class after spraining my ankle.
The scientist gave up his research for lack of funds.
capture (v) : seize, apprehend, arrest, take into custody
ant. release, free, let go
The escaped convict was seized outside the city.
The police expect to apprehend the kidnappers before nightfall.
The police arrested the suspect a block away from the scene of the crime.
The police have taken the suspect into custody.

launch (v) : 1. float, set afloat, put to sea, set into the water
- 192 -

ant. ground, beach

The shipyard workers floated the ship with a great splash.
2. fire off, fire
We will fire off the moon rocket tomorrow.
3. inaugurate, begin, initiate, start
ant. stop, withdraw, terminate
The city inaugurated the clean-air campaign with a bicycle parade.
The firm started the new product with a big advertising campaign.

displace (v) : 1. supplanting, supersede, take the place of

Machines are supplanting men in many industries.
This new drug will supersede all others in the treatment of the disease.
2. dislocate, dislodge, move
Many of the inhabitants were dislocated by the rising floodwaters.
It took a bulldozer to dislodge the rock.

on board (axp) : aboard

Make sure all the passengers are aboard now.

bow (n) : fore, prow, stem

ant. stern
There is a young couple standing on the prow of the ship.
navigator (n) : sailing master
I want to see the sailing master of this ship.
antenna (n) : aerial, transmitting aerial
If you had a rooftop aerial, you could get distant stations on your TV set.
structure (n) : building, construction, edifice
A large construction is being erected on the old fairground site.
A 50-story edifice will be built on this lot.
wave (n) : pulse, pulsation, vibration
Can strong magnets distort radio pulses?
seaport (n) : port, harbor, dock, pier
The disabled ship was towed into harbor.
sail (v) : cruise, navigate
We cruised from Piraeus to Istanbul via the Dardanelles.
We navigated the channel in record time.
cargo (n) : load, lading, burden, goods
The plane can carry a ten-ton load.
A horse can easily carry a burden of several hundred pounds.
stern (n) : poop, tail, quarter, after part
ant. bow, fore, prow, stem
Ill be waiting for you on the tail.
deal with (v) : 1. treat, handle, take care of, cope with
ant. ignore, disregard, neglect, leave undone
- 193 -

Can the new employee handle this job?

2. concern, consider, be occupied with
Good government concerns every citizen.

BOOK
25
LESSON 3
dread (v) : fear, be afraid of
ant. be unafraid of
I fear his wrath more than anything.
I'm afraid of lightning.
endure (v) : sustain, bear, withstand, stand, tolerate, undergo
She can't bear the sound of chalk scraping on a blackboard.
The company has sustained tremendous losses.
A politician must be able to withstand public criticism.
anesthetic (n) : painkiller, analgesic, narcotic
Do you have any painkiller ?
The most common analgesic is aspirin.
The doctor prescribed a narcotic to ease the pain.
numb (adj) : narcotized, anesthetized, insensate, insensible, benumbed, unfeeling
My thumb was narcotized before I had an operation.
withstand (v) : stand, confront, resist, endure, bear, tolerate
The company has endured tremendous losses.
We must confront the future with optimism.
He made an attempt to resist his attackers.
cavity (n) : 1. caries, dental caries, tooth decay
I have lots of caries.
2. hole
The bomb left a big hole in the ground.
grind (v) : pulverize, powder, granulate, mill
The mill pulverizes grain.
We watched them mill the grain into flour.
Most of the wheat will be powdered into flour.
go through (v) : experience, undergo
Few North Americans experience real hunger.
She has to undergo minor surgery.
even so (exp) : all the same, however, nevertheless, still
It was a rainy day; all the same, the group didn't cancel the expedition.
There was a crisis in the economy; however, this firm reached its goal.
relieve (v) : ease, alleviate, assuage, lighten, lessen
ant. increase, intensify, heighten, aggravate
The aspirin eased his headache.
- 194 -

This medication will alleviate the soreness.

Liniment will assuage the pain, but soaking it in hot water makes it better.
Extra help lightened the maid's work.
Talking things out lessened the tension.
vicinity (n) : neighborhood, region, area, environs, surroundings, region
She had to move out of that tough neighborhood.
A person must vote in his or her own district.
Louisville, together with its environs, has a population of a million people.
The store is somewhere in the region of Main Street.
in a way (exp) : in a sense, in some respects
In some respects, we can consider this as the prototype of the future cars.
regardless (adv) : anyway, anyhow, in spite of everything, nevertheless
I knew it was futile, but I talked to him anyway.
I know I dont have much chance, in spite of everything Ill try my chance.
nonetheless (adv) : nevertheless; in spite of that
I can't come to the party on Thursday. Nonetheless, thanks for inviting me.
though (adv) : although
I tried my chance although I knew it was too late.
delay (v) : postpone, suspend
ant. hasten, speed, hurry
The committee postponed the action on the matter until next month.
I'll suspend judgment until all the facts are in.
glance (v) : look quickly, see briefly, view momentarily, cast a brief look
He looked quickly at the newspaper and threw it aside.
I cast a brief look at the news and went out.
vanish (v) : disappear, perish, become invisible
ant. appear, come into view
The sun disappeared behind the clouds.
The ancient Aztec culture has all perished now.
fall apart (phr.v) : come apart, separate, split up, break apart
The delicate cake separates easily in one's fingers.
The engine came apart when it started.
constant (adj) : fixed, steady, stable, even, unchanging, invariable, unalterable
permanent, regular
ant. variable, fluctuating, changing, changeable, erratic, irregular, uneven
unfixed, alterable, unstable
She's steady in her commitment to her job.
Store owners are protesting fixed prices.
The plane flew at an even speed.
Getting up at dawn is part of his regular routine.

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BOOK
25
LESSON
4

irritate (v) : 1. exasperate, vex, nettle, annoy, anger, bother

ant. appease, gratify, please, delight
Constant interruptions exasperated the speaker.
Nothing vexes me more than your constant criticism.
It nettles her the way I leave my clothes lying around.
I did not mean to anger you.
2. make sensitive, aggravate
Woolen clothing will make the rash sensitive.
Don't scratch - you'll only aggravate the itch.
irritating (adj) : annoying, nettlesome, vexatious, vexing, teasing, bothersome
You know he is a nettlesome boy.
I haven't seen such an annoying man before.
I find critisism vexing.
irritated (adj) : annoyed, angry, nettled
I found him very annoyed today.
A big nettled crowd was coming towards the stadium.
disturb (v) : bother, annoy
ant. comfort, calm, appease
My cold still bothers me.
You children must stop annoying me by asking for candy all day long.
disturbing (adj) : distressful, distressing, troubling
Our new neighbor is quite a distressing man.
disturbed (adj) : distressed, worried, upset, disquieted
Our students are distressed because of that noisy machine working outside.
cheer sb. up (phr.v) : cheer, jolly up, jolly along
The minister's words cheered the family.
His behaviors always jolly us up.
approve (v) : 1. confirm, affirm
The Senate approved the new housing bill.
ant. disallow, reject, object to
2. permit, allow
ant. reject, disapprove, veto
No teacher can approve of cheating on exams.
amaze (v) : surprise, astonish, astound
Her rapid progress in karate surprised the teacher.
The magician's next trick will astonish you.
Graham Bell astounded the world with his invention of the telephone.
amazing (adj) : astonishing, surprising, astounding
The small store had an astonishing selection of watches for sale.
- 196 -

amazed (adj) : astonished, surprised, astounded

He seemed astonished while talking on the phone.
individual (n) : person
Everyone should be recognized as an person.
impression (n) : feeling, opinion, belief, understanding, idea, notion, view
hunch, surmise, conviction
I had the opinion that you were ready to leave.
It is my belief that it's going to rain.
value (n) : worth, merit, importance, significance
There is great merit in dealing fairly with your employees.
A college education will be of great worth to you later.
The appraiser put a worth of a thousand dollars on the ring.
The importance of loving care to a child cannot be overemphasized.
curious (adj) : inquisitive, nosy, interested
ant. incurious, uninterested, unconcerned
The student is bright and inquisitive.
Don't be so nosy - this doesn't concern you.
He is very interested in music.
evident (adj) : clear, plain, obvious, apparent, noticeable, certain, visible, undeniable
ant. unclear, obscure, unknown, hidden, concealed, doubtful, uncertain, dubious
The applause made it clear the play was a hit.
Her displeasure was obvious.
Her love for the child was apparent.
fundamental (adj) : basic, underlying, essential, necessary, requisite, first, primary, elementary,
crucial, central, principal, main, chief
ant. secondary, subordinate
His book is on the basic principles of banking.
The essential purpose of a vacation is to relax.
Father made all the crucial decisions in our family.
Your primary duties are outlined in this job description.
recognize (v) : 1. know, identify, pick out, spot place
You can identify me by my green hat.
I finally spotted a redcap.
2. be aware of, admit, appreciate, understand, comprehend, respect
acknowledge, realize, know
ant. ignore
We understand your financial problems, but your account is overdue.
I don't think you are fully aware of the importance of his speech.
3. acknowledge
ant. ignore
The chair acknowledges Mr. Jones.
formula (n) : rule, principle, prescription, recipe, guideline
There's no set rule for us to follow in this case.
He studied the principles of psychology.

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calculate (v) : compute, figure, figure out, reckon

Can you compute the distance of the moon from the earth ?
Figure the total and I'll pay it with a check.
The wages were reckoned by the amount of hours worked.
obvious (adj) : evident, clear, unhidden, apparent, visible, unconcealed, plain
ant. concealed, hidden, obscure, unclear, indistinct, unapparent, invisible
Her displeasure was evident.
The correct answer is apparent.
compute (v) : calculate, figure, figure out, reckon
Income tax is calculated on a percentage of net income.
dimension (n) : measurements, size
What are the measurements of the living-room rug ?
angle (n) : 1. divergence
A vertical line will meet a horizontal line at an divergence of 90.
2. point of view, viewpoint, perspective
Try to look at the situation from my point of view.
fed up (adj) : tired of, sick of
I am tired of waiting for you.
mess up (phr.v) : spoil, dirty
She spoiled the soup with too much salt.
We certainly dirtied this floor.
valuable (adj) : 1. worthwhile, precious, important, significant, useful, beneficial
ant. worthless, valueless, unimportant, insignificant, useless
Friendship is the most precious thing in the world.
Let me give you some useful advice.
2. costly, expensive, high-priced, precious, priceless
ant. cheap, inexpensive, worthless
Her grandmother left her a costly ring.

BOOK 26
LESSON 1
forbid (v) : prohibit, interdict, inhibit, ban
ant. permit
The government prohibited the manufacture and sale of the firearms.
Some certain media authorities banned Madonnas new music video.
In most of the countries tere are laws that inhibit the growth of free trade.
concerning (prep) : about, as regards, in regard to, regarding, relating to, with
regard to, with reference to, relevant to
Regarding your recent letter, Im afraid I should say that our thoughts are totally
different.
The new member of the gang was asked for his opinion about the plan of the
new robbery.
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dispose of (v) : throw away, eliminate, get rid of, kiss off
They eliminated some people from the competition.
He trew away the chance of a good job.
She kissed off a good fortune because of her obsessive interest in gambling.
practically (adv) : almost, virtually, morally
The prime minister is virtually the ruler of his country.
The road is almost finished; cars can use it all the way.
bear (v) : endure, suffer, abide, tolerate, brook, stand
I can not abide her chronic rudeness.
She tolerated his affairs for the sake of the children.
She just couldnt stand one personal tragedy after another.
bring up (v) : 1. initiate, mention, allude to, introduce, point out, put forward, raise,
refer, touch on
He introduced his observations into the discussion.
He mentioned you in his last letter.
Everyone began putting forward their thoughts the moment he touched on the
subject of money.
2. raise, feed, form, breed
She has brought up her children with great love and care.
These horses were bred in England.

substitude (v) : interchange, exchange, alternate, fill in for, stand for, take over,
cover for, replace
For many years the British pound exchanged for about 5 U.S. dollars.
practical (adj) : practicable, realistic, useful, functional, operative, efficient, working
ant. impractical, unpractical
This new machine is more useful than the old one.
Shes a quick, efficient worker.
They design functional beds concerning our health.
ideal (adj) : model, perfect, excellent, supreme, absolute
He made a perfect fool of himself!
Hes a model husband.
allowance (n) : ration, pittance, aid
Gasoline rations in wartime vary with the special needs of different individuals.
He managed to survive on a mere pittance.
income (n) : pay, salary, cash, earnings, wage, benefits, profit
He gets his pay each Thursday.
She made a profit of $1000 from selling her house.
imply (v) : suggest, hint, intimate, insinuate
ant. express
Shes an actress who can suggest a whole character with one gesture.
She hinted that she might have a job lined up.
His facial expression intimated that he was ready to answer the question.

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overcome (v) : conquer, defeat, vanquish, surmount, rout, beat, overthrow

Hes working to conquer this unbeareble disease.
She defeated her opponent in the tennis match.
The guerrillas routed the attacking force.
activate (v) : energize, vitalize, mobilize, set in motion, turn on
ant. arrest
Some steps are being taken to vitalize the local economy.
Our country is in danger, we must mobilize the army.
The secretary of trade gave a speech which energized the sales forces.
steer (v) : guide, lead, pilot, engineer
He guided the other scouts through the darkened cave.
She piloted the old man through the crowd to his seat.
The father engineered his sons election to the governorship.
refer (v) : resort, apply, go, turn
He found that he could find no relief unless he resorted to the courts.
You should apply to a bank for a loan.
He turned to his mother for comfort.
ample (adj) : plentiful, abundant, copious
ant. scant, meager
Peaches are plentiful this summer.
She has surprisingly abundant energy for a woman her age.
In this country we have copious examples of bureaucratic waste.
abrupt (adj) : precipitate, headlong, impetuous, sudden
ant. deliberate, leisurely
The armys precipitate withdrawal surprised everyone.
Its a bit impetuous to propose marriage on the third date.
Nobody understood the reason of his sudden leave.
instant (n) : moment, while, flash
We stopped walking and rested for a while.
Superman was there in a flash.
instantly (adv) : right now, at once, directly, immediately, right away
He returned directly.
She recognized him immediately.
pertain (v) : be relevant to, refer to, concern, inhere with, relate to
How does that evidence relate to the case?
Conservation concerns us all.
transfer (v) : carry, convey, displace, relocate, send, transport, transmit
Air carries sound waves.
The train conveyed the supplies to the warehouse.
The frown on fathers face transmitted his anger to us.
They transported the freight by rail.
capacity (n) : volume, amplitude, amount, quantity
This hotel buys a vast quantity of meat every day.
The volume of business fell off during the strike.

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BOOK 26
LESSON 2
subscribe (v) : assent, consent, accede, acquiesce, agree
ant. boggle
Potential members must assent to the organizations credo.
They consented to their daughters wish to go on a trip.
He usually acquiesces to his wifes wishes.
oppose (v) : combat, resist, withstand, antagonize
The scientists try to combat the AIDS disease by educating the public.
The candidate has been the victim of some false statements which antagonized
even his own supporters.
His struggles to resist the temptation were in vain.
objective (adj) : fair, just, equitable, impartial, dispassionate, unbiased
ant. subjective
A fair decision has been given by the judge.
I need your unbiased opinion of the whole affair.
Lets make a dispassionate summation of the facts.
resign (v) : relinquish, yield, surrender, abandon
I yield to your greater expertise in this matter.
He abandoned all the hope when he lost his family.
author (n) : maker, creator
My watch has gone wrong; Im sending it back to the maker.
sort (n) : type, kind, nature, ilk, description, character
What kind of ice cream do you prefer?
My brother and I have problems of similar nature.
Not all individuals of that description are truly psychotic.
strange (adj) : unusual, singular, unique, peculiar, eccentric, erratic, odd, queer,
outlandish
ant. familiar
She was puzzled by the queer happenings since her arrival.
He has an odd sense of humor.
In our voyage we met islanders having outlandish customs and superstitions.

hardship (n) : difficulty, burden, trouble, misfortune, discomfort

They were determined to succeed; they met and solved each difficulty as it
arose.
publish (v): print, issue, bring out, publicize
The newspaper printed the whole story.
The fashion designers brought out the fall fashions.
editorial (n) : commentary, article, critique, report, opinion
The professor wrote an article on space for the magazine.
- 201 -

He accompanied his slides with a commentary.

viewpoint (n) : angle, aspect, attitude, estimation, perspective, standpoint, outlook,
poit of view
Look at the problem from this angle.
Try to regaed the subject from this aspect.
There were many persons of different religious outlooks in the meeting.
column (n) : line, procession, row
The wedding procession moved slowly down the aisle.
Each page has 50 lines of type.
cartoon (n) : animation, caricature, comic strip, drawing, sketch
Ive sent a colorful drawing of mine to a childrens magazine.
His caircatures of the candidates seemed to catch the essence of the man in
every case.
come up with (v) : suggest, create, bring forth, offer, originate
He brought forth a proposal.
Shakespeare created many comic characters.
amusement (n) : entertainment, diversion, pastime, hobby, interest, recreation, sport
The circus clowns provided entertainment for the patients at the hospital.
Fishing and similar pastimes do not interest him.
His recreation was to grow beans and tomatoes in the backyard.
governor (n) : administrator, boss, chief, director, head, leader
The oldest man was the head of the tribe.

BOOK 26
LESSON 3
chopper (n) : helicopter
A helicopter is an aircraft which is powered by two propeller-like rotors.
contrast (n) : difference, contradiction, dissimilarity, diversity, unlikeness
Was there a difference between your answers and his?
Its too hard for them to come together because there are many dissimilarities in their lives.
rotate (v) : circle, turn, wheel, revolve, twirl
The airplane circled for an hour before it could land.
Wheels revolve when in motion.
spin (n) : go round, make go round, rotate, twirl, whirl
The blades of the propeller whirled around and around.
The earth rotates once every 24 hours.
- 202 -

rotary (adj) : turning, encircling, revolving, rotating, spinning, gyratory, vertiginous

Choppers have rotating wings.
reverse (n) : opposite, antipode
Youre nice; hes just the opposite.
suspend (v) : hang down, hang up, hook up, sling, swing, append, attach, dangle,
depend
A rifle was slung over the hunters shoulder.
He sat on the edge of the table dangling his legs.
hover (n) : hang, be suspended, fly, hang about, linger, flutter
Polluted air hangs over the city.
I can hear a bird fluttering in the chimney.
hoist (v) : lift, pick up, raise, uphold, take up, elevate
These bags are too heavy for me to lift.
He raised the lid of the box and took a chocolate.

proficient (adj) : adept, skilled, skillful, expert

ant. incompetent
He is adept at handling large numbers in his head.
Your mother will have a delicate operation requiring a skilled surgeon.
My uncle is an expert in the identification of wines.
sustain (v) : assist, back, defend, help, foster, nourish, prolong, save, support, stand
by, befriend
Aluminum brackets supported the shelves.
We fostered the young girl while her mother was in hospital.
Natalie stood by her friend during the crisis.
vital (adj) : essential, fundamental, cardinal
Conflict is an essential element in drama.
Air bases are fundamental for our national security.
conceal (v) : hide, screen, secrete, bury
ant. reveal
We found a house in the forest hidden by the trees.
The FBI agent screened her true identity from her family.
The captain secreted the cocaine in the fold of the ship.

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BOOK 26
LESSON 4

equivalent (adj) : same, selfsame, very, identical, equal

ant. different
We took the same route on the same day.
It was the selfsame ring I had lost years ago.
Youre the very person Ive been looking for.
Their test answers were identical.
limit (v) : restrict, circumscribe, confine
ant. widen
In every country there are laws which restrict the freedom of the press.
Our freedom of choice is always confined by finances.
commerce (n) : business, trade, industry, traffic
The government is seeking ways to increase foreign trade.
Industry should overtake agriculture in the southeast of turkey for a fast
development.
confirm (v) : corroborate, substantiate, verify, authenticate, validate
ant. deny
The witnesses corroborated his story.
The police has some claims that have yet to be substantiated.
All statements of fact in the article have been verified.
The handwriting experts authenticated the diaries.
vibrate (v) : swing, sway, oscillate, fluctuate, waver, undulate
The bridge swayed a little and fell.
His whole body wavered as he crossed the finish line.
We saw an undulating sea of grass in the windy mountains.
idle (adj) : inactive, inert, passive, supine
ant. busy
Since he has been inactive for several years, hes a penniless playwright.
She remained supine in the face of verbal abuse.
lean (v) : slant, slope, incline
She graciously inclined her head in response to the cheers.
Her handwriting is characterized by slanting letters.
The land slopes to the east in every earthquake.
accompany (v) : attend, escort, go along with
He went along with his wife to the theatre.
There was a motorcade which escorted the visiting queen.

- 204 -

BOOK 27
LESSON
1

countless (adj) : innumerable, numberless, myriad, infinite

ant. enumerable, limited, finite
There are innumerable stars in the sky.
Numberless children were begging in the streets.
Myriad treasures are believed to be buried beneath the sea.
mass (n) : 1. pile, heap, stack, group
A pile of dirty clothes lay by the washing machine.
This heap of dirty clothes is for the laundry.
2. majority, plurality
ant. minority
The majority of the union members voted to strike.
3. lump, chunk
Break up these large lumps of dirt.
Chunks of ice were floating in the cold water.
human (n) : man, individual, person, human being
Every man must follow his own beliefs.
isolate (v) : separate, segregate, place apart, set apart, insulate
ant. join, unite, combine, mix
Researchers have separated and identified the virus.
Many Indian tribes have been segregated on reservations.
fund (n) : monetary fund
The family contributed weekly to a monetary fund.
experiment (n) : test, trial, experimentation, tryout
The trial of the new plane was delayed by bad weather.
Chemical tests showed the presence of potassium.
periodic (adj) : repeated, recurring, recurrent, frequent, intermittent, regular, routine
ant. steady, unceasing, continuous
I had a recurrent dream about a sunflower.
We take frequent walks through the park.
The weatherman predicted intermittent showers.

period (n) : time, span of time, interval, interlude, duration, term

An interval of a year passed before another meeting took place.
My evening at home was a pleasant interlude in a hectic week.
For the duration of the strike we will remain closed.
revolve (v) : rotate, gyrate, spin, move in orbit, go around
The moon rotates around the earth.
The dancer spun around and around.
The figure skater gyrated faster and faster.
- 205 -

zone (n) : region, territory, area, terrain, belt

My cousin lives in a mountainous region.
The mountainous territory was impassable in winter.
challenge (v) : dare
I dare you to jump across the brook.
disregard (v) : overlook, ignore, pay no heed to, pay no attention to, take no notice of
ant. regard, heed, pay attention to
She overlooks most of his faults.
It's sometimes best to ignore a rude person.
You paid no heed to the doctor's advice.
look up to (phr.v) : admire
ant. look down on
I admire your courage.
count on (phr.v) : depend on, rely on
If you ever need a friend, you can rely on me.
reprimand (v) : rebuke, admonish, censure
ant. commend, compliment, praise, applaud, approve
The clerk was harshly rebuked for misplacing some important files.
The preacher admonished his congregation for their failure.
The dean censured the students for breaking curfew.
surrender (v) : give up, yield, submit, concede
ant. resist, withstand, oppose
The town soon yielded to the attackers.
The captain submitted to his mutinous crew.
Lee capitulated to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse.
silent (adj) : quiet, soundless, noiseless
ant. noisy
It was so quiet you could hear a pin drop.
Why are you so soundless this evening?
inferior (n) : 1. secondary, junior, lower in rank than, lower
ant. superior, higher, senior, greater
A private is subordinate to a corporal.
2. less valuable than, of lower quality than
Brass is less valuable than to gold.
discrepancy (n) : difference, inconsistency, variance, disagreement, discordance
lack of correspondence, disparity, dissimilarity, divergence, gap
ant. correspondence, accord
There was apparent disagreement between their stories.
There is a great lack of correspondance between the two opinions.

- 206 -

BOOK 27
LESSON 2
in conclusion (adv) : finally, lastly, in the end, lastly, at the last, in conclusion
eventually, ultimately
Finally, the report mentions a decline in profits.
genuine (adj) : real, authentic, true, actual, solid, pure
ant. artificial, imitation
Is the bracelet real gold?
enthusiasm (n) : eagerness, keenness, zest, excitement, fervor
ant. apathy, indifference, unconcern, calmness, coldness, coolness
The pilgrims arrived at the shrine and offered their prayers with fervor.
Father has a great zest for living.
wealth (n) : wealthiness, richness
ant. poverty
His wealthiness is estimated at fifty million dollars.
lecture (n) : talk, address, speech, discourse, oral presentation
The Presidential address will be broadcast at 8 o'clock.
The candidate made a moving speech to his workers.
We listened to a discourse on the evils of drugs.
distinguished (adj) : notable, renowned, famous, illustrious, prominent, eminent
ant. undistinguished, unknown
A notable doctor endorsed the book.
Robert Service was a renowned poet.
He's a prominent physician.
intention (n) : plan, aim, intent, objective, purpose, goal, target, determination
The prisoner was charged with intent to kill.
The purpose of a screen door is to keep flies out.
gripe (v) : complain, grumble, mutter, whine, grouse, grouch
ant. thank, express appreciation
The tenants complained that there was not enough hot water.
The handyman wouldn't do anything without grumbling first.
She muttered to herself in disagreement all through the speech.

leisure (n) : free time, spare time

Reading is a pleasant way to spend one's free time.
considerable (adj) : substantial, large, great
ant. inconsiderable, small
We had a substantial tobacco crop this year.
He had a large capacity for learning.
in all (exp) : all told, altogether
The items you bought cost $100 altogether.
- 207 -

tremendous (adj) : huge, gigantic, immense, enormous, giant, colossal

ant. small, little, tiny
As suggested by its name, Mammoth Cave is huge.
The Grand Canyon is immense.
The banquet was held in an enormous room.
China is a gigantic country.
numerous (adj) : myriad, numberless
ant. few, scarcely any, not many
The bride and groom received myriad gifts.
independent (adj) : free, self-reliant, uncontrolled, autonomous, self-directing
unconstrained, individualistic
ant. dependent, controlled, directed
Children should be encouraged to be free thinkers.
The United States became an autonomous country in 1776.
dependent (adj) : reliant
ant. independent
Too many young people are reliant on their parents.
orderly (adj) : neat, tidy
ant. disorderly, untidy
Keep your closets neat.
muscular (adj) : strong, powerful, tough, strapping, well-developed, athletic
Is the boy strong enough to lift that box ?
All that tennis has made me quite powerful.
mechanical (adj) : machine-driven, automatic, self-acting
ant. manual
She doesn't understand anything automatic.

make up (phr.v) : fabricate, manufacture, invent

The company manufactures toys.
imitate (v) : ape, copy, mimic
He apes everything his older brother does.
Don't copy everything your older brother does !
Back in the barracks he used to mimic their sergeant.
basis (n) : base, principle, fundamental, essential
The base of his argument is that our price is too high.
Charity toward others is the principle of her philosophy.
trim (v) : prune, clip, crop, shear, cut
He spent the afternoon pruning the hedge.
The gardener clipped the shrubbery.
His hair was cropped when he entered the army.
protrude (v) : jut out, stand out, stick out
The pier jutted out over a shallow bay.
- 208 -

Nails stood out from the board and had to be removed for safety.
in short (exp) : briefly, shortly, in brief
In brief, everybody failed in math.

BOOK 27
LESSON
3
explosive (n) : blasting material
Dynamite and other blasting materials must be handled with care.
classify (v) : restrict, separate
ant. disclassify
That document has been restricted as top secret.
The Air Force restrics the aircraft according to their use.
Yesterday I separated my books all day long.
detonate (v) : blow up, explode
They exploded the bomb and destroyed the bridge.
Some bombs are designed to blow up above the target.
instantaneous (adj) : sudden, immediate
ant. delayed, slow, gradual
She accidently swallowed the poison and death was sudden.
The bite of some insects causes immediate pain and swelling.
shatter (v) : splinter, burst
The carpenter splintered the wood when he drove in the nail.
I dropped the mirror on the floor and it burst.
fuse (n) : detonator, igniting tube, ignition, firing material
The bomb had a long detonator that delayed the explosion.
impact (n) : collision, crash, smash
The collision of the car cracked the telephone pole.
blow up (v) : detonate, explode
Workers detonated the charges that collapsed the building.
composite (adj) : combined, compound, compounded
ant. uncombined, single, uncompounded, unmixed, unblended
Bronze is a compound metal made of copper and tin.
compound (n) : combined, complex, composite, mixed, blended
ant. uncombined, single, uncompounded, unmixed, unblended
The artist made a composite drawing of the two faces.
corrode (v) : rust, oxidize, eat away, wear away
Iron will rust if you leave it under the water.

- 209 -

corrosion (n) : corroding, erosion

The battery acid caused the corroding of the flashlight.
deviate (v) : stray, wander, part depart, vary
ant. continue, remain, stick to
Her thoughts strayed to her childhood.
The goat wandered from the yard and never came back.
bit (n) : small piece, fragment, chip
ant. whole, entity
The glass broke into small pieces.
absolute (adj) : unrestricted, unrestrained, unlimited, complete, pure
ant. restricted, restrained
The Dalai Lama was an unrestricted monarch.
retain (v) : keep, hold, maintain, possess
ant. discard, lose, surrender, relinquish, abandon
Please keep this receipt; no refund will be given without it.
Even though he is in his seventies, he has maintained his youthful appearance.
Although he lost his control over his father's business, his wife still possesses
some control over it.
The police caught a few demonstrators and held few of them in the prison.
turn over (phr.v) : 1. give, hand
They gave the wanted man to the authorities.
He handed the business to his two children.
2. overturn, knock over
Be careful when you overturn a rock; there may be a poisonous
insect underneath.
While walking in the hall, he tumbled and knocked over the
container full of water.
set off (phr.v) : blow up, detonate, explode
Blasting caps are devices used to blow up high explosives.
The bomb could be detonated by the slightest vibration.
in the event of (prep) : in case of
In case of bad weather, ceremonies scheduled to take place on the parade
field are held indoors.
interval (n) : period, intervening, interim, pause, break
After a brief period of clear weather, the rain began again.
The students' progress is checked at two weeks break.
The meeting isn't until noon, so in the interim I can make some phone calls.
diagram (n) : outline, plan, drawing, map, illustration, chart
Is there a plan of the electrical wiring in this house?
The repair manual for a car contains detailed outlines.
Our instructor usually draws a chart on the board to explain the tenses.
contact (n) : connection, touch, tangency
Closing the switch creates an electrical tangency.
A good teacher should keep eye connection with the students.

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wind (v) : 1. coil, twist, curl, loop

Before you start the movie projector, coil the film around the reel.
2. curve, bend, snake
The old highway curves through the mountains, the new one is straighter.
wind up (phr.v) : finish up, end up
You'll finish up in hospital if you drive so fast.
If you keep working at this rate you could end up with a heart attack.
kit (n) : set of tools, instruments, implements, tools
He took his set of tools from the trunk and began fixing the engine.

BOOK 27
LESSON 4

surge (n) : rush

A rush of demonstrators broke through the fence.
I felt a rush of excitement as I reached the top of the mountain.
stick to (v) : hold fast
John is determined to hold fast his diet and lose 5 kilograms.
I've made my decision and I'm going to hold it fast.
extinguish (v) : put out
ant. light, fire
Firemen put out the blaze quickly.
drift (v) : blow, float
The children put their boats in the pool and watched as they floated to the other side.
There was a slight breeze, and the leaves blew slowly to the ground.
surge (v) : heave
The crowd heaved through the gates and broke the windows.
The children heaved to the front of the room to be near the singer.
The price of oil has heaved this past week.
check up on (v) : look into, go over
The police were looking into everyone who had been in the bank that afternoon.
The training chief came to the classroom to go over some of the students.
bar (n) : rod, stick
There were iron stick on the windows to keep the prisoner from escaping.
There were rods across the windows of the prison.
each other (pron) : one another
The two men were shouting at one another in the parking lot.
My son and daughter kissed one another.

- 211 -

repel (v) : drive back, push back, force back

The soldiers quickly pushed back the attack.
The men rubbed a special cream on their arms to drive back the bugs.
static (n) : interference
It is impossible to use this phone. There is too much interference on the line.
What is causing all this interference on the TV? We can't watch our favorite film.
flashlight (n) : torch
Did you bring your torch with you?
The power's gone out. Get some torches so we can see.
After the lights were turned off, I used my torch to read my paper.
beam (n) : glimmer, shimmer
The bright glimmer of the car's headlights blinded me and I hit the bars of the road.
I hid myself behind the bank but a powerful glimmer exposed me.
In the telescope I glimpsed the shimmer of a far-distant star.
pole (n) : magnetic pole
Each magnet has two unlike magnetic poles such as (-) negative and (+) positive.
primitive (adj) : simple, undeveloped
The people living in the mountains still used very undeveloped tools.
A rock is an example of a simple weapon.
A manual washing machine is a undeveloped one compared with the full-automatic ones.
coil (v) : curl, wind, twist
He curled the wire around the pole.
The girl twisted her hair into a braid.
breakdown (n) : failure, disorder, collapse
A car had a failure in the center lane of the highway and caused quite a traffic jam.
Due to a disorder in communications, some people were not informed of the schedule
changes.
cut off (v) : cut out
I was just listening to the news when the radio cut out.
The repairman cut out the electricity before he began to work on the stove.
I cut out the gas and electricity as soon as I noticed the house was on fire.

BOOK 28
LESSON 1

reserve (v) : keep, conserve, have, hold, maintain, store, book, withhold
These seats are kept only for teaching staff of this school.
Dont use the water in this container; it isnt stored for drinking.
We want to book a table for tonight in your restaurant.
have in mind (e) : think of, consider

- 212 -

We are thinking of going to France for our holiday.

Would you consider selling your car?
conference (n) : convention, colloquium, symposium, meeting, seminar
Both countries agreed to maintain peace within their borders at the convention.
The colloquium on international economic problems met in Geneva.
The doctors held a symposium to discuss about the monetary problems of their
operations.
I was late for the meeting so they started without me.
You cant see the commander now; he is in a seminar.
double (adj) : in a pair, bifold, couple, dual, twofold
I found a couple of socks in the bedroom, but they dont make a pair.
After the dual controls, the plane was ready to take off.
luxury (n) : great plesaure, indulgence, affluence, comfort, delight, extravagance, high
living, luxuriousness, rarity, richness, well-being
Ice cream and chocolates may be a great indulgence for some children of the
poor.
With his present income, having a car would be an extravagance for him.
A bite from a lobster in an expensive restaurant will make you know the taste of
luxuriousness.
limited (adj) : restricted, definite, confined
It must be horrible to live in a restricted place like a prison for many years.
I need to use some help, but everybody has definite ideas on this subject.
Please keep your discussion confined with that particular book.
first-class (adj) : first-rate, superior, excellent, dandy, supreme, tiptop
This sweater was knitted by a superior wool; I washed it a thousand times but
nothing happened.
Shes a first-rate tennis player; she gave an excellent performance.
comparable (adj) : 1. commensurable, commensurate, equal, equivalent, tantamount
10 and 25 are commensurable since they have 5 as a common
divisor.
A child must be started in a grade commensurate with his mental ability.
Women deserve equal pay and to work on equal terms with men.
Those comments are equivalent / tantamount to treason.
2. similar, corresponding, alike, parallel, undifferenced
The general features of the two landscapes are similar.
He cited parallel passages in both books.
come to (v) : amount to
Your words amount to a refusal.
His debts amount to over $1,000.
verify (v) : confirm, validate, attest, certify, check, justify, prove, substantiate
The witness attested the truth of the evidence.
He cited examples in order to certify his statement.
His great success justified our faith in him.
Can you substantiate his alibi?
claim (v) : 1. state, declare, assert, postulate
- 213 -

The report states that the safety standards should be improved.

She declared she knew nothing about the robbery.
She asserted that she was not guilty.
2. demand, ask, require
The judge demanded silence in the courtroom.
When I required the truth, he said that I asked too much.
pleasure (n) : delight, happiness, amusement, contentment, enjoyment, felicity,
indulgence, joy, satisfaction, thrill, titillation, zest
Ben derives considerable satisfaction from doing his work well.
She entered into the work with a zest.
He was writing a letter to his fiancee with felicity.
go by (v) : 1. follow, adopt, conform,adjust to
If you had followed the directions I gave you, youd have found my home.
We adopted the new method of making wine.
You must conform to the rules or leave the school.
2. (of time) elapse, pass
Three months have elapsed since he left home.
3. visit
I visited Susan a few minutes ago; her house was on my way back to school.
occupied (adj) : 1. in use, inhabited, full, rented, settled, taken, utilized
This island is inhabited by a variety of birds.
He was full of concern for the future.
2. busy, active, employed, engaged, working.
When we called, the line was busy.
She was engaged in housework all day long.
mention (v) : refer to, acknowledge, acquaint, allude to, point to, remark, speak of,
touch on
The speaker referred to him as an up-and-coming politician.
He remarked that it was getting late.
He tried not to touch on any controversial topic in his speeches.
compact (adj) : 1. condensed, appressed, compressed, dense, firm, impenetrable,
packed
He managed to write a condensed letter of application in one page.
A large part of Brazil is made up of impenetrable forest.
2. short, brief, compendious, concise, to the point, terse, succinct
His letter was concise, omitting everything not pertinent to the job for
which he was applying.
His terse summary of the trial is famous.
From his years as a writter, he developed a succint style of writing.
come by (v) : visit, come over, drop by, pop in, stop by
She popped in to see us yesterday.
aisle (n) : passageway, alley, artery, corridor, hallway, opening, path
Traffic is slow on all major arteries.
The police caught the thief finally when he was trapped in a blind alley.
starving (adj) : hungary, hungering, craving, haggard
She seems haggard as if she hasnt been eating anything for days.

- 214 -

contest (n) : competition, challenge, councours

Ill enter the dancing competition with my father.
He accepted his friends challenge to swim across the river.
There was a concours of ideas in a discussion program on T.V.
complete (v) : attempt, rival, battle, challenge, go for
Ships cant rival aircraft for speed.
I attempted to leave, but was stopped.
criticism (n) : interpretation, analysis, commentary, critique, evaluation, judgement
They read the poem and then made a full interpretation of it.
I cant make that decision for you; youll have to use your judgement.
There is a sports commentary on the radio.
express (v) : articulate, signify, mean, say, show
He wanted to take a role in the play to articulate his sentiments.
You have to show your feelings if you want a place in her heart.
criticize (v) : analyze, interpret, comment upon, judge, evaluate, appraise
He gave a decision after he appraised the situation.
Dont judge until you know all the facts!
come down with (v) : contract/catch illness, fall ill, sicken
The animal began to sicken and soon died.
extent (n) : range, magnitude, degree, dimensions, length, limit,measure, quantity,
reach, size
I hadnt realized the magnitude of the problem until you told me so I got worried to learn that it
came to such a degree.
This boy has a great size of intelligence.
dent (n) : depression, scrape, chip, hollow, cavity, crater
The potter made a depression in the clay.
He suffered a few cuts and scrapes after the accident.
denomination (n) : classification, body, category, class, grade, group, size, type, unit,
value
The cashier gave the customer change in bills of the same group.
The librarians spend a lot of time for the classification of books.
junk (n) : odds and ends, garbage, rubbish, trash, waste
I bought a few odds and ends at the hardware store.
There has been a rubbish heap in the garage since my father began working on
the car.

- 215 -

BOOK 28
LESSON 2

fix up (v) : repair, beautify, dress up, furnish, rehabilitate, smarten, spiff, improve
One way of improving a room in your house is to paint it.
He got his old shoes repaired and wore them two more years.
appropriate (adj) : suitable, fit, proper, adapted, correct, convenient, pertinent, relevant,
true, useful, well-suited, well-timed, germane
My husband will decide the suitable color for the walls of our new house.
The judge ruled that the evidence was not relevant to the case.
A feeling of curiosity is germane to any scientific investigation.
The commentator made a number of pertinent observations on the senators
speech.
desire (v) : wish, want, long for, aim, aspire to, choose, die over, hunger for, lust after,
wish for, yearn for
I never wished for diamond rings, or hungered for fancy cars, or longed for lots
of green bills, or died over a miracle, but all I wanted was you.......
coat (n) : covering, layer, overlay, lamination, bark, crust, lacquer, gloss, coating
The lake was covered with a thin crust of ice.
A lamination of plastic makes the counter more durable.
leave out (v) : omit, neglect
When I realized that I was short of money, I omitted one of the items on my
shopping list.
desire (n) : wish, want, longing, admiration, love, lust, mania, need, passion, urge, will,
yearning, craving
The only wish I have is to be with you forever.
I have no need to eat something tonight.
She has aspirations to become a great writer.
I cant cure my craving for cigarettes.
I fine people dangerous who are obssesed with a lust for power.
mount (v) : 1. climb, arise, get upon, ascend
They ascended the huge mountain in two days.
The old lady climbs the stairs with difficulty.
2. affix, frame, emplace, install, put on
We are installing a new heating system.
He affixed the stamps to the envelope.
teamwork (n) : collaboration, cooperation, alliance, coalition, assistance, partisanship,
partnership, synergy, union, synergism
The three clubs made a cooperation in planning a party.
The tennis players had a great partnership, and played quite well at the
tournament.
portable (adj) : easily transported, carriageable, cartable, compact, handy, manageable,
movable, portative, transportable, lightweight
- 216 -

The secretary uses a lightweight typewriter when she goes to business trips for her boss.
I need a handy little television for my travels.
pile (n) : heap, collection, aggretation, amassment, buildup, chunk, hill, mass, mound,
stockpile
Having a stockpile of nuclear weapons to be used in war doesnt make any sense
to me.
The books lay in a heap on the floor.
pile (v) : gather, pack, accumulate, amass, heap, hill, jam, load, mass, mound, stack
The reports on my desk accumulated at work while I was ill at home.
The chairs were neatley stacked at the back of the hall.
roll (v) : 1. revolve, turn, circle, bowl, rotate, run, spin, swirl, twirl, twist, whell, whirl
The wheels began to revolve slowly as the train blew its pipe.
The leaves were picked up by the wind and whirled into the air.
The child was spinning a top.
2. rock, sway, billow, drift, flow, glide, reel, roam, rove, toss, tumble
The porch chair rocked in the breeze.
The car swayed off the road after taking a sharp turn.
Hungry wolves roamed the forest in search of food.
slide (v) : move smoothly, glide, shift, skid,skim, slip
We used to skim a stone across the lake near our country house when we were
little.
He moved the ladys chair smoothly at the table before she sat down.
dismount (v) : alight, debark, descend, get down
We rode up but descended on foot.
hinge (n) : pivot, turning point, axis, joint, juncture
We have to oil the doors pivots; they are making a lot of noise.
trace (v) : follow, seek, track, trail
I followed a long path to find his house in th woods.
The police tracked the criminal by the help of the dogs.
alternate (v) : take turns, change back and forth, come and go, fluctuate, follow,
interchange, rotate, shift, vacillate, sway
The stock market fluctuates daily.
The trees swayed in the wind.
Shift that box will you; its in my way!
bubble (n) : air ball, balloon, foam
The breaking waves had edges of foam.
dip (v) : lower, descend,decline, slope
His power had begun to decline now that he is old.
The road slopes down slightly at this point.
groove (n) : channel, indentation, canal, cutting, depression, ditch, hollow, scratch, slit,
trench, valley
There had been a scratch on the table top when I dropped the vase.
There were a series of indentations where the hailstones hit the car roof.
- 217 -

There is a small valley on the coastline that marks the location of an early harbor.
pull apart (v) : separate
At the bell, the fighters separated and returned to their corners.
in the first place (exp) : first
Tonny wanted to talk first because he had the shortest to say.
stack (n) : pile, assemblage, bank, bundle, drift, heap, hill, hoard, load, mass, mound,
mountain, pack, sheaf
Whenever I want to talk to him, he always seems busy behind a sheaf of files and
papers.
He resigned immediatley after he had gotten a bundle of money from the lottery.
line up (v) : align
The waiter aligned the fork with the spoon and the knife.

BOOK 28
LESSON 3
relating to (prep) : concerning
Concerning your letter, I am pleased to inform you that we shall be able to support
you financially.
unite (v) : combine, join together, ally, associate, blend, conjoin, connect, cooperate,
embody, incorporate, keep together, link, marry, meet, merge, mix, pool,
relate, stick together, unify
They incorporated his new ideas into their plans.
The two lanes merge going into the tunnel.
resistance (n) : fighting, opposition, battle, blocking, combat, counteraction, defiance,
fight, hindrance, obstruction, safeguard, shield, struggle
There was an obstruction in the road because of accident.
There will be a lot of fierce opposition to his new plan by the ones against him.
This drug should make a counteraction on the snakes poison.
take on (v) : assume, accept, acquire, adopt, agree to do, embrace, handle, hire, take
up, undertake, venture,
The army assumed control of the government.
She undertook to pay back the money within six months.
in the course of (prep) : during
He arrived during the second act.
trench (n) : ditch, arroyo, canal, cut, drain, dugout, earthwork, foxhole, gorge, hollow,
sink, trough, tube, waterway
The water flows into the ditch at the edge of the field.
issue (v) : distribute, assign, dispatch, dispense, give out, release, send out, allot
The rescue team distributed clothing to the flood victims.
Work will be assigned daily.

- 218 -

prisoner (n) : captive, con, hostage, detainee, jailbird, internee, culprit

The police caught the culprit as he was leaving town.
I became the detainee of a flat tire on my way home.
fight off (v) : defend against, beat off, avoid, hold back, oppose, put up fight, repel,
reply, repress, restrain, ward off
We restrained him from breaking the window.
We shall defend our country against the enemies, whatever the cost may be.
give in (v) : give up, surrender, abandon, cut out, desist, despair, drop, quit, resign,
throw in the towel
When Japan surrendered, World War II came to a close.
The guard didnt quit his post all night long.
petroleum (n) : oil, fuel, gas, gasoline, natural gas, petrol
The aircraft attacked sites where supplies of petrol have been stored by the enemy.
store (v) : collect, accumulate, amass, deposit, keep in reserve, lock up, pack, put aside,
reserve, save, stock
The athlete reserved his strength for the race.
She saves part of her salary each month.
ascent (n) : ascendance, ascending, ascension, clambering, climbing, lift, mounting,
rising, scaling, spring, take off
The ascendance of man from his original state to modern civilization is hoped to
be something in the favor of the world.
We made a successful climbing to the mountain.
descent (n) : lowering, coming down, declension, decline, downgrade, drop, falling,
incline, sinking
He lost all his friends after his falling into a life of crime.
There has been a sharp decline in interest in farming.
theory (n) : hypothesis, belief, approach, assumption, doctrine, formularization,
foundation, guesswork, idea, ideology, outlook, philosophy, presumption,
speculation, supposition, theorem, thesis
If foundations made of stone can turn to dust, then the hearts made of steel can
turn to rust. Of course, this is just my humble hypothesis.
remote (adj) : detached, unapproachable, abstracted, disinterested, distant, faraway,
offish, unrelated, apart, unconnected
I want to live in a distant land, far away from all this dirt, especially the times when
the world wants too much.
I always dream of a detached house in an unapproachable piece of land on a
faraway sea.
take on (v) : assume, accept, address oneself to, employ, engage, take up, hire,
undertake
He assumed all the responsibilities and became the group leader.
The company had to hire new employees when several of them retired.
minimize (v): underrate, underestimate, underplay, decrease, derogate, diminish,
lessen, reduce
The power of faith cannot be underestimated.
- 219 -

Unforeseen expenses diminished his savings.

ascend (v) : go up, arise, climb, escalate, move up, mount
The cost of living is esculating day by day.
descend (v) : move down, decline, drop, fall, go down
The mafias influence over the people has begun to decline, now that the new
government is taking new precautions in that area.
output (n) : achievement, amount, crop, manufacture, product, productivity, profit
The companys products include washing machines and radios.
vague (adj) : indefinite, ambiguous, doubtful, faint, fuzzy, ill-defined, obscure, shadowy,
unclear, uncertain, unexplicit
He made a speech full of obscure political jokes.
The television picture is rather fuzzy tonight.
systematic (adj) : orderly, analytical, arranged, methodic, organized, systemized,
thorough going
The soldiers are marching in an orderly line.
The detectives are making an organized search of this case.
offense (n) : violation, trespass, crime, delinquency, fault
They had a violation of the recent agreement so we cant rely on them any more.
The hunter was arrested because of the trespass on private property.
prison (n) : guardhouse, jail, lock up, penal institution, penitentiary, reformatory, bastille
My brother has to stay in penitentiary for a life time because of a crime he didnt
commit.
code (n) : cipher, cypher, cryptograph
The government uses a special cipher so that official messages are kept secret.

BOOK 28
LESSON 4

encircle (v) : circumscribe, cover, enclose, enfold, enring, surround

The house was not only enclosed by high walls but also surrounded by electrical
wiring.
variable (adj) : changeable, irregular, inconstant, unstable, mercurial
I dont know how to get along with him, he was a mercurial personality.
The climate of Izmir is changeable in spring.
frequency (n) : commonness, repetitiveness, constancy, periodicity, regularity, rhythm
All of a sudden, he found himself in the exciting rythm of African drum music.
radiate (v) : give off, scatter, beam, distribute, give out
- 220 -

The fans in front of the theater scattered in all directions after the stars left the
gala.
Her face beamed with smiles.
image (n) : copy, likeness, equivalent, counterpart
The U.S Congress is the counterpart of the British Parliament.
scatter (v) : strew, disperse, distribute, shatter
The rancher strewed hay on the barn floor.
The police dispersed the crowd.
echo (n) : copy, repeat, reflect, reproduce, resound
We heard the resounds of our shouts through the caves.
deflect (v) : turn aside, hold off, keep off, bend
He used his hand to turn aside the beam of light coming from an unknown
space object.
scope (v) : 1. extent, range, area, field, wideness
In this shopping market, theres a wide range of prices.
It will take some time for him to understand the wideness of his
responsibilities.
Going to Jupiter is not within the extent of todays space technology.
2. radar screen
We lost the plane; I cant see its blips on the radar screen anymore.
cycle (n) : era, phase, chain, ring, rotation, circle, circuit
That aircraft engine makes ten thousand rotations per minute.
She ran three circuits of the track.
visual (adj) : imaged, observable, optical, visional, visible, viewable, seeable,
perceptible
The house is visible from the road.
You might find the lenses you want in a shop that sells optical instruments.
terminate (v) : stop, finish, cut off, discontinue, end
Her lies will finish our affair at last.
The supplies were cut off by the enemy.
focus (v) : 1. aim attention at, centralize, concentrate, fix
He fixed his gaze on her all night long.
You should concentrate on the road when youre driving.
2. adjust, zoom in
This photograph looks funny; I think you forgot to adjust the camera.
plot (v) : plan, scheme, frame, outline, set up
That so-called sale was schemed to swindle the consumer.
amplify (v) : strengthen, add, build up, develop, exaggerate
He strengthened his statement with various illustrations.
actuate (v) : motivate, activate, excite, stimulate
He was motivated by desire for fame.
This button activates the heating system.
- 221 -

bearing (n) : position, location, situation

The police were able to find the location of the thiefs hide-out.
The situation of the barn is at the left of the house.
minute (adj) : very small, atomic, little, minuature, minimal, tiny, microscopic, fine
Its impossible to read his microscopic handwriting.
Fortunately, the storm only did minimal damage to the crops.
horizon (n) : skyline
Two ships were barely visible on the skyline.
beacon (n) : guide, alarm, signal, alert, warning
The lighthouse is a guide for the ships.
We have a weak television signal; theres nothing on the screen.
distort (v) : deform, falsify, deteriorate
I wish I had never seen her face deformed by disease.
All the family was worried about the fathers deteriorating health.
obsolete (adj) : out of vogue, ancient, antique, archaic, dated, dead, dinosour, fossil,
old, out-of-date, time-worn
This type of literature is currently out of vogue.
Her style of dressing is so out- of- date.
Thou and thy are archaic forms of you and your.
moderate (adj) : fair, average, so-so, ordinary
My father always drives with an average speed.
He has a fair chance of winning.
enclose (v) : put inside, surround, box up, enfold, encase
His body was encased in shining armour.
The prison is surrounded by a high wall.

BOOK 29
LESSON 1

periodically (adv) : regularly, routinely, at fixed intervals, repeatedly, often

frequently, occasionally
She looked in on the baby repeatedly to check that it was all right.
It rains regularly in the springtime.
stock (n) : supply, store, quantity, selection, stockpile, fund, reserve, reservoir
We don't have any supplies of food in the kitchen?
That grocery always keeps a good reservoir of fresh vegetables.
merchandise (n) : manufactured goods, goods, wares, stock, stock in trade
There are always goods on sale at a lower price than usual at one of
the big department stores in the mall.
goods (n) : manufactured goods, goods, wares, stock, stock in trade, merchandise
- 222 -

The silversmith showed us his wares.

The store has the best merchandise in town.
stay up (phr v) : sit up, keep up
The children tried to sit up all night, but they fell asleep just before midnight.
I kept up late last night to watch the movie on TV.
catalog (n) : list, listing, inventory, file, record, index, register, directory, syllabus
I can get you a book list if you need one.
Look in the index and see if they carry wool gloves.
repeatedly (adv) : again and again, several time
I've told you again and again not to jump over the wall.
take in (phr v) : understand
The children listened to the grown- ups' conversation, but they didn't understand everything
they heard.
since then (exp) : from a past time until now
I began working in this department a few months ago; from a past time until now I made a lot
of new friends.
salary (n) : wage, pay, earnings, income, stipend, allowance
His income is not enough to cover the cost of living in the suburbs,
so his wife works, too.
I heard we will get a wage increase at the end of the year.
take leave (exp) : take a vacation
I usually take a vacation in July to make use of sunny days.
direct (adj) : straight
He refused to give a straight answer to the questions.
wreck (v) : ruin, destroy, demolish, level, raze, smash, shatter, break, break to pieces
They used a huge metal ball to break the building into pieces when they converted the
property to a parking lot.
The house was destroyed in a tornado.
The ship was smashed on the rocks.
trash (n): litter, rubbish, junk, rubble, refuse, garbage, waste matter, leavings, worthless stuff, odds
and ends
The rubbish is picked up twice a week.
Please put all the garbage in plastic bags.
come out (phr v) : appear, show up
The new book I wrote will show up out next year.
The stars appear as soon as it gets dark.
reject (v) : refuse to accept, decline, turn down
The goods were turned down because they were damaged.
Garry declined every offer until someone offered him what he thought the house was worth.
flaw (n) : crack, break, breach
I can't buy these dishes because they have breaks in them.
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The crack in this stamp makes it less valuable.

glow (v) : 1. burn softly, smolder, glitter, shimmer, twinkle, flicker
The remains of the fire smoldered for hours.
The hands of this watch glitter in the dark.
2. flush, blush, thrill, tingle, feel intensely, be enthusiastic about, be eager, be animated
The boy flushed with pride when he caught a fish.

pass away (phr v) : die, perish, suffer death, expire, pass away, pass on, pass over, leave this
world, depart, meet death, come to one's end, be heard of no more, draw the
last breath, go the way of all flesh, go to one's glory, go from dust to dust
After his father died, Dayflood managed the family business.
The first owner of this house drew the last breath twenty years ago.
minor (n) : child, youngster, teenager, youth, adolescent
ant. adult, elder, grown-up
A child can't legally drive a car in Turkey.
Youngsters are not allowed to purchase the cigarettes in most states.
inventory (n) : stock list, catalog, roster, roll, index, schedule, register, objects
or items represented on the list, stock, merchandise, goods, supply
The manager looked at the catalog to see if the auto part is available.
This store carries every kind of sporting equipment in their stock list.

BOOK 29
LESSON 2

courage (n) : bravery, fearlessness, daring, boldness, nerve, derring-do, fortitude

ant. cowardice, faintheartedness, pusillanimousness, timidity, terror, fear,dread
It takes a lot of bravery to dive into the water from the high rocks.
I didn't have the boldness to tell him his father's death.
resident (n) : inhabitant, resider, dweller, housekeeper, citizen, townsman,
local, tenant, occupant, lodger
I'm an inhabitant of this city, not a visitor.
Because of the gas leak, the citizens were ordered to evacuate the neighborhood.
reside (v) : dwell, live, occupy, inhabit, have residence, have one's abode, keep house, lodge, room
I have been living in Bartlett for seven years.
My sister dwells abroad.
booth (n) : compartment, enclosure, cubbyhole, nook
You have to buy a ticket from the woman in a ticket compartment.
There is a telephone nook over there.
host (n) : master of ceremonies, mistress of ceremonies, party giver,
welcomer

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At the end of the party we thanked our welcomer and went home.
The party giver introduced us to his other guests.
specify (v) : define, indicate, designate, enumerate, name, be specific about, focus on, stipulate,
cite, denote, particularize, describe, set forth
Did you define where the new office furniture was to be put?
The rules clearly set forth that you are not allowed to smoke inside.
announce (v) : publish, proclaim, declare, broadcast, advertise,
give out, sound abroad, reveal
They declared the date of their wedding in a local newspaper.
The government proclaimed that electricity charges will go up in fall.
balance (n) : 1.amount owed, amount credited, sum minus payment, remainder, rest, leftover,
residue, remnant, outstanding portion
I took the half of my leave in July. I want to take the rest of my yearly leave in
September.
I withdrew almost all of my money from the bank. The leftover isn't very large in the
bank.
2. quilibrium, stability, equipoise, counterpoise, weight, equality, equalization,
symmetry, parity
A new weapon improved by Turkey may upset the conventional stability between
Turkey and Greece.
There was an equality between males and females in the new class; l0 males, l0
females in the class.
pass on (phr v) : give, convey
That skill has been conveyed by my father to me.
Read this and then give it to the other writers.
complicate (v) : make complex, make intricate, make difficult, involve,
ant. uncomplicate, simplify, clarify, clear up
Don't make things complex for yourself; keep it simple.
wild (adj) : living in a natural state, untamed, undomesticated, unbroken,
feral, savage
This is a undomesticated rabbit; that is not.
Some untamed flowers are growing in the corner of my garden.
wilderness (n) : wild, wilds, bush, unsettled area, remote area, wasteland, waste, barrens, badlands,
desert, tundra, desolate tract
We saw only wild animals in the barrens.
The pilot got lost in the badlands for two days.
draw (v) : 1. pull, drag, haul, tow, pull along
How many horses will drag the royal coach?
2. attract, lure, allure, entice, charm, evoke, elicit, bring forth, make
appear
Cover the food so it won't draw the flies.

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get on with (phr v) : carry on, keep on, continue, go on

Go on your work until I say "stop".
The insturctor urged the students to continue their studies.
flavor (n) : characteristic taste, savor, tang, piquancy, gusto,
seasoning, flavoring, lacing
This cake has the savor of nutmeg.
The salad dressing has too much tang of garlic.
preserve (v) : keep safe, guard, protect, watch over, care for, shield, shelter, conserve, save, defend,
safeguard, maintain, keep intact, perpetuate, secure, keep sound, nurse, foster
It is government's responsibility to protect the wilderness.
The Park Service is fighting to save the environment of rare and endangered birds that live in
Izmir Bird Paradise.
segment (n) : part, piece, section, division, portion, installment,
increment, stage, leg
We watched all of the TV series except for one part.
Which section of this graph stands for agricultural products?
in connection with (prep) : with regard to, relating to
The police are interviewing two men with regard to the jewel robbery.
There is a long story relating to our first visit to Azerbaijan.
rare (adj) : seldom found, seldom to be met with, hard to find, scarce, few, few and far between,
infrequent, uncommon, unusual, exceptional, out of the common run, unique
ant. plentiful, many, bountiful, abundant, ubiquitous, profuse, manifold, often found, easy to find,
frequent, habitual, regular
She suffers from a seldom found blood disease.
His collection of unique coins is very valuable.
brave (adj) : courageous, valiant, valorous, heroic, fearless, dauntless, undaunted, stouthearted,
lionhearted, intrepid, unafraid, unflinching, unshrinking; plucky, spunky, gritty, game,
doughty
ant. cowardly, cringing, frightened, fearful, afraid, craven, fainthearted, chicken, chickenhearted,
yellow, yellow-livered, timid, timorous, shrinking
Is it fearless or just foolish to drive recklessly?
It was very heroic of you to stand up and make a speech in front of all these generals.
distract (v) : disturb, trouble, perplex, agitate, worry, disorder, confuse, bewilder, torment, madden,
craze
The view from the window disturbed him .
Too much noise from the back seat may confuse the driver.

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BOOK 29
LESSON 3
relate (v) : tell, recount, recapitulate, give an account of, report, detail, particularize, describe, make
known, reveal, disclose, divulge, impart, convey, communicate, state, say, utter, speak,
narrate, recite
She gave me some good advice, but it doesn't give an account of my situation.
He told us the story of his escape.
take charge of (phr v) : take control, assume control, take hold
We need a competent and trustworthy person to take hold of this project.
While the school commander is on vacation, the Dean of Academics will assume control.
prime (adj) : primary, chief, main, principal, cardinal, most important, leading, predominant, ruling,
preeminent, greatest, highest, maximal, crowning, paramount, superlative, supreme,
utmost; unsurpassed
ant. secondary, lowest, least important
A primary reason for our economic decline is lack of investment.
This is a matter of highest importance.
foundation (n) : basis, base, justification, cause, reason, rationale, root, ground, groundwork, source,
origin, commencement, purpose, motive, premise, assumption, underlying principle,
infrastructure
To become an engineer, one must have a solid basis in mathematics.
A strong desire to achieve and hard work was the reason of his success.
competent (adj) : skilled, skillful, expert, proficient, efficient; qualified, fit,
trained, practiced, experienced, versed, dependable, responsible, trustworthy
ant. incompetent, incapable, unskilled, unskillful, inexpert, unqualified, unfit, inexperienced,
inadequate
An efficient person is one who performs proficiently in the job.
Lt Victor has become quite skilled at the computer. He rarely makes any mistakes.

exhibit (v) : display, show, put on view, present for inspection, reveal, make
public, parade, demonstrate
ant. hide, conceal, suppress, repress, mask, secret, bury
Our soldiers showed great bravery in the battle.
The new cars are proudly displayed in the showroom window.
trait (n) : characteristic, quality, mark, distinguishing mark, attribute, feature, peculiarity
The chief features in the Turkish character are generosity and energy.
Her willingness to help others is her best quality.
Being smart is the characteristic I like most about her.

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admire (v) : view with approval, hold in high regard, hold in esteem, think highly of, respect, esteem,
praise, value, prize, take pleasure in
ant. hold in low regard, hold a low opinion of, view with disapproval
I respect her for the way she handles her staff.
Of all the former Turkish heads of state I praise ATATRK the most.
integrity (n) : honesty, probity, uprightness, moral soundness, moral stature, principle, character,
virtue, purity, rectitude, decency, morality, self- respect, straightforwardness
She is a woman of virtue. She's honest and can be trusted at all times.
Honesty is an important trait that all leaders should have so that their followers will believe in
them.
nature (n) : instinct, constitution, disposition, bent, humor, mood, birth, character, spirit, essence,
trait, characteristic, property, peculiarity, feature
It is not in her character to be rude; she is polite by nature.
It is only human feature to like money.
trustworthy (adj) : responsible, dependable, reliable, trusted, faithful, loyal, true, true-blue, tried and
true, steadfast, honorable, high-principled, honest, ethical, aboveboard, upright,
incorruptible, scrupulous
ant. untrustworthy, irresponsible, undependable, unreliable, disreputable, unfaithful, disloyal,
treacherous, dishonorable, dishonest, shad
Capt Pril is very dependable. If I tell him a secret, I know he won't repeat it to anyone.
In order to work in a bank, a person must be loyal.
values (n): ideals, standards, moral code, code of ethics, institutions, customs, rules, beliefs,
practices, conventions
A person's standards are one's ideas or opinions about what's important in life.
The beliefs today are different from the beliefs in the past.
style (n) : typical mode of expression, manner, characteristic tone, way of doing
Our new printing machine has fifteen different ways of printing from which to choose.
Here, we are learning formal manner of speaking and writing of English.
morale (n) : spirit, disposition, mental attitude, mood, temper, level of optimism, moral strength,
confidence, self-confidence, self-assurance, resolution
The soldiers mood was very high even if the period of their service was extended for four
months.
Simply telling him how valuable his work has boosted his moral strenght.
outfit (v) : equip, provision, supply, furnish, provision, appoint, fit
She is taking up tennis, so she went to a special store that supplied her with everything she
needed.
The soldiers were equipped with clothing and equipment for their first mission.
distinct (adj) : separate, different, dissimilar, diverse, individual, not identical
When practicing English, please pronounce the "p" and "b" differently; they're different sounds.
Those two ideas are quite separate from each other.
potential (n) : ability, possibilities, capability
He has the ability to become on Olympic Swimmer if he continues to practice and work hard at
his skill.
This school has enough capability to teach terminology in different phases.

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defy (v) : challenge, confront, resist, stand up to, oppose; disregard, disdain,
ant. encourage
The child resisted his parents and went to the movie after school.
They opposed their party leader and voted against his plan.
encourage (v) : inspire, give confidence to, inspirit, embolden, induce, give
hope to, hearten, rally, egg on, spur, exhort, impel, sway, reassure, hearten, cheer
You should inspire him in his attempts to become a pilot.
He heartened me to apply for the job.

implement (v) : put into effect, begin, activate, enact, start, set in motion, carry out, bring about,
fulfill, achieve, accomplish, realize
The commander's order will be carried out as soon as possible.
We will start the new regulations as soon as the training chief approves them.
incorporate (v) : include, embody, work in, consolidate, fuse, amalgamate, introduce into, assimilate
They included their sugestions into their plans.
The new plan embodied the old one.
factor (n) : consideration, reason, circumstance, element, part, component,
constituent, influence, cause
The president's support is an important cause in the success of project.
The climate of an area is an important influence in determining where some people choose to
live and work.
evaluate (v) : appraise, rate, assess, weigh, judge, estimate, size up,
value
The school has only been open for six months, so it is hard to assess its success.
Since that student has been here for only two weeks, it is difficult to estimate his progress right
now.
distinguish (v) : discriminate, discern, decide, note differences
Those two boys are identical twins, so it is difficult to decide which one is Leroy and which one
is Ben.
We second learners of English, have trouble noting the difference between "t" and "d" sounds
in certain words.

BOOK 29
LESSON
4

punch (v) : hit with the fist, strike

He struck the man on the nose.
intense (adj) : extreme, very great, concentrated, acute, sharp, strong, powerful,
forceful, considerable, forcible, potent, violent, keen
ant. weak, mild, moderate, gentle
I have a sharp pain in my chest.
The soldiers survived the extreme cold by wearing several layers of clothing.
My dad reads three books a day. His love for literature is powerful.
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diseased (adj) : morbid, pathological, pathologic

Throughout the history, certain morbid persons have been isolated from society.
In my opinion, the doctor will cut the pathological bone.
monitor (v) : 1. watch attentively, observe critically, censor
He watched the whole TV debate attentively to be sure the contestants got equal
coverage.
2. supervise, oversee, tend, take charge of, teach, guide, direct
I'm supervising the new group that is formed by the school commitee.
monitor (n) : television set, studio television receiver, TV set, TV, screen, warning device, sensor
He had a heart attack and the doctor hooked him up to a heart device in the hospital.
Look at the computer screen. Do you see your mistakes?
There is a TV set over there to watch the people shop in the store.
bring about (phr v) : effect, give rise, produce
Science has produced many changes in our lives.
Exposure to cold weather can give rise to many illness.
strip (n) : long narrow piece, slip, ribbon, band, stripe
The old book was held together with several bands.
frame (n) : framework, skeleton, structure, form, framing, scaffolding, mold, body
In a silver framework on the table there was a photo of his son.
Many houses in Turkey have wooden body.
perspire (v) : sweat
Most people sweat when exercising.
slam (v) : shut with force and noise, bang
Please don't bang the door of the car.
reveal (v) : make known, give out, bring to light, unmask, unveil, expose, uncover, make public,
publish, come out with, let out, display, show, exhibit
ant. conceal, hide, keep secret, veil, mask, cover
Do you promise not to let out my secret?
The investigation has unmasked some serious faults in the system.
X-rays often expose problems which can not be seen.
core (n) : 1. kernel, center, central part, innermost part, nucleus
Cut out the center of the apple.
2. essence, essential part, gist, heart, center, pith, substance, sum and
nub, meat
Let's get to the essence of the matter.

substance, crux,

content (n) : substance, essence, heart, core, thoughts, ideas, matter, meaning, gist,
thesis, text
I like the style of his writing, but I don't like the ideas.
The children shouted with joy when they saw the substance of the box.
auxiliary (adj): supplement, subsidiary, accessory, partner, companion, accomplice, associate,
helper, assistant, giver of aid, helping hand
In my opinion, we will need subsidiary teaching staff next year.
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During busy times of the year, many stores hire associate employees.
accessory (n) : addition, supplement, plus, adjunct, attachment, component, extension, auxiliary
The camera he bought came with several attachments.
I want to sell my car with its extensions such as radio and roof rack.
file (v) : store, put away, arrange for later reference, classify, catalog, index,
place on file, record, list, chronicle, make an entry of
You should put away your business papers in a safe place.
I classified the letters that were sent by the Commander.
prove (v) : verify, establish, substantiate, bear out, uphold, support, sustain, corroborate, document,
witness, authenticate, confirm, affirm, attest, certify, warrant, testify to, justify, make good,
validate, ascertain, show clearly, demonstrate, manifest, evidence
In order to verify his point, he showed us the latest sales figures.
The fingerprints confirmed that he was the murderer.
He certified himself to be a skilled computer operator.
blank (n) : empty space, space, void, gap
Fill in the space before you hand in your paper.
Leave a gap after each word to write the phonetic alphabet.

BOOK 30
LESSON
1
mate (n) : spouse, partner, consort, helpmate, husband
His partner in the lab is his best friend.
I lost the mate to this sock in the washing machine.
decorate (v) : ornament, adorn, beautify, bedeck, deck, array, trim, garnish, embellish, festoon
The streets were ornamented with flags.
A simple gold pin adorned her dress.
welcome (v) : greet, receive, bid welcome, meet, admit, usher in, treat hospitably, offer hospitality
to, entertain, do the honors, embrace, hold out the hand to, shake hands with, roll
out the welcome mat, receive with open arms, accept eagerly
President Demirel greeted the Azerbaijani president as he got off the plane.
The host and hostess met their guests at the door when they arrived.
compliment (n) : expression of praise, approving remark, commendation, praise, flattery, tribute,
honor, homage, congratulation
He was showered with praises on his excellent performance.
The students received tribute on their successes.
compliment (v) : praise, pay tribute to, laud, applaud, salute, toast, commend,
speak highly of, sing the praises of, exalt
I must praise the senior student about the way he handled the class.
I usually applaud my wife on her cooking and make-ups.
praise (v) : commend, laud, approve, acclaim, congratulate, compliment, applaud,

- 231 -

cheer
The doctor approved of her courage.
The colonel congratulated the men for the drill performance.

souvenir (n) : reminder, remembrance, relic, keepsake, token, emblem,

trophy, scar, memory
I visited Bursa on my vacation and bought zdilek towels as tokens
for my relations.
He bought a little model of Blue Mosque as a reminder of his holiday in Istanbul.
fraction (n) : part of a whole, fractional part; section, segment, piece, portion,
subdivision, ratio, proportion
The door wouldn't close because a piece of it was broken.
My daughter set aside a portion of her room for her toys.
appreciate (v) : be grateful for, be thankful for, regard highly, feel indebted,
acknowledge
The students were grateful for the instructor's help.
Any help you can give will be acknowledged.
furnace (n) : heater, heating system, oven, stove, incinerator, forge, boiler, kiln
The students don't have heat in their building because the heater isn't working.
Some ovens are wood-burning.
figure (n) : 1. amount, rate, cost, quotation, sum, value
They're asking a high amount for their house.
2. shape, outline, silhouette, body, physique, build, contour, cut, cast, configuration,
frame, anatomy
What a fine configuration of a computer it is!
boost (n) : 1. lift, heave, hoist, raise, shove, push
Give me a lift onto the horse.
2. increase, raise, hike, addition, increment, growth, development, enlargement,
expansion, advance, improvement, rise, pickup,
upsurge, upswing, upturn, upward trend
I received a pay advance. Last month saw a rise in sales.
boost (v) : 1. lift, raise, heave, hoist, elevate, push, shove, pitch,
Lift me up so I can look out of the window.
2. increase, raise, advance, raise upward, add to, enlarge, expand, advance, develop,
improve
The new assembly line advanced production by 20 percent.
grateful (adj) : thankful, full of gratitude, deeply appreciative, gratified
ant. ungrateful, unappreciative, disobliged
I was thankful to Mike for bringing books.
I'm deeply appreciative that you didn't tell my wife about this.

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research (n): inquiry, investigation, search, factfinding, analysis, scrutiny, study, inspection,
examination, probe, exploration
They are carrying out some inquiry on the effects of brain damage.
He had to do a lot of analysis in order to complete the job.
We plan on setting up a inspection laboratory in our school.
research (v) : do research on, study, investigate, conduct an examination on
They're investigating the effects of cigarette smoking.
This book has been very well studied before being published.
speech (n) : speaking, oral communication, talking, talk, articulation, utterance, voice,
vocalization, conversation, dialogue, converse, colloquy, discourse, verbalization,
verbal intercourse, oral, commerce,discussion, remarks, statement, spoken words,
observation, pronouncement, expression, declaration, comment
I had to give a talk to the Press Club.
The declaration given by the professor was long and boring.
A colloquy was arranged between the two ambassadors.
link(n) : tie, bond, connecting part, connection, interconnection, junction, splice, association,
relation, liaison,relationship
Research has established a connection between smoking and lung cancer.
To tell the truth, I broke all the relationship with my former wife.
If there isn't a bond between your speech and the topic, no one can understand you clearly.

BOOK 30
LESSON 2

seep (v) : leak, ooze, trickle, dribble, drip, suffuse, diffuse, penetrate,
permeate, soak, soak through
ant. gush, flow, flood
Water had leaked into the house through cracks in the roof.
The water oozed from between the pipes.
well (n) : spring, pool, fountain
When we were growing up on the farm, we always got our water directly from the fountain.
In my house I use spring water to clean everything.
residue (n): remainder, remains, leavings, scraps, rest
After the tanker collision, a sticky oil remainder expanded on the surface of the water.
Certain types of soap leave remains in the bathtub.
bureau (n) : agency, department, office, division, station, administration,
branch, service.
You can get extra information from the Tourism Information Department.
The Census Office is responsible for keeping the track of the Turkey population growth.
punish (v) : subject to a penalty, penalize,chastise, correct, discipline, sentence, imprison, fine;
give one his deserts, rebuke, reprove, admonish, castigate, chasten, take to task,
dress down

- 233 -

ant. excuse, pardon, forgive; exonerate, absolve, vindicate, praise, laud, reward
You should be severly penalized for dangerous driving.
The teacher rebuked him for his laziness.
compensate (v) : 1. recompense, reimburse, make restitution, pay back, repay, make up, cover,
redress, redeem, make compensation, indemnify, pay, remunerate
Many firms repay their workers if they are injured at work.
2. make up, offset, balance, counterbalance, make amends, square
ant. emphasize, exaggerate, worsen, add insult to injury
The marvelous acting made up for the play's weak script.
diminish (v): reduce, lessen, shrink, abate, decrease, make smaller, shorten, lower
ant. enlarge, augment, increase, amplify, enhance,
heighten, magnify, expand, grow, burgeon, increase
His illness lessened his strenght.
Plenty of rest and fluids should help to decrease the effects of your
cold.
crumble (v) : break into crumbs, fragment, splinter, crush, grind, pulverize,
powder, grate
The earthquake caused many tall buildings to crush.
When he accidentally sat on his package of crackers, they all break into crumbs.
invert (v) : turn around, turn over, turn upside down, turn end for end, upturn, turn topsy-turvy,
turn inside out, invert, transpose
If you reverse the card, you will see what I mean.
The pilot can turn the plane upside down.
spray (v) : discharge, atomize, scatter, disperse, shower, drizzle, sprinkle,
spatter, moisten, dampen, coat, treat
He discharged paint on the wall.
Before leaving his house the young man moistened himself with his favourable cologne.
reciprocate (v) : act in order
The pistons in the engine act in order.
simultaneous (adj) : occurring at the same time, accompanying, concurrent, coincident,
synchronous, synchronal, synchronic, existing at the same time, coexistent,
coexisting, contemporaneous
There was a coincident broadcast of the news on TV and radio at eight last night.

fully (adv) : completely, entirely, wholly, totally, altogether, quite, perfectly, in all respects, in every
respect, from first to last, throughout, from top to toe, from head to foot, positively,
utterly, at all points, substantially, on the whole, every inch, heart and soul
We need an entirely trained soldiers to fight against enemies.
The soldiers were perfectly prepared for the attack.

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BOOK
30
LESSON 3

joint (adj) : mutual, common, shared, sharing or acting in common, community, communal, handin-hand, collaborative, collective, cooperative, coalitional, conjoined, conjunctive,
combined, allied, united, corporate, unified, associated, associate, consolidated
ant. individual, solitary, lone
We did it, it was a collective effort.
The two governments issued a mutual statement.
The armies of the allied countries went on associated maneuvers.
policy (n) : practice, procedure, course of action, mode of management, line of
conduct, system, program, routine, habit, custom, rule, behavior, way,
method, platform, principle, style, plan, scheme, strategy, tactics,
design
Company principle is to give all employees a rise once a year.
The Air Force has developed a new safety plan.
The government must evolve new strategy to reduce unemployment.
concept (n) : idea, thought, conception, theory, hypothesis, postulate, notion, surmise,
supposition, impression, image, view, opinion, belief, conviction
It is difficult to grasp the theory of infinite space.
She doesn't have any notion of how to operate that machine.
feasible (adj) : judicious, wise, sensible, intelligent; logical, rational, sane, sound, credible,
plausible, probable, possible, likely, well-grounded, well-founded, admissible,
justifiable, understandable, legitimate, proper, suitable, fitting, equitable, fair, just
Your plan sounds quite sensible.
An attack by land is not really rational.
It is likely that the governor can lose the election.
ambiguous (adj) : equivocal, vague, unclear, cryptic, enigmatic, puzzling, indefinite, uncertain,
doubtful; misleading, having a double meaning
ant. explicit, definite, specific, direct, conclusive, clear, plain, frank, unmistakable, obvious,
simple, lucid, unquestionable, honest
" Indian " is a vague word because it can refer to an American Indian or a native of India.
He gave an unclear reply.
The politician made an indefinite statement to the reporter.
global (adj) : worldwide, universal, planetary, intercontinental, international, general, widespread,
comprehensive, all-encompassing, unlimited, unbounded, all-out
ant. local, neighborhood, regional, sectional, provincial, limited, restricted, confined
Global warming will continue to be a problem for many years.
The war escalated into the international conflict.
priority (n) : precedence, greater importance, preference, urgency, immediacy, the lead,
precedency, preeminence, antecedence, seniority, superiority, ascendancy
The badly wounded has urgency for medical attention over those only slightly hurt.
The general's plane has the lead clearance for takeoff.
The rank has superiority in military.

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conflict (n) : fight, combat, battle, struggle, clash, warfare, hostility, encounter,
confrontation, action, skirmish, engagement, fray, scuffle, melee, setto, fracas, tussle
There is a struggle in our office over the question of smoking.
The navy lost 23 ships in the battle.
The play was a skirmish of wits.
conflict (v) : to be in opposition, disagree, oppose, be contrary, clash, collide, be inharmonious,
be contradictory
The farmers and the city disagree on water rights.
Your idea is contrary to my idea.
mobile (adj) : movable, portable, transportable, traveling, ambulatory, locomotive, not permanent
The marines had ten portable missile launchers.
The television station has a transportable transmitter.
secure (v) : 1.free from harm, make safe, safeguard, defend, protect,
shelter, insure
Extra men are needed to defend the camp against attack.
They need new investment to insure the company's future.
2. fix firmly, fasten, lash tight, batten down, tie down, bind
They fixed the windows firmly when the storm began.
The man fastened the papers with string so they wouldn't blow away.
security (n) : freedom from danger, freedom from harm, protection, safety,
safekeeping, preservation, maintenance, support, care, keep
The purpose of the army is to maintain national safety.
Those men provide preservation for the president.
That man is responsible for the care of my house.
base (v) : derive from, model on, found on
The judge modeled his decision on the facts.
My company is found on overseas.
formulate (v): express clearly, state, define, systematize, frame, draft, compose, specify,
particularize, itemize, devise, invent
The general was forced to define a new plan of attack.
A scientific theory is usually stated before experimentation begins.
commit (v) : perform, carry out, do, act, enact, transact, practice, perpetrate, execute, effect,
pursue, participate in
A skilled worker can perform the task easily.
The colonel carried out his troops to the battle.
contingency (n) : emergency, unforeseen event, likelihood, possibility
accident, extremity, urgency, predicament
You'll need to have a emergency plan in case the main plan fails.
We have taken every possible unforeseen event into account.
conventional (adj) : traditional, customary, accepted, proper, orthodox, normal, standard, regular,
common, routine, usual.
ant. unconventional, unorthodox, extraordinary, uncommon, abnormal
That army is only equipped with traditional weapons.
That car has standard brakes.
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adopt (v) : 1. become the legal parent of, take as one's own child
The Adams Family adopted her right after the birth.
2. formally approve, accept, choose, appropriate, take up, follow, embrace, espouse,
utilize, employ, assume, affect, use, acknowledge, conform to
We've accepted a motto for our club.
The schools must use new methods of teaching foreign languages.
ant. 1 give up for adoption, place, disinherit.
2 give up, cast aside, cast off, spurn, forswear, repudiate, reject, disclaim, annul,
abrogate
proportion (n) : relative amount, relationship, ratio, balance, distribution, correlation,
correspondence
The distribution of women to men in the population has changed in recent years.
An army spends the largest amount of its time preparing for combat.
ratio (n) : proportional relation, interrelationship, proportion, proportionality,
relation, arrangement, distribution, apportionment
The equation of nursing staff to doctors is 2:1.
The enemy outnumbered them by a proportion of 2:1.

equation, fixed

opponent (n) : opposition, rival, competitor, adversary, contender, challenger, antagonist, foe,
enemy, assailant, disputant, resister
ant. ally, colleague, co-worker, teammate, helper, accomplice, cohort, friend, supporter,
promoter, backer
Their rival in this game will be a team from Spain.
In war you should never underestimate your challenger.
tactic (n) : course of action, plan, stratagem, way, tack, method, scheme, policy, approach, line,
means of getting one's way
The general drew his plan for the following day's battle.
In the academy, all officers must study offensive and defensive stratagem.
originate (v) : begin, start, commence, proceed, emanate, arise, rise, derive, come, germinate,
flow, issue, spring up, crop up, sprout, emerge, stem, be based in
The plan of attack came from headquarters.
The Mississipi River starts in the state of Minnesota.
pattern (n) : design, decorative design, motif, form, shape
The shirt had an unusual striped shape on it.
I liked this dress motif very much.

contrary to (adj) : opposed, opposite, contradictory, counter, completely different or wholly

opposed in opposition to
In opposition to all our advice, he gave up his job.
Your opinion is opposite of mine so I can't accept it.
in essence (adv) : essentially, basically, fundamentally
Basically, the problem is a simple one.
The president said, essentially, that he would refuse the new tax increase.
missing (adj) : lost, absent, not found
I have two absent teeth.
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Hundreds of lost people are reported to the police everyday.

caution (v) : warn, forewarn, alert, put on one's guard, tip off, admonish, exhort, advise, alarm,
notify
She warned the children against talking to strange men.
The police alerted the motorist about speeding.
simulate (v) : pretend, fake, act, play, playact, pose, make believe,
imitate, ape, mimic, copy
She pretended to be sad to get our sympathy.
He faked a nervous disorder to stay out of the army.

BOOK 30
LESSON 4

religion (n) : belief in God or gods, faith, belief, religious faith, worship, adoration, devotion,
reverence, veneration, homage, piety, devoutness, godliness, religiousness,
spirituality, theology, dogma, cult, creed, canon
The practice of many beliefs is allowed in most countries.
He is a member of the Catholic faith.
service (n) : ritual, ceremony, ceremonial, rite, celebration, observance
The wedding ceremony was short but beautiful.
Ritual Services honoring the dead were held Monday.
condolence (n) : sympathy, commiseration, solace, comfort, compassion,
consolation, pity
ant. congratulation, felicitation
He felt tremendous sympathy for the war orphans.
He sent me a letter of pity.
shock (v) :surprise, stun, stagger, shake, daze, stupefy, paralyze, jar, jolt, overwhelm, bowl over,
give a turn, dismay, distress, disturb, upset, unsettle, disquiet, discompose, disconcert,
astonish, startle, horrify, disgust, revolt, offend, outrage
I was stunned by the news of my friend's death.
The violence and bad language in the programme horrified many of the viewers.
All were startled to learn of the disappearance of the mayor.
tragic (adj) : appalling, heartbreaking, sad, lamentable, pathetic, piteous, pitiful, pitiable,
deplorable, mournful, grievous, dreary, woeful, unhappy, dire, shocking, awful,
frightful, terrible, horrible, disastrous, calamitous, catastrophic, fatal, deadly, ruinous,
devastating, destructive
There was a heartbreaking accident on eme Highway in the fog: seven people died.
Is there anything in life more shocking than the death of an innocent child?
astonish (v) : surprise, astound, amaze, overwhelm, take aback; startle, stun, shock, electrify,
stupefy, daze, dazzle, stagger, strike dumb, dumfound, flabbergast, make one's
eyes pop, take one's breath away, perplex, bewilder, confound, confuse

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ant. come as no surprise, be expected, anticipate, foresee, count upon, bore

We were all suprised by the news.
She has been promoted again - She amazed me!
astonishing (adj) : surprising, astounding, amazing, overwhelming, overpowering, startling,
breathtaking, staggering, striking, impressive, shocking, electrifying,
stupefying, dazzling; perplexing, bewildering, confounding, confusing
ant. expected, anticipated, foreseen, looked for
The lack of resistance by the enemy was impressive.
My daughter's painting ability was very breathtaking.
I read an amazing piece of news on the paper today.
shame (n): 1. guilt, remorse, self-disgust, self-abomination, embarrassment,
mortification, shamefacedness, unworthiness
The student felt great guilt at having flunked the test.
2. disgrace, dishonor, contempt, ignominy, humiliation, mortification, disrepute,
disrespect, degradation, debasement
The corrupt politician brought disgrace to his party.
amend (v) : change, revise, modify, alter, emend
The political parties reached an agreement on altering 1982 constitution.
It is not good but vital to modify the constitution.
amendment (n) : revision, modification, change, alteration, emendation,
improvement, correction, rectification, reform
The first ten alteration to the U.S. Constitution are called the Bill of Rights.
So many changes are made to the law, so I can't follow it.
pass (v) : exact, legislate, establish by law, vote approval on, approve, ratify, authorize, sanction,
decree, ordain, legalize, accept; affirm, confirm.
A new law is approved by the Parliament yesterday.
A law requiring employers to allow parental leave may be accepted this year.
office (n) : position, post, job, capacity, function, occupation, role, commission, appointment
Mr.Demirel held the role of President after former president Turgut zal had died.
The general election will be held in November to fill state and national positions.
run ( v ) : compete, enter the lists, stand, campaign, make a bid
Six candidates are competing for the office of mayor this year.
People who stands for public office must be willing to give up their privacy because they are
always in view of the public.
Mr. Evren didn't campaign for Presidency a second time.
accord (n) : agreement, harmony, accordance, mutual understanding
concurrence, unison, concert, unanimity, uniformity, conformity, consonance; rapport,
sympathy
The two sides are completely in harmony with each other on this matter.
I'm as a teacher in full mutual understanding with my students in and out of the classroom.
sympathy (n) : concern, compassion, feeling, commiseration, tenderness, empathy, grief, sorrow,
pity
My mother squeezed my hand with tenderness after the operation.
I didn't get much concern from the doctor when I told him my pain.
The teacher felt little pity for the lazy student when he failed the course.
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