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JACKDAW NO.37
ASSASSINATION
AT
BROADSHEET NO.
SARAJEVO
of revolutions in
the early nineteenth century,
Serbia won her independence, but
all around her fellow South Slavs
remained subjects of the Turkish
Ottoman Empire, or the incr,easrngly powerful dual monarchy of
Austria-Hungary.
In the rBTos Serbia and Monte-
After a
series
al
Hungary
administer Bosnia-Herzegovina,
7'
Annexed by Austria-Hungary
In rgoS Austiia-Hungary arbitrarily_annexed the territory. Resentment in Serbia and national
Archduke
| --
dabrinovi6 stood
near here when he
threw the bomb
-*-
"7(
( --
Town Hall
Geling in
Bosnia-Herzegovina
grew more fanatical than ever. In
rgog Serbia was persuadedbythe
Great Powers to issue a pledge of
good neighbourliness with the dual
monarchy, and war was averted.
But nothing could stop the fury
of the Bosnian nationalists looking
hope{ully across the border to the
Town Hall
after bomb thrown
SARAIEVO
ASSASSINATION
AT
SAR AItrV(^)
defeat at
,l
SARAJEVO
of Christian
churches.
In
the
WHY
SARAJEVO?
.T NTHE WARM MID-MORN-
It"*
kingdom of Serbia
were free from foreign rule'
In the Middle Ages, Serbia had
grown into a powerful country
under the leadership of Stephen
into action.
reached
of
have
happened.
JACKDAW NO. 37
ASSASSIN-{TION
AT
,SARAJEVO
llR()Al)SIIIIET
N().
11
ASSASSINATION
AT
SARAIEVO
VICTIMS
Jor"f
intellectual with keen artistic interests, a brilliant shot with an almost unhealthy passion for
blood sports, overbearing and quick-tempered, caring littie for popularity, but a good judge
of character who appreciated li'ank speech. He could be charming, but was often harsh and
violent to the point that there were even doubts concerning his mental stability. "... though
it may seem a little brutal to say so," wrote Sir Arthur Nicolson from the Foreign Office to
Sir George Buchanan, British Aml;assador in St Petersl)urg, two days after the assassination,
"it is possible that the new heir will be more popular...and (he) is not bound by hard-set
prejudices and predilections."
Franz Ferdinand was born in r 863. As a child he was always ill and comparatively ignored,
since no one expected him to live long. FIe was certainly not expected to become the heirapparent to the throne * the Emperor alreadv
had a son of his own, Rudolf. But Franz expect more bombs. The Governor and Chief
Ferdinand did not die, while his cousin of Police appeared to think that nothing more
Rudolf committed suicide tragically in IBB9. could happen. At a time when there rvas so
The peace-loving Emperor and his head- much national {beling in Bosnia, it was
strong nephew were never very attached to astonishing that they did not expect another
each other, and things got worse when incident and equally astonishing that the
Ferdinand married Countess Sophie Chotek, a streets of Sarajevo were not better guarded.
lady-in-waiting to the Archduchess Isabella, Although there were 7o,ooo troops gathered
for military manoeuvres a {bw miles away,
who had regarded her own daughter as a candidate for the royal wedding. Sophie came the town had only Izo police.
fi'orn an oici buc irnpovcrisircci Buirctliarr rroblc
After a short consuitation it was agreed to
familrr e.d had nn n'lace in the F,mneror's
+La rnrr+a.-'l
...^i''l
+ho
afraafa
childre n,"
few
minutes longer.
Rumours that the assassination was part of
a Serbian piot seem to have spread quickly.
Riots broke out in Sarajevo, and homes and
business premises owned by Serbs were
pillaged and wrecked. The police stood by
and did nothing.
to
to
assassinate the Archduke (another escapeci to Serbra) and twenty others were
It
Empire.
JACKDAW NO. 37
ASSASSTNATTON
AT
SARAJEVO
BROADSHEET NO.
III
spread nationalist ideas," But, unlike dabrinovii and GrabeZ, he regretted nothing.
GrabeZ, too, would have liked the death of
Potiorek. Of Franz Ferdinand, he commented
"...he was the enemy of the Slav world."
by Danilo
ASSASSINATION
AT
SARAJEVO
THE
ASSASSINS
custodl,t
their plans to Danilo lli(' a former schoolteacher and member of a particularly active
revolutionary group modelled on the Black
Hand, who recruited three more students for
the plot in Sarajevo.
The account given oftheirjourney back to
Bosnia by the three young men at their trial
reads like an extract from adventure fiction.
A note was given to them for a certain captain
of the frontier guards. At the frontier they
Their positions along the quay which borders the Miljacka river through Sarajevo were
decided and they dispersed. "I chose a place
where there were not too many people," said
eabrinovii. "I only wanted to kill him."
He
thought of kiiling him and then himselt but
gave up the idea when he saw the cars con-
to implicate others.
Equally they were clear on their
reasons
Ferdinand from a
station."
On learning what had happened, GrabeZ's
first thought was to hide his weapons. Later
he returned to his home in Pale where he was
arrested. Others
in the conspiracy
were
JACKDAW NO.37
ASSASSTNATION
AT
SARAJEVO
BROADSHEET NO. IV
ASSASSINATION
AT
SARAJEVO
ULTIMATUM
Deliberate delav
The delay had its reasons. On
zoth
LIIC Wt4PUrra
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IL r5 4r5u
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rt -
Deliberate delav
q--1.;^-
Berchtold had two other problems to overcome. One was the peace-loving nature of the
Paul PoPPer
Kaiser Wilhelm
Kaiser irnpatient
It took a few days to win Germany's
backing, though the views of the arrogant,
impatient Kaiser Wilhelm were in no doubt
("It is high time a clean sweep was made of
the Serbs"). But the news that Austria should
take whatever steps she considered necessary
and could rely on the loyal support of her aliy
reached Vienna from Berlin on July 5th-6th.
At a meeting of the Council of Minisrers lor
Joint Affairs on July 7th it was decided that
an ultimatum should be served on Serbia, all,
except Tisza, agreeing the demands should be
such as "would render their rejection probable, in order to clear the road for a radical
solution by way of military operations".
Tisza was won round on July r4th, and the
text of the ultimatum was agreed at a meeting
of theJoint Ministers on the r9th. Germany's
approval seems to have put Emperor Franz
Josef's mind
he
Emperor Franz
Josd
JACKDAW' NO.
37
ASSASSINATTON
AT
BROADSHEET NO. V
SARAJEVO
ASSASSINATION
AT
SARAJEVO
proval.
Most of the Creat Powets, thouqh shaken,
were still hopeful that the fin:rl disaster ol a
European war could be averted. The danger
EUROPE'S
REACTION
to
negotiations between
St Petersburg
ar-rd
Vienna.
Belgrade bornbarded
OnJuly zgth Austria bombarded Belgrade
Russia began partial mobilization on her
borders with Austria, assuring Germany that
there was no hostile intent towards herself.
Jzr"gtiw liati saici ihat iiRussia trobiiizcti in tLc
.
1:'iS
'::aQ
command.
On July 2gth Tsar Nicholas sent a telegram to the Kaiser, proposing that the
Austro-Serbian problem be referred to the
Hague Tribunal. Others in Germany were
showing alarm, and several appeals for
moderation were sent to Vienna.
Before their effect could be known, however, a series of moves in the military circles
of Europe put an end to all hopes of peace.
The exact order'of these moves is still in doubt.
In St Petersburg, order and counter-order
the
Belgrade cautious
Russia, though alarmed and indignant,
urged caution in Belgrade without, however,
suggesting that Serbia should accept the conditions of the ultimatum unconditionally.
Might she have done so without Russia's
support ? In the event, Belgrade's Eaution
was extreme. Serbia's reply on July z5th
to
declared by
Ge
rmany at
outcome
JACKDAW NO,37
ASSASSTNATTON
AT
BROADSI{EDT NO. VI
SARAJEVO
HE BRITISH ATTITUDE
towards the disaster that was descending upon Europe can be summed up in
ASSASSINATION
AT
SARAJEVO
THE BRITISH
REACTION
became involved and France became involved, we had not made up our minds what
we should do..."
'Astounding proposals'
the
morning of July 3oth came an
On
urgent telegram from Sir Edward Goschen, thinkable. But unfortunately it was no longer
British Ambassador in Berlin. It reported a just a question of the survival of one small
meeting with the German Chancellor and Balkan state.
said, "The Imperial Government was ready
On July 27th a leading article in the
to give every assurance to the British GovernManchester Guardian warned "The European
ment, provided that Great Britain remained war which has been talked about for so long
at the
Foreign
Serbia,
and is in no danger ofbeing dragged into the
conflict by treaties of alliance." As the danger
spread and the threat grew, so did the body of
protest against British involvement, right up
to the eve of war. On the morning of August
4th, the
Manchester Guardian's
leading article
it to be a patriotic
Britaints ultirnaturn
The same day Sir Edward Grey, in a telegram to Berlin, instructed the British Anebassador to ask for his nassoorts and to sav that
mined to go to war, and that the one restraining influence so far has been the fear o
Englandjoining in the defence ofFrance and
Belgium."
Yet two days later, on August rst, Sir
of
against
On July 25th a
which the failure of the Home Rule Conference casts upon her to divert her attention
from the grave crisis that has arisen in Europe
within the last thirty-six hours. " On July 3 r st,
under a stern black heading on the leader
page, The Times outlined the 'Interests and
Duty' of Great Britain and why she should
have to take part in the conflict. Unaware of
this, the British public continued to make
their plans for a Continental holiday. "So
far," remarked The Times, also on July 3rst,
"the outbreak of war has not greatly disturbed holidaymakers who are contemplating
a Continental _journey next week..."
The same day Germany asked France to
o1f
remain neutral in the event of a RussoGerman war. France reiused. On August rst
Germany declared war on Russia. On
August znd she asked Belgium to eive her
The same day Sir Edward Grey, in a telegram to Berlin, instructed the British Ambassador to ask for his passports and to say that
"H.M. Government feel bound to take all
steps in their power to uphold the neutrality
of Belgium and the observance of a Treaty to
which Germany is as much a party as ourselves." The treaty in question was that of
rB3g, placing the neutrality of Belgium under
rth.
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Translation of the telegram from Austria-Hungary to Serbia
it
NO,37
ASSASSINATION
AT
SARAJEVO
I
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Lailb
IONSIOIN OFFICE,
Anguet
in1lt
\
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Your.lJxcellency:'o.-"
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li,iajesi,yt e Oovernrnentlconsider
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between t,i're two
ambassador
in lf*
at Eerlin,
c*nsidsr*tion,
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hwrbls $ervant,
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'' Many years will have passed by the time you read this letter.
A little bud will have grown into a beautiful blossorn. The little Nada
whose picture is before me will have grown into a fine girl. Your
father can imagine you as a young woman, ful1 of rnodesty, that most
gracious quality of girlhood; quiet and calm, thoughtful and intelligent.
My child, the only thing that your father can leave you is his honest and
untarnished name. He remains in your debt; but he leaves you his great
love and his unblemished name.
Now you are alreadSz grown-up and can understand those
turnultuous times in which your father 1ived and, if you can understand
and in these
Your father,
Veljko"
IACKDAW NO. ?7
ASSASSINATION
AT
SARAIEVO