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Advanced Fluid Mechanics (MEEN622)

PROJECT 1: POTENTIAL FLOW


Background
The purpose of this project is to gain experience in understanding two-dimensional
potential flows, which are flows for which the effects of viscosity are neglected. In spite
of this, you should find from this project that predictions of lift on airfoils are quite
reasonable. To see this we will make estimates of the lift on an actual aircraft, the Boeing
757.
A. Definitions
In order to complete this assignment let us agree on certain definitions. First, the complex
potential will be defined by:
w(z) = + j ,
where z = x + jy , is the velocity potential, is the stream function, and j = 1 . The
velocity components will then be given by:
u = / y = / x, v = / x = / y ,
and, dw / dz = u jv .
B. Characteristics of the Boeing 757
One goal of this project is to ascertain information such as lift, streamline patterns,
pressure distributions, and flow speeds for a Boeing 757 using potential flow theory.
We will all agree to use the following dimensions and other constants associated with the
Boeing 757 as follows: wing width = 5.79 m, wing length = 15.24 m, flying altitude =
10,668 m, air pressure = 30 kPa, speed = 268.22 m/s, and air density = 0.011kg/m3.
Task 1: Flow over a Cylinder
The complex potential, w(z) , for a two-dimensional potential flow over a cylinder is
given by:
"
R 2 e j % " K %
w(z) = U $ ze j +
' + j $ ' ln z
z & # 2 &
#

As we discussed in class, the three terms in the sum above represent respectively, a
uniform stream, a dipole, and a potential vortex. Here U is the freestream velocity, R is
the radius of the cylinder, is the angle of attack, and K is the circulation associated
with the potential vortex. In all calculations and plots, use a free stream velocity, and air
density which would be typical for a Boeing 757. Choose R to be the width of a typical
wing. For this flow calculate and plot:
A. The drag, lift, pressure distribution, and streamlines for zero circulation and zero angle
of attack.
B. The drag, lift, pressure distribution, and streamlines for zero angle of attack but with 4
evenly spaced circulation values in the range 4UR > K > 0 .

C. The drag, lift, pressure distribution, and streamlines for case B but with an angle of
attack = 10 degrees.
Task 2: Flow over an Ellipse
Use the Jukowski transformation given by:

z = z + a 2 / z to map the cylinder flow given in task 1 above into flow over an ellipse.
A. Repeat the three steps of part A in task 1 for the case a / R = 0.5
B. Repeat the three steps of part B in task 1 for the case a / R = 0.5
C. Repeat the three steps of part C in task 1 for the case a / R = 0.5
D. Repeat the three steps of part B in task 1 for the case a / R = 0.95
Task 3: Flow over a Jukowski Airfoil
The cylinder described in part one above is now offset as shown in Figure 1.
1. Assume a / R = 0.5 , / a = 0.05 , and = 0. Repeat the steps of task 2.
2. Assume a / R = 0.5 , / a = 0.05 , and / a = 0.05 . Repeat the steps of task 2.
Task 4: Prediction of lift on a Boeing 757 using the Jukowsi airfoil model
Using all of your knowledge from tasks 1, 2, and 3, predict the lift generated from one
wing of a Boeing 757 for = 0 and = 10 . Keep in mind that you will need to adjust
the circulation such that you achieve realistic flows, and in addition, you should look at
real wing cross-sections to guide you in developing the correct wing shapes.

Figure 1: Image of a circle in the x-y plane whose center is offset by


and in the vertical.

in the horizontal

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