EE292

EE292
Chapter 5.
Steady State Sinusoidal Analysis
(part 1)
Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Allan R. Hambley
Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

All rights reserved.
Steady-State Sinusoidal Current & Voltage
V = V0 exp(jwt+f),
I = I0 exp(jwt+f),
= w V
= wI

Allan R. Hambley

EE292
Capacitor complex impedance

t
q Cv qt i t dt qt0
t0
dv
iC
dt
1
v t i t dt v t0
C t0
Complex Impedance & Phasor form
VC Z C I C
1
ZC
exp( j )
90
jwC
2
wC
Allan R. Hambley

EE292
Inductor complex impedance
di
v t L
dt
1
i t v t dt i t0
L t0
Complex Impedance & Phasor form
VL Z L I L
Z L jwL wL exp( j ) wL90

2
Allan R. Hambley

5.1 SINUSOIDAL CURRENTS AND

VOLTAGES
1
2
f
w
T
T
w 2f
sinz cosz 90
Vm is the peak value

is the angular frequency in radians per second
is the phase angle
T is the period
Allan R. Hambley

Root-Mean-Square Values (3 operations)

Vrms
v t dt
2
2
rms
Pavg
Vrms
Vm
I rms
1
2
t dt
T 0
2
Pavg I rms
R
RMS Value of a Sinusoid

Allan R. Hambley

Figure 5.1 A sinusoidal voltage waveform

given by v(t) = Vm cos (t + ). Note: Assuming
that
is in degrees, we have tmax=
T. For
360
the waveform shown, is 45.
EE292

Allan R. Hambley

EE292
Figure 5.2 Voltage and power versus time for

Example 5.1.

Allan R. Hambley

5.2 Phasors
Time function : v1 t V1 cost 1
Phasor : V1 V11
V1

Allan R. Hambley

EE292
Phasor as Rotating Vector

A sinusoid can be represented as the real part
of a vector rotating counterclockwise in the
complex plane.
Sinusoids can be
visualized as the realaxis projection of
vectors rotating in the
complex plane. The
phasor for a sinusoid is
a snapshot of the
corresponding rotating
vector at t = 0.
Allan R. Hambley

Adding Sinusoids Using Phasors

Step 1: Determine the phasor for each term.
Step 2: Add the phasors using complex

arithmetic.
Step 3: Convert the sum to polar form.
Step 4: Write the result as a time function.

Allan R. Hambley

Examples 5.3: Using Phasors to Add

Sinusoids
v1 t 20 coswt 45
v2 t 10 coswt 60
V1 20 45
V2 10 30

Allan R. Hambley

Vs V1 V2
20 45 10 30
14.14 j14.14 8.660 j5

23.06 j19.14
29.97 39.7
vs t 29.97 coswt 39.7

Allan R. Hambley

Phase Relationships
To determine phase relationships from a
phasor diagram, consider the phasors to
rotate counterclockwise. Then when standing
at a fixed point, if V1 arrives first followed by
V2 after a rotation of , we say that V1 leads
V2 by . Alternatively, we could say that V2
lags V1 by . (Usually, we take as the
smaller angle between the two phasors.)

Allan R. Hambley

Determining Phase Relationships

To determine phase relationships between
sinusoids from their plots versus time, find
the shortest time interval tp between positive
peaks of the two waveforms. Then, the
phase angle is
= (tp/T ) 360. If the peak of v1(t)
occurs first, we say that v1(t) leads v2(t) or
that v2(t) lags v1(t).

Allan R. Hambley

EE292
Example: Because the vectors rotate

counterclockwise, V1 leads V2 by 60 (or,
equivalently, V2 lags V1 by 60).

Allan R. Hambley

EE292
The peaks of v1(t) occur 60 before the peaks of

v2(t). In other words, v1(t) leads v2(t) by 60.

Allan R. Hambley

EE292
5.3 Complex Impedance
Z L R0 R
1
1
ZC
90
jwC wC
ZL jwL wL90

Allan R. Hambley

EE292
For a pure resistance, current and

voltage are in phase.
Z L R0 R

Allan R. Hambley

EE292
For a pure inductance: Current lags

voltage by 90
ZL jwL wL90

Allan R. Hambley

EE292
Pure capacitance: Current leads voltage

by 90
1
1
ZC
90
jwC wC
Allan R. Hambley

EE292
5.4 Circuit Analysis with Phasors and Complex

Impedances

Allan R. Hambley

Kirchhoffs Laws in Phasor Form

We can apply KVL directly to phasors.
The sum of the phasor voltages equals
zero for any closed path.
The sum of the phasor currents entering a
node must equal the sum of the phasor
currents leaving.
1. Replace the time descriptions of the
voltage and current sources with the
corresponding phasors. (All of the sources
must have the same frequency.)
Allan R. Hambley

2. Replace inductances by their complex

impedances ZL = jL. Replace capacitances by
their complex impedances ZC = 1/(jC).
Resistances have impedances equal to their
resistances.
3. Analyze the circuit using any of the
techniques studied earlier in Chapter 2,
performing the calculations with complex
arithmetic.

Allan R. Hambley

Simple Circuit Example 1
Z R ZL ZC
1
500 40 106
100 j150 j50 100 j100
100 j500 0.3 j
141.445
Vs
10030
0
.
707
15
Z 141.445
Allan R. Hambley

Simple Circuit Example 2
1
R
RZ C
jwCR
jwC
Z ZL
jwL
jwL
1
R ZC
1 jwCR
R
jwC
Allan R. Hambley

KVL, KCL

Allan R. Hambley

KVL, KCL

Allan R. Hambley

KVL, KCL

Allan R. Hambley


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Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Steady-State Sinusoidal Current & Voltage

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Capacitor complex impedance

Complex Impedance & Phasor form

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Inductor complex impedance

Complex Impedance & Phasor form

Z L jwL wL exp( j ) wL90

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

5.1 SINUSOIDAL CURRENTS AND

Vm is the peak value

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Root-Mean-Square Values (3 operations)

RMS Value of a Sinusoid

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 5.1 A sinusoidal voltage waveform

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 5.2 Voltage and power versus time for

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Time function : v1 t V1 cost 1

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Phasor as Rotating Vector

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Adding Sinusoids Using Phasors

Step 2: Add the phasors using complex

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Examples 5.3: Using Phasors to Add

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

14.14 j14.14 8.660 j5

vs t 29.97 coswt 39.7

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Determining Phase Relationships

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Example: Because the vectors rotate

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

The peaks of v1(t) occur 60 before the peaks of

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

5.3 Complex Impedance

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

For a pure resistance, current and

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

For a pure inductance: Current lags

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Pure capacitance: Current leads voltage