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A jet engine is a reaction engine discharging a fast moving jet that generates thrust by jet propulsion in accordance with Newtons laws of motion. This broad denition of jet engines includes turbojets, turbofans, rockets, 1 History
ramjets, and pulse jets. In general, jet engines are combustion engines but non-combusting forms also exist.
Main article: History of the jet engine
In common parlance, the term jet engine loosely refers to See also: Timeline of jet power
an internal combustion airbreathing jet engine (a duct engine). These typically consist of an engine with a rotary
(rotating) air compressor powered by a turbine ("Brayton
cycle"), with the leftover power providing thrust via a
propelling nozzle. Jet aircraft use these types of engines for long-distance travel. Early jet aircraft used
turbojet engines which were relatively inecient for sub-
HISTORY
3
troduced to Ernst Heinkel, one of the larger aircraft industrialists of the day, who immediately saw the promise
of the design. Heinkel had recently purchased the Hirth
engine company, and Ohain and his master machinist
Max Hahn were set up there as a new division of the
Hirth company. They had their rst HeS 1 centrifugal
engine running by September 1937. Unlike Whittles design, Ohain used hydrogen as fuel, supplied under external pressure. Their subsequent designs culminated in the
gasoline-fuelled HeS 3 of 1,100 lbf (5 kN), which was
tted to Heinkels simple and compact He 178 airframe
and own by Erich Warsitz in the early morning of August 27, 1939, from Rostock-Marienehe aerodrome, an
impressively short time for development. The He 178 was
the worlds rst jet plane.[9]
were also jet powered, leaving the piston engine in lowcost niche roles such as cargo ights.
The eciency of turbojet engines was still rather worse
than piston engines, but by the 1970s, with the advent of
high-bypass turbofan jet engines (an innovation not foreseen by the early commentators such as Edgar Buckingham, at high speeds and high altitudes that seemed absurd
to them), fuel eciency was about the same as the best
piston and propeller engines.[1]
2 Uses
TYPES
Types
3.1
Airbreathing
Turbine powered
A turbofan engine is a gas turbine engine that is very similar to a turbojet. Like a turbojet, it uses the gas generator
core (compressor, combustor, turbine) to convert internal
energy in fuel to kinetic energy in the exhaust. Turbofans
dier from turbojets in that they have an additional component, a fan. Like the compressor, the fan is powered
by the turbine section of the engine. Unlike the turbojet, some of the ow accelerated by the fan bypasses the
gas generator core of the engine and is exhausted through
a nozzle. The bypassed ow is at lower velocities, but
a higher mass, making thrust produced by the fan more
ecient than thrust produced by the core. Turbofans are
generally more ecient than turbojets at subsonic speeds,
but they have a larger frontal area which generates more
drag.[12]
3.1
Airbreathing
5
engines. Like turboprop engines, propfans generate most
of their thrust from the propeller and not the exhaust jet.
The primary dierence between turboprop and propfan
design is that the propeller blades on a propfan are highly
swept to allow them to operate at speeds around Mach
0.8, which is competitive with modern commercial turbofans. These engines have the fuel eciency advantages of
turboprops with the performance capability of commercial turbofans.[16] While signicant research and testing
(including ight testing) has been conducted on propfans,
no propfan engines have entered production.
Turboprop engine
Fuel injection
Flame holder
Nozzle
(M=1)
Combustion
chamber
Exhaust
(M>1)
FN = m
g0 Ispvac Ae p
a ramjet, they consist of an inlet, a combustor, and a nozzle. The primary dierence between ramjets and scramjets is that scramjets do not slow the oncoming airow
to subsonic speeds for combustion, they use supersonic
combustion instead. The name scramjet comes from
supersonic combusting ramjet. Since scramjets use supersonic combustion they can operate at speeds above
Mach 6 where traditional ramjets are too inecient. Another dierence between ramjets and scramjets comes
from how each type of engine compresses the oncoming
airow: while the inlet provides most of the compression
for ramjets, the high speeds at which scramjets operate
allow them to take advantage of the compression generated by shock waves, primarily oblique shocks.[20]
Where FN is the net thrust, Isp(vac) is the specic impulse, g0 is a standard gravity, m
is the propellant ow
in kg/s, Ae is the cross-sectional area at the exit of the
exhaust nozzle, and p is the atmospheric pressure.
3.3 Hybrid
Combined cycle engines simultaneously use 2 or more
dierent jet engine operating principles.
Very few scramjet engines have ever been built and own. Main article: Pump-jet
In May 2010 the Boeing X-51 set the endurance record
for the longest scramjet burn at over 200 seconds.[21]
A water jet, or pump jet, is a marine propulsion system
that utilizes a jet of water. The mechanical arrangement
may be a ducted propeller with nozzle, or a centrifugal
3.1.3 Non-continuous combustion
compressor and nozzle.
3.2
Rocket
This type of engine is used for launching satellites, space All jet engines are reaction engines that generate thrust by
exploration and manned access, and permitted landing on emitting a jet of uid rearwards at relatively high speed.
the moon in 1969.
The forces on the inside of the engine needed to create
Rocket engines are used for high altitude ights, or any- this jet give a strong thrust on the engine which pushes
where where very high accelerations are needed since the craft forwards.
4.3
Energy eciency
4.1
Propelling nozzle
4.2
Thrust
FN = ( m
air + m
f uel )ve m
air v
The above equation applies only for air-breathing jet engines. It does not apply to rocket engines. Most types
of jet engine have an air intake, which provides the bulk
of the uid exiting the exhaust. Conventional rocket engines, however, do not have an intake, the oxidizer and
fuel both being carried within the vehicle. Therefore,
rocket engines do not have ram drag and the gross thrust
of the rocket engine nozzle is the net thrust of the engine.
Consequently, the thrust characteristics of a rocket motor
are dierent from that of an air breathing jet engine, and
thrust is independent of velocity.
If the velocity of the jet from a jet engine is equal to sonic
velocity, the jet engines nozzle is said to be choked. If the
nozzle is choked, the pressure at the nozzle exit plane is
greater than atmospheric pressure, and extra terms must
be added to the above equation to account for the pressure
thrust.[25]
The energy eciency ( ) of jet engines installed in vehicles has two main components:
propulsive eciency ( p ): how much of the energy
of the jet ends up in the vehicle body rather than
being carried away as kinetic energy of the jet.
cycle eciency ( ve ): how eciently the engine can
accelerate the jet
The rate of ow of fuel entering the engine is very small Even though overall energy eciency is simply:
compared with the rate of ow of air.[25] If the contribution of fuel to the nozzle gross thrust is ignored, the net
= p ve
thrust is:
2
p =
1 + vve
200/1
150/1
air/fuel ratio
50/1
p =
In addition to propulsive eciency, another factor is cycle eciency; essentially a jet engine is typically a form
of heat engine. Heat engine eciency is determined by
the ratio of temperatures reached in the engine to that exhausted at the nozzle. This improves constantly over time
as new materials are introduced into the design. For example, composite materials, combining metals with ceramics, are being used in fan blades in the rst stage,
which is the most critical stage.[30] The eciency is also
limited by the overall pressure ratio that can be achieved.
Cycle eciency is highest in rocket engines (~60+%),
as they can achieve extremely high combustion temperatures. Cycle eciency in turbojet and similar is nearer
to 30%, due to much lower peak cycle temperatures.
Combustion Efficiency
ak
lim
stable region
rich limit
1 + ( vve )2
100
we
it
100/1
[29]
2 ( vve )
ignition loop
normal conditions
90
80
70
60
50/1
70
90
air/fuel ratio
110
130
4.6
Comparison of types
4.5
Thrust-to-weight ratio
4.6
Comparison of types
Propeller engines are useful for comparison. They accelerate a large mass of air but by a relatively small maximum change in speed. This low speed limits the maximum thrust of any propeller driven airplane. However,
because they accelerate a large mass of air, propeller engines, such as turboprops, can be very ecient.
On the other hand, turbojets accelerate a much smaller
mass of intake air and burned fuel, but they emit it at the
10
4.7
REFERENCES
Balancing machine
Jet engine performance
Reverse thrust
Jetboat
Variable Cycle Engine
Pulse jet
Turborocket
Rocket turbine engine
Rocket engine nozzles
Spacecraft propulsion
Water injection (engines)
Turbojet development at the RAE
Components of jet engines
Turboprop
Turboshaft
Turbofan
4.8
Noise
Turbojet
Gas turbine
See also
Air turboramjet
6.1
Notes
11
[8] The History of the Jet Engine - Sir Frank Whittle - Hans
Von Ohain Ohain said that he had not read Whittles patent
and Whittle believed him. (Frank Whittle 1907-1996).
[9] Warsitz, Lutz: THE FIRST JET PILOT - The Story of German Test Pilot Erich Warsitz (p. 125), Pen and Sword
Books Ltd., England, 2009
[19] Benson, Tom. Ramjet Propulsion. NASA Glenn Research Center. Updated: 11 July 2008. Retrieved: 23
July 2010.
[20] Heiser, William H.; Pratt, David T. (1994). Hypersonic
Airbreathing Propulsion. AIAA Education Series. Washington, D.C.: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. pp. 234. ISBN 1-56347-035-7.
[21] X-51 Waverider makes historic hypersonic ight. United
States Air Force. 26 May 2010. Retrieved: 23 July 2010.
[42] "Konstruktorskoe Buro Khimavtomatiky - ScienticResearch Complex / RD0750.. KBKhA - Chemical Automatics Design Bureau. Retrieved 2009-09-25.
[43] SSME
[44] RD-180. Retrieved 2009-09-25.
[45] Encyclopedia Astronautica: F-1
[46] Astronautix NK-33 entry
[47] Taylor, John. Press Kit June 2015 SpaceX CRS-7 Mission Cargo Resupply Services (PDF). NASA. pp. 1718.
Archived from the original on 2015-06-27. Retrieved 28
June 2015.
[48] Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) (2004). FAAH-8083-3B Airplane Flying Handbook Handbook (PDF).
Federal Aviation Administration.
[49] Turbofan Thrust, Glenn Research Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
12
6.2
Bibliography
External links
Media about jet engines from Rolls-Royce
How Stu Works article on how a Gas Turbine Engine works
Inuence of the Jet Engine on the Aerospace Industry
An Overview of Military Jet Engine History, Appendix B, pp. 97120, in Military Jet Engine Acquisition (Rand Corp., 24 pgs, PDF)
Basic jet engine tutorial (QuickTime Video)
EXTERNAL LINKS
13
8.1
Text
8.2
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