Name: Sudeep Sharma

Roll Number: 510818304

Learning Centre: 2882

Subject : Basic Web Development

Assignment No.: MC0064 – 01

Date of Submission at the learning centre:

31/05/2008

Faculty Signature:
 MCOO64-01

BASIC WEB DEVELOPMENT

1.Q- Explain OSI model.

ANS- The model is called open system Interconnection (OSI) and is usually referred
as the OSI reference model . The OSI model has seven layers. These range from the
lowest layer , where the physical and electrical connection to the network is made, up
to the highest level , where the actual user of the data that has been passed resides.
The seven layers in the ISO model-
Level 7 (highest) Application
Level 6 Presentation
Level 5 Session
Level 4 Transport
Level 3 Network
Level 1 Physical
Not all applications need or use all seven layers for a successful, practical working
system. The lowest three layers are enough for many applications. Let’s study the
definition of each layer and its role.
Roles of each layer --

Level Layer Primary functions Services provided to next

layer

7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data link
1 Physical
Support the end user, This is the highest layer and
LOGIN, password, file provides user oriented
transfer services
Code and format Freedom from compatibility
conversion problems.
Session management, Dialogue management
synchronization
Optimum utilization of End-to-end transport
the network resources connection of the required
quality in a cost- effective
manner
Interaction with the Network connection linking
subnetwork; Routing the end systems
and relaying
Error control; Flow Reliable transfer of bits
control across the physical
connection
Conversion of bits into Transmission of bits
electrical signals of
suitable characteristics
and

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The physical Layer-
The physical layer is concerned with transmitting raw bits over a communication
channel.

The Data link-

The main task of the link layer is to take a raw transmission facility and transform it
into a line that appears free of undetected transmission errors to the network layer.

The Network Layer-

The network layer, acts to route the communications through the various
communication resources to the other end

The Transport Layer-

The basic function of the transport layer is to accept data from the session layer, split
it up into smaller units if need be,

The Session Layer-

The session Layer must manage and synchronize conversations between two different
applications. Session can allow traffic to go in both direction at the same time, or in
only one direction at a time.

The presentation Layer-

Makes sure that the information is delivered in a form that the receiving system can
understand and use.

The Application Layer-

The top of the model is the application layer, layer 7, which provides for the
manipulation of information in various ways.

2. What are the various party of an email messages?

Ans- Components of Email

One piece of E-Mail has three mail parts

1. Headers-
The headers are pieces of information that tell you and the E-Mail system a number of
things about a particular piece of E-Mail, Each of these headers has a specific name
and a specific purpose. You will see some, but not necessarily all of the headers each
time you read a piece of E-Mail. You have to fill in all of them, they are all generated
and put in the proper form by the E-Mail program you use. Here, we have covered the
most important header lines. However, you should understand there is considerable
variation in how the lines may be constructed.

2. Message Body-
The second part of the message is the actual content of the E-Mail what you send and
what you receive. When you are sending E-Mail to a computer system where your
message will be interpreted by a computer program, you will be given instructions to
use specific words or phrases in the message body.

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3. Signature
The signature is not a signed name but a sequence of lines usually giving some
information about the person who sent the E-Mail. It’s optional and it is made up of
anything the user wants to include. Usually a signature has the full name of anything
the sender and some information about how to contact the person by E-Mail, phone,
or fax. Many people also include a postal address, description of their organization,
job title, and even favorite quotation or some graphics created by characters typed
from the keyboard. You do not have to type in the signature each time. E-Mail
programs will automatically append the contents of a specified file to each outgoing
message.
The ability to send attachments was a great stride forward in the development of E-
Mail, you can exchange document for revision, pass on spreadsheets for data entry, or
send a presentation for review. As E-Mail was originally designed to convert only
text, your E-Mail program must convert other types of files to a text like format that
can pass through the Internet mail system. The receiving E-Mail program convert the
message back to its original format. The following are the three most common
formats for E-Mail attachments.
MIME: MIME is the newest and best standers method for sending attachments.

Uuencoding: Uuencoding is the old standard and is the only method supported by
some older E-Mail application especially UNIX E-Mail programs.

Bin Hex: Bin Hex, the least common format, is used primarily by Mac E-Mail
programs.

3. What are the basic features of browsers?

Ans- Before we get involved in all the details, let is discuss some important browser
feature.
1. The Web browser should be able to look at the Web pages throughout Internet
or to connect to various sites to access information, explore resources and
have fun.
2. The Web browser must enable you to follow the hyperlinks on a Web and type
in a URL for it to follow.
3. Another feature of browser is to have a number of other commands readily
available through menus, icons, and buttons.
4. Your browser ought to include an easy way to get on-line help as well as built
in links to other resources on the Web that can give you helps or answer your
questions.
5. You will definitely want a way to save links to the sites you have visited on
the WWW so that you can get back to them during other sessions. Web
browsers take care of those in two ways, through a come across in the current
in the session, and a bookmark list, which you use to keep a list of WWW
pages you want to access any time you use your browser. The name of the site
and its URL are kept in these lists. The bookmark list is particularly important
and the browser contain tools to manage and arrange it.
6. One of the main feature of a browser is to search the information on the
current page as well as search the WWW itself.

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 7. Browser give you the facility to save a Web page in a file on your com pull
print a Web page on your computer, and send the contents of a Web page e-
Mail to others on the Internet.
8. Few Web browser are complete Internet package, means they come with
components like e-Mail client, newsgroup client an HTML composer, telnet
client, ftp client, etc.
9. Web browser should be able to handle text, images of the World Wide Web,
as well as the hyperlinks to digital video, or other types of information.
10. To take advantage of some of the most exciting things on the World Wide
Web, your browser needs to properly display and handle Web pages that
contain animated or interactive items. Netscape Navigator can incorporate
these features through its ability to interpret programs written in Java and Java
Script.
11. Web browsers interact not just with the Web, but also with your computer’s
operating system and with other programs, called plug-ins, that gives the
browser enhanced features.
12. Another important feature to insist on in your browser is caching. A browser
that caches keeps of the pages you visit so that it does not have to download
them again if you want to return to them. Reloading a page from the cache is
much quicker that downloading it again from the original source.
13. The most important feature of any browser is ease of use. While all Web
browser are fundamentally simple to use, the one you settle on should be very
easy to work with; it should function as a transparent windom onto the Web.
14. If you will be browser the Web from within a secured network, you may have
to configure your browser to work through a special computer on your
network called a proxy server.

4. How can you keep track of your favorite web sites? Explain.

ANS- Hyperspace can be a confusing place, and it is easy to jump from one link to
another without remembering where you have been. There are number of times when
you will want to revisit a link you left behind. Depending on your operating system
and your web browser, you have access to some or all of the following ways to keep
track of Web sites;
Bookmarks
To make it convenient for a user to move directly to a frequently accessed page,
browser include a special mechanism. Known formally as bookmarks (and informally
as a hot list), the mechanism allows each user to maintain a list of their favourite
URLs. For this reason, all browsers have a facility that will save the URL of the
current page to a Bookmark List. Whenever you want, you can display the bookmark
list, select an item; and jump to it directly.
The main advantage of using bookmarks are: they are booth convenient and fast.
Once a bookmark list has been constructed, a user can select any of the bookmark list
has been constructed, a user can select any of the bookmark by using a pull-down
menu. Bookmarks are permanent. That is, a user’s list of bookmarks does not
disappear when the user quits running the browser or shuts off. The co permanence is
achieved by storing the list in a file on a disk in the user’s computer. The browser
writes a copy of the list to disk whenever it begins execution. Thus, a bookmark saved
one day will be available for use later.

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History List
History list is a Web pages that you accesses recently. Some browsers keep every link
you have visited in the history list, regardless of how much you have branched. Other
browser keep only those links that trace your path from the first page to the current
page, with no branching. There are two ways to use the history list:
• First, most browser have an easy way to move backward or forward one link
at a time. Typically, there will be two buttons marked “Back” and Forward, or
have left or right pointing arrows, or something similar.
• The second way to use the history list is to choose an item from it dim your
browser will have a way to display the whole history list on screen. You can
then select any item from the list, click on it, and jump to it immediately.

5. With an example explain the basic structure of an HTML document.

ANS- Well structured HTML document come in these parts:

1. A head that identifies a document as HTML and establishes its title.
2. A body that contains the content for a Web page. This part holds all
dispalayed text on a page, as well as most links To graphics, multimedia,
locations inside the same file, and to other Web documents.
3. A footer that tables a page by identifying its author, data of creation, and
version number.

Defining HTML document with the HTML Element

One should bracket an entire HTML document by the indentification tags <HTML>,
to open the document to an SGML sensitive program, to allow the program to
interpret a document’s contents properly. It is called a document type prolog and
describes, in SGML, that the HTML document to the indicated level of the HTML
DTD.
e.g.<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC”-//IETF//DTD HTML 3.2 //EN”>
It indicates that the HTML document confirms to the HTML 3.2 DTD distributed by
the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). You can clso tell that the DTD is public
and is not system dependent. Finally, you can tell that HTML tag set is defined by the
English language (the EN in the OOCTYPE statement).

Describing Documents with the Head Element

The head element is used to mark the position of the head section. The head section
contains element that define certain information about an HTML document, such as
what its is, who the author is, and reference information about the document.To create
a head element , start with<HEAD>tag , then include all of the element you want in
your head section, then end the head element with element with a <HEAD> tag.
Naming Documents with the Title Element
Titles are displayed by browsers on the top of the page, usually in the title bar. Efven
HTML document must have a title contained in a<TITLE> start tag and a </TITLE>
end tag. For example:
<HEAD>
<TITLE> A Hello world Example in HTML<TITLE>
</HEAD>

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Wrapping Your Content with the Body Element

The real content for any HTML document occurs in the body section, whichis
enclosed between <BODY> and </BODY>tags.
TWO Categories of Body Elements
There are two basic categories of HTML elements used in the body section:
• Block-Level Elements
• Text-Level Elements

Block level elements

Block level elements are used to define groups of text for a specific role. They include
tags that position text on the page, begin new paragraphs, set heading levels and
create lists.Some commonly used block-level element and their tags are:
Paragraph: <P>and </P>
Heading, level one:<H1>Heading, level two:<H2>and </H2>
Horizonatal rule:<HR> Centering:<CENTER>
Text level Elements
Text level elements are for mark up bits of text, including creating links, inserting
things like images or sounds, and changing the appearance of text Some commonly
used text-level elements are:
Bold :<B>and </B>Italic: <I>and</I>
Line-break: <BR>
Link anchor: <A HERF =”URL”and </A>
Image: <IMG SRC=”URL”>

Footer

Technically speaking, HTML does not include a separate tag to denote a page footer.
But it is recommended because a good footer helps to identify a document’s vintage
and contents and let interested readers contact the author if they spot errors or provide
feedback.
e.g: Type the following HTML code, and save it as S12.htm in your web folder.
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Rupert’s Fabulous T-shirt Company <TITLE
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<HI>Welcome to Rupert’s fabulous T-Shirts! </H1>: </H2>
<IMG SRC= .”.htpp://www.emf.netl~estephen/ images /turl shirts.jpg”><HR>
<CENTER> Why not visit <A HREF =..http://www.yahoo.com/..>Yahoo
</A>
</CENTER>
</BODY>
</HTML>

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Viewing the HTML Source

The browser does not displays not displays the HTML tags-it displays just the results
of those tags. We can view the source of the HTML document. In Navigator 4, the
command to view source is View> Page Source. With IE, one can use the View>
Source Command to seethe HTML tag used to display the document.

HTML’s Rules of Nesting

Nesting is common in HTML. There are four main rules to remember about nesting:
• Elements must be completely nested and not closed in the wrong order.
e.g:<B><I>just an example </I></b>
• Text-level elements may be nested in text-level element or other text level
element s.
• Block-level elements may be nested within other block-level elements.
• Block-level elements may not be nested in text-level elements.
The characters we are going to use for our HTML syntax come from (or BNF
grammar) that was developed to completely and formally describe programming
languages.