M. G.

Science Institute
Navrangpura, Ahmedabad - 09

Study Material
for
Elective paper - Public Health

S. Y. B. Sc.
Semester - III

UNIT - 1
Definition and Aim of Physical Education
Various Definitions of Physical Education are

1. Barrow defined Physical Education as an education of and through human movement

where many of educational objectives are achieved by means of big muscle activities
involving sports, games, gymnastic, dance and exercise.

2. Jackson R. Sharman points out that physical education is that part of education which
takes place through activities, which involves the motor mechanism of human body which
results in an individuals formulating behavior patterns.

3. Charles A. Bucher defines physical education, an integral part of total education process,
is a field of endeavor which has as its aim the development of physically, mentally,
emotionally and socially fit citizens through the medium of physical activities which have
been selected with a view to realizing these outcomes.

Aim of Physical Education

The ultimate goal or direction is referred to as an aim, it point out way. It is final end.
Aim is achieved some certain objectives.
Aim of physical education, like general education, is to develop human personality in
its totality well planned activity programs. In some words, physical education aim at the all
round development of the personality of an individual or wholesome development of human
personality and it includes physical, mental, social, emotional and moral aspects to make an
individual a good citizen who is able to make contribution in process of nation in ones own
way. Thus physical education means at making an individual physical fit, mentally alert,
emotionally balanced, socially well adjusted, morally true and spiritually uplifted.
Objectives of Physical Education
Physical education is part of most of the school and college curricula. Some of the
important objectives of physical education include, the development of one's motor and social
abilities, promoting the importance of physical fitness and encouraging the budding talents.
Take a look at some of the main objectives of physical education.

Physical education is an important part of every school curriculum and a class every
pupil awaits. Physical education is that segment of the daily timetable that every student
eagerly waits to attend, as it is the only official time when the students can be on the grounds,
engaged in their favorite sports. One of the main objectives of physical education is to bring
in this element of joy to the academic orientation of schools.

Physical education aims at dedicating a daily time for some physical activity for the
students. The physical training class, as it is also called, involves sports, games, exercise and
most importantly, a break from the sedentary learning indoor.

One of the other important objectives of physical education is to instill in the students
the values and skills of maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Daily physical activity promotes an
awareness of health and well-being among students. It boosts them to engage in physical
activities on a daily basis. It promotes them to lead a healthy life in adulthood.

Physical education classes constitute programs to promote physical fitness in students,

train them in sports, help them understand rules and strategies in playing and teach them to
work as a team. A very vital factor in physical education is to develop interpersonal skills in
children. Sports aim at making them team players, developing a sportsman spirit in them and
enhancing their competitive spirit. Sports that form a part of physical education classes help
the students invest time in fruitful and competitive activities.

One of the other important objectives of physical education is to inculcate in the

minds of the students, the importance of personal hygiene and cleanliness. Physical education
classes aim at teaching the students, the habits of personal cleanliness and the importance of
the maintenance of personal hygiene in life. Physical education classes also impart sexeducation to the students, help them clarify their doubts and find answers to all the questions
that occur to their minds.

The sports, which are a part of the physical education class, help in developing motor
skills in children. The ability to hold a racket or a bat, the ability to catch a ball and the ability
to swing a bat are some examples of the motor abilities that can develop with the help of
sports. The physical activity that is involved in physical education helps the students in
bringing discipline to body posture and body movements. Hitting a ball with a bat or a shuttle

with a racket as also aiming a ball for a goal or catching it to get the opponent team out, are
some of the commonly observed actions in sports and are extremely beneficial in improving
hand-eye coordination.

The very important objective of physical education is to encourage the upcoming

sportsmen and women of the crowd. Physical education gives the budding sports people a
platform to exhibit their talents. Those with a flair for sports get an opportunity to display
their talent. Their small step on the school playground can eventually turn into a huge leap in
the field of sports.

Moreover, sports refresh the students' minds. Physical education class becomes
enjoyable for the kids while proving helpful for their overall growth and development.
Physical education is indeed one of the most fruitful activities of a school schedule.

The Meanings of Sport:

Everyone thinks the real reason that we play sports is to win. It may be the underlying
reason but I believe the real reason is to learn and have fun
It is well known that sport and physical activity is important for medical health and
subjective well-being and thereby functions as a kind of social good. How sport also operates
as a social good in light of the meaning athletes attach to their activity is a much less
analyzed topic. Accordingly, this essay sets out with a theoretical analysis of which meanings
people most commonly attach to their sport activity, and seven reasons are identified. Next,
the essay interprets these reasons as part of a larger social setting including social background
(age, gender, class) and characteristics of the sport activity (team sport versus individual
sport, competitive level) itself. The empirical analyses, based on Norwegian data, give a
rather complicated picture of how sport carries meaning to different group of people, but
three findings stand out. First, social background is more important than aspects of the
activity itself. Yet, for five out of seven meanings of sport, aspects of the sport itself also
have significant implications for how the activity is experienced. Finally, the explanatory
factors produce a rather complicated picture of how sport matters to people; gender and age
are especially important, but also type of sport and competitive level have significant effects.

Importance of Play in Child Development

Play is universal throughout the animal kingdom -- whether it's a puppy chasing its
tail, or young birds swooping through the air.
The importance of play to youngsters should not be underestimated.
Play is an essential part of growing up and researchers believe it's critical to ensure
children reach their full potential in life.
Research in animals show that brain connections develop during periods of play, and
there's no reason to suppose the same is not true of young humans.
Parents don't always understand the importance of play however, and in today's
competitive world, the temptation is to stop your children "wasting time" and to put the time
to what they believe is more constructive use.
For a child, however, there is no more constructive activity than play. When analyzing
the

importance

of

play,

particularly

if

you're

tempted

to

introduce

more "worthwhile" activity such as flash cards, educational computer games or dancing
lessons, you should take into account the following points...
Play allows a young child to be "in charge". Think about this -- in their everyday
lives, they're small and powerless, always being told what to do, and how to do it. Without an
adult around, they're running the show!
Play helps children learn about the world in which they live. They can investigate and
discover, test their theories, spatial relationships, explore cause and effect, societal roles and
family values. Such is the importance of play, that there's virtually no area of life about which
it can't teach your child something.
Play builds self-esteem. Children will often play at something they know they can do
well, at which they can be successful.
Play builds social skills. Children will begin playing with inanimate and nonthreatening objects, like cuddly toys, bricks etc, so practicing their interactive skills. Later,

playing with other children will build on this foundation as they learn to share, take turns,
assert themselves and begin to empathies with others.
Play with parents shouldn't be underestimated either, as research shows that children
whose parents play with them ultimately develop superior social skills.
Play also provides the opportunity for children to work out their feelings. The
importance of dealing with difficult or unpleasant emotions is immense. A child who's
worried about going to the dentist, for example, may deal with the anxiety by setting up a
clinic for dolls with toothache.
Play helps with language development. Think of the vast number of words a toddler
uses during play, many of them repeatedly, enhancing their language skills.
Play allows children to grow beyond their years. They can pretend to be all sorts of
things in play - a doctor, a surgeon, a civil engineer even!! (Think of those bricks)
Finally, don't forget to consider the importance of stimulating your child's creativity
and imagination - making a castle in the sand, or a car garage out of a shoe box, taking an
order in their own (imaginary) restaurant or dressing up as a king or queen - these all allow
children to stretch the limits of their world and experience the fun in make-believe.

UNIT - 2
What is Physical Fitness?
Physical fitness is defined as the state or condition of being physically sound and
healthy, especially as the result of exercises and proper nutrition. It is, thus, a state of general
well-being, marked by physical health as well as mental stability. Physical fitness is not just
about having a lean body; it is about having cardiovascular and overall muscular endurance,
as well as a strong immunity system, and most importantly, a satisfied and happy state of
mind.
Definition of physical fitness

The ability to function efficiently and effectively without injury, to enjoy leisure, to
be healthy, to resist disease, and to cope with emergency situations.

Health-related components of physical fitness include body-composition,

cardiovascular fitness, flexibility, muscular endurance, neuromuscular learning and strength.
Skill-related components include agility(defined as the ability to move in any direction
quickly), balance (in multiple dimensions) coordination (hand eye, foot eye,) reactions,
rhythm, power, and speed (in all directions. The relative importance of each of the
components varies for each person.

Optimal Physical Fitness is the condition resulting from a lifestyle that leads to an
optimal level of cardiovascular fitness, muscular strength, and flexibility as well as
the achievement and maintenance of ideal body weight.

The 5 Components of Physical Fitness

There are 5 components of physical fitness, and these components represent how fit
and healthy the body is as a whole.
Some people think that being physically fit means being in good general health. Other
people think that it means being able to lift a certain amount of weight or being able to run a
particular distance in a certain time.
There's actually no single agreed upon definition of physical fitness.
One common definition is that physical fitness is a set of attributes that people have or
achieve relating to their ability to perform physical activity. Another common definition is
that physical fitness is a state of well-being with a low risk of premature health problems and
energy to participate in a variety of physical activities.
According to Wikipedia, physical fitness is considered a measure of the body's ability
to function efficiently and effectively in work and leisure activities, to be healthy, to resist
hypo kinetic diseases, and to meet emergency situations.
Even though the definition of physical fitness can vary, there's near unanimous
agreement on the 5 components of physical fitness. Here's an overview of each of the
components.

1. Cardiovascular Fitness
Cardiovascular fitness (also known as cardio respiratory fitness) is the ability of the
heart, lungs and vascular system to deliver oxygen-rich blood to working muscles during
sustained physical activity. exercise improves cardiovascular fitness.
2. Muscular Strength
Muscular strength is the amount of force a muscle or muscle group can exert against a
heavy rsistance. Anaerobic improves muscular strength.
3. Muscular Endurance
Muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle or muscle group to repeat a movement
many times or to hold a particular position for an extended period of time. Both aerobic
exercise and anaerobic exercise can improve muscular endurance.
4. Flexibility
Flexibility is the degree
lengthen. Stretching improves flexibility.

to

which

an

individual

muscle

will

5. Body Composition
Body composition is the amount of fat in the body compared to the amount of lean
mass (muscle, bones, organs etc.).
Now that you know what the 5 components of physical fitness are, you'll be better
able to develop an effective fitness program.

UNIT - 3

What is Management?
Management is the process of getting activities completed efficiently and effectively
with
hand through other people.
Management working with and through other people to accomplish most of the objectives of
organization and its Members.
Management activities include Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Coordinating, Motivating,
Leading, Controlling, Budgeting, and Reporting; getting Results and evaluation effectively
through other people by process of delegation.

Why Management is necessary in life?

Life without Management is just like the Building without base.
We can hardly imagine the situation of life without management because management is the
thing which leads the life in proper and exact way to succeed and to get the objectives to be
accomplished.
Management is used in many different fields in different kinds just like Sports Management,
Time Management, Event Management, Finance Management, Health
What is Sports Management?
Sports Management is the study of planning, supervising and organizing various sporting
activities like international and domestic tournaments for several games.
Sports Management Courses inculcates leadership qualities in an individual and helps himor
her
to coach, manage and train sportsmen coming from various fields of sporting activity.
Sports Management focuses on any Event to be completed effectively and flourishingly with
the
delegation of work

EVENT MANAGEMENT ORGANISATION

AREA
INVITATION
REGISTRATION
PREPARATION
DELEGATION
ACCOMMODATION
COMPETITION
RECOGNITION
CELEBRATION

DESCRIPTION
Teams-Sponsors-Volunteers Officials
Information package
Venue-Facilities-Administration plan
Build a TEAM
Transport-Housing-Meals
Draw-Computers-Results
Awards-Volunteers-Committee
Social Event

EVACUATION

Departure of teams

EVALUATION

Event from A to Z
Recognition of Sponsors, Volunteers and Event Management
CONGRATULATIONS!
Team

EVENT MANAGEMENT
Games and Competition goals:
To provide a high quality competition experience
Create an Olympics type atmosphere
Provide a positive experience for families and supporters
Increase public awareness and educate community

EVENT ORGANISING COMMITTEE CHECKLIST

Good, even competition divisions . Trained officials enforcing the rules . Olympic
type pageantry . Award Ceremony
Hospitality recognition of families
Public participation as volunteers and spectators
Celebrities and honored guest involvement
Media coverage
POINTS TO REMEMBER
How many athletes & sports can be managed?
Facility availability and limitations
Volunteer resources

 Financial resources
The need, abilities and
QUALITY SPORTS EVENTS
In hosting an event's) the following procedures should be in place:
Volunteers and officials introduced to the basic philosophy and organization
Athletes in training to experience competition
Organizing Committee to build and assess organizational and administrative skills
Reinforcement of rules and competition procedures

TYPE OF EVENT
Determine the type of event to be organized:
Fun Event
Local Competition
Regional Games
State Games
National Games
World Games.

12 STEPS TO SUCCESS
STEP 1. DATE/FACILITIES:
Clash with any other major events . Major school events/school holidays .
Facility is available-cost and postponement date if required in writing
Consider adequate: -competition space -teams/spectator seating -toilets/changing
facilities first aid/medical -meals & refreshment facilities -officials/results area telephone access -awards area

STEP 2: ORGANISING COMMITTEE

Games Director
Secretary . Treasurer . Registration . Publicity . Meals and Refreshments . Ceremonies
. Awards . Facilities ( Set up/clear up, equipment) . Program . Evaluation

STEP 3: INVITATIONS
Regions/states . Schools . Sports Officials . Dignitaries, VIPs, Government . First
Aid/Medical . Celebrities (Awards presenters) . Press TV, radio, newspapers .
Community service groups . Sponsors . Parents, Family, Friends . General public
through advertising

STEP 4: BUDGET & COSTINGS

Charges for use of venue andequipment
Estimated meals/refreshments costs
Awards (certificates, ribbonsor medals)
Administration paper etc.
First aid/medical
Social activities
Projected income registrations, donations andsponsorship
Accommodation (housing)

STEP 5: ENTRY FORMS, REGISTRATION & TIMETABLE

Standardized entry forms should be available
Entry forms athlete name, gender age, sport & entry performance
Entry package timetable, registration costs, entry forms, contact person, rules,
order of events
Teams reminded medicals, information sheets, equipment, safety gear
Cost and when payment is due
Timetable check in, meeting place etc.

STEP 6: CEREMONIES & AWARDS

Opening Ceremony
Welcome to athletes, coaches, guests -March past of thletes -Raising of flag/Anthem Torch
Entry -Lighting of the flame -oath -Opening event -Entertainment
Awards Ceremony:
They take time.
They have to be Ceremonial.

 There are a lot of awards presentations.

They tend to disturb the smoothrunning of events.
A plan is needed for how thepresentations will take place.
Announcer highlights:
Event being presented -Athlete(s) placing -The full name of the competitor/team/region/state
Closing Ceremony
Celebrate the success of the event. .include: -March past of teams -Lowering of flags Extinguishing of the flame -Event declared closed -Circle of friends

STEP 7: MEALS & REFRESHMENTS

Important points are:
Adequate number of water stations at venues
Provision of meals and drinks (hot & cold) to coaches and competitors
meals and refreshments for officials, volunteers and quests
Providing refreshments for sale for events longer than a half day.

STEP 8: VOLUNTEERS
Increase awareness of in the community
One job for one Club guide
Determine a list of tasks to be completed
Volunteers should receive: -Briefing on the task -Name tags, shirts, hats -Thanks in
the program, at the Closing
Ceremony and a letter of thanks -Be invited to send a volunteer representative to
meetings

STEP 9: SPORTS SAFETY PLANS

Need to ensure the following is provided:
First Aid coverage
Treatment area
Injury report forms
Wet weather plan
Safety checks on venue and equipment
Facility maintenance

 Shelter from the sun

Telephone access
Proper supervision in all areas
Emergency evacuation plan
Identification of any danger areas
Qualified officials/event personnel
Spectator facilities

STEP 10: SPORTS OFFICIALS

Identify the different jobs and numbers required.
Ensure Officials know all the details of the event.
Obtain contact details for one representative of the officials.
Brief sports officials on the rules.
Approach schools, tertiary sport and recreation groups for extra officials.
Provide training for any non-qualified officials.

STEP 11: COMMUNICATION AND RESULTS

Committee Meetings should:
Be called for a specific purpose
Only attended by those who need to be there
Planned well in advance
Followed up by the Games
Director . Short, informative and enjoyable
Have minutes kept
Contact should be made between meetings
Written communication
Communication links between venues
Make a list of everyones job however small send a letter of thanks.
If praise and thanks are received for others remember to pass it on.

GAMES MANAGEMENT
EVENT DIRECTOR

ADMINISTRATIVE
DIRECTOR

ADMINISTRATION

FACILITIES
DIRECTOR
GAMES COMMITTEE
FACILITIES

SPECIAL EVENTS

SPORTS

DIRECTOR

DIRECTOR

SPECIAL EVENTS

Computer

Facilities

Awards

Finance

Housing

Ceremonies

Public Relations

Meals and

SPORTS
Alpine Skiing

Gymnastics

Basketball

Ice Skating

Bowling

Soccer

Bocce

Aquatics

Floor Hockey

Athletics

Hospitality

Refreshments
Registration
Medical

Parents

Schedule
Transport
Volunteer

Events/Health
Athlete Clinics

Cross country Skiing

Volleyball

Lower Ability Events

UNIT - 4
The Importance of the Olympic Games
The Olympic Games were especially important to the Greeks, and it was the games
that unified national, spiritual and racial beliefs. The ancient Greeks were also very
competitive people, and all strived to be the best. Winning an Olympic event was the highest
honors people could achieve.
The ancient games were also held in high regard for social reasons, as well as
the athletic side. Poets and writers were given the chance to present their works to a large
audience, members of different city-states would have the chance to meet and talk with
members of other city-states.
Leaders of the city-states would also come to discuss any personal differences that
they were having with each other. The games were seen as a festival, and it was not
acceptable for any negative issues or situations to occur during this time.
Even during times of war and battle, and differences were put aside, so that the
Olympics would be conducted in a peaceful manner. Even the games of 480 BC took place in
the middle of the Persian War.
It is from this ideal that the Olympic Truce was formed.
During the times of the Olympic Games, messengers were sent all over the Greek
world with details of the dates of the games, and called for a truce between any parties
conducting in any hostile activities. There was also a ban in any death penalties being carried
out during this time.

Ancient Olympics Games

The Ancient Olympic Games were a series of competitions held between
representatives of several city and kingdoms from Ancient Greece, which featured mainly
athletic but also combat and chariot racing events. During the Olympic Games all struggles
against the participating city-states were postponed until the games were finished. The origin
of these Olympics is shrouded in mystery and legend. One of the most popular myths
identifies Heracles and his father Zeus as the progenitors of the Games. According to legend,
it was Heracles who first called the Games "Olympic" and established the custom of holding
them every four years. A legend persists that after Heracles completed his twelve labors, he
built the Olympic stadium as an honor to Zeus. Following its completion, he walked in a
straight line for 200 steps and called this distance a "stadion" (Greek: , Latin: stadium,
"stage"), which later became a unit of distance. Another myth associates the first Games with
the ancient Greek concept of Olympic truce. The most widely accepted date for the inception
of the Ancient Olympics is 776 BC; this is based on inscriptions, found at Olympia, of the
winners of a footrace held every four years starting in 776 BC. The Ancient Games featured
running events, a pentathlon (consisting of a jumping event, discus and javelin throws, a foot
race and wrestling), and boxing, wrestling, and equestrian events. Tradition has it
that Coroebus, a cook from the city of Elis, was the first Olympic champion.

The Olympics were of fundamental religious importance, featuring sporting events

alongside ritual sacrifices honoring both Zeus (whose famous statue by Phidias stood in his
temple at Olympia) and Pelops, divine hero and mythical king of Olympia. Pelops was
famous for his chariot race with King Venomous of Pisatis. The winners of the events were
admired and immortalized in poems and statues. The Games were held every four years, and
this period, known as an Olympiad, was used by Greeks as one of their units of time
measurement.
The Olympic Games reached their zenith in the 6th and 5th centuries BC, but then
gradually declined in importance as the Romans gained power and influence in Greece. There
is no consensus on when the Games officially ended; the most common-held date is 393 AD,
when the emperor Theodosius one declared that all pagan cults and practices be
eliminated. Another date cited is 426 AD, when his successor Theodosius II ordered the
destruction of all Greek temples. After the demise of the Olympics, they were not held again
until the late 19th century.
Olympic Games
For the 776 BC to AD 393 Games see Ancient Olympic Games. For the most recent
Summer Games in Beijing, 2008 Summer Olympics. For the most recent Winter Games in
Vancouver, 2010 Winter Olympics. For the next Summer Games in London, 2012 Summer
Olympics. For other uses, see Olympic.
The Olympic Games is a major international event featuring summer and winter
sports, in which thousands of athletes participate in a variety of competitions. The Olympic
Games have come to be regarded as the worlds foremost sports competition where more than
200 nations participate. The Games are currently held every two years,
with summer and Winter Olympic Games alternating, although they occur every four years
within their respective seasonal games. Originally, the ancient Olympic Games were held
in Olympia, Greece, from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. Baron Pierre de
Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894. The IOC has since
become the governing body of the Olympic Movement, whose structure and actions are
defined by the Olympic Charter.
The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th and 21st centuries has
resulted in several changes to the Olympic Games. Some of these adjustments include the
creation of the Winter Games for ice and winter sports, the Paralympics Games for athletes
with a physical disability, and the Youth Olympic Games for teenage athletes. The IOC has
had to adapt to the varying economic, political, and technological realities of the 20th
century. As a result, the Olympics shifted away from pure amateurism, as envisioned by
Coubertin, to allow participation of professional athletes. The growing importance of
the mass media created the issue of corporate sponsorship and commercialization of the
Games. World Wars led to the cancellation of the 1916, 1940, and 1944 Games. Large
boycotts during the Cold War limited participation in the 1980 and 1984 Games.
The Olympic Movement consists of international sports federations (IFs), National
Olympic Committees (NOCs), and organizing committees for each specific Olympic Games.
As the decision-making body, the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each
Olympic Games. The host city is responsible for organizing and funding a celebration of the
Games consistent with the Olympic Charter. The Olympic program, consisting of
the sports to be contested at the Games, is also determined by the IOC. The celebration of the

Games encompasses many rituals and symbols, such as the Olympic flag and torch, as well as
the opening and closing ceremonies. There are over 13,000 athletes who compete at the
summer and Winter Olympics in 33 different sports and nearly 400 events. The first, second,
and third place finishers in each event receive Olympic medals; gold, silver, and bronze,
respectively.
The Games have grown in scale to the point that nearly every nation is represented.
Such growth has created numerous challenges, including boycotts, doping, bribery of
officials, and terrorism. Every two years, the Olympics and its media exposure provide
unknown athletes with the chance to attain national, and in particular cases, international
fame. The Games also constitute a major opportunity for the host city and country to
showcase itself to the world.

Modern Games
1896 Games Summer Olympics
The first Games held under the auspices of the IOC were hosted in the Panathenaic
stadium in Athens in 1896. These Games brought together 14 nations and 241 athletes who
competed in 43 events. Zappas and his cousin Konstantins Zappas had left the Greek
government a trust to fund future Olympic Games. This trust was used to help finance the
1896 Games. George Aver off contributed generously for the refurbishment of the stadium in
preparation for the Games. The Greek government also provided funding, which was
expected to be recouped through the sale of tickets to the Games and from the sale of the first
Olympic commemorative stamp set.
The Greek officials and public were enthusiastic about the experience of hosting these
Games. This feeling was shared by many of the athletes, who even demanded that Athens be
the host of the Olympic Games on a permanent basis. The IOC did not approve this request.
The committee planned that the modern Olympics would rotate internationally. As such they
decided to hold the second Games in Paris.
Changes and adaptations in Summer Olympic Games
After the success of the 1896 Games, the Olympics entered a period of stagnation that
threatened their survival. The Olympic Games held at the Paris Exposition in 1900 and
the World's Fair at St. Louis in 1904 were side-shows. The Games at Paris did not have a
stadium; however, this was the first time women took part in the games. The St. Louis Games
hosted 650 athletes, but 580 were from the United States. The homogeneous nature of these
celebrations was a low point for the Olympic Movement. The Games rebounded when
the 1906 Intercalated Games (so-called because they were the second Games held within the
third Olympiad) were held in Athens. These Games are not officially recognized by the IOC
and no Intercalated Games have been held since. These Games, which were hosted at
the Panathenaic stadium in Athens, attracted a broad international field of participants, and
generated great public interest. This marked the beginning of a rise in both the popularity and
the size of the Olympics.
Winter Games

The Winter Olympics were created to feature snow and ice sports that were
logistically impossible to hold during the Summer Games. The IOC desired to expand this list
of sports to encompass other winter activities. At the 1921 Olympic Congress, in Lausanne, it
was decided to hold a winter version of the Olympic Games. A winter sports week (it was
actually 11 days) was held in 1924 in Chamonix, France; this event became the first Winter
Olympic Games. The IOC mandated that the Winter Games be celebrated every four years on
the same year as their summer counterpart. This tradition was upheld until the 1992
Games in Albertville, France; after that, beginning with the 1994 Games, the Winter
Olympics were held on the third year of each Olympiad.
Recent games
From 241 participants representing 14 nations in 1896, the Games have grown to
about 10,500 competitors from 204 countries at the 2008 Summer Olympics. The scope and
scale of the Winter Olympics is smaller. For example, Turin hosted 2,508 athletes from 80
countries competing in 84 events, during the 2006 Winter Olympics. During the Games most
athletes and officials are housed in the Olympic village. This village is intended to be a selfcontained home for all the Olympic participants. It is furnished with cafeterias, health clinics,
and locations for religious expression.

Symbols and the Olympic flag

The Olympic Movement uses symbols to represent the ideals embodied in the
Olympic Charter. The Olympic symbol, better known as the Olympic rings, consists of five
intertwined rings and represents the unity of the five inhabited continents (America, Africa,
Asia, Australasia, and Europe). The colored version of the ringsblue, yellow, black, green,
and redover a white field forms the Olympic flag. These colors were chosen because every
nation had at least one of them on its national flag. The flag was adopted in 1914 but flown
for the first time only at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium. It has since been
hoisted during each celebration of the Games.
The Olympic motto is Cities, Altius, Fortius, a Latin expression meaning "Faster,
Higher, and Stronger". Coubertin ideals are further expressed in the Olympic creed:
The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part, just as
the most important thing in life is not the triumph but the struggle. The essential thing is not
to have conquered but to have fought well.
Months before each Game, the Olympic flame is lit in Olympia in a ceremony that
reflects ancient Greek rituals. A female performer, acting as a priestess, ignites a torch by
placing it inside a parabolic mirror which focuses the sun's rays; she then lights the torch of
the first relay bearer, thus initiating the Olympic torch relay that will carry the flame to the
host city's Olympic stadium, where it plays an important role in the opening
ceremony. Though the flame has been an Olympic symbol since 1928, the torch relay was
introduced at the 1936 Summer Games, as part of the German government's attempt to
promote its National Socialist ideology.
Opening Ceremonies
As mandated by the Olympic Charter, various elements frame the opening ceremony
of the Olympic Games. Most of these rituals were established at the 1920 Summer Olympics

in Antwerp. The ceremony typically starts with the hoisting of the host country's flag and a
performance of its national anthem. The host nation then presents artistic displays of music,
singing, dance, and theater representative of its culture. The artistic presentations have grown
in scale and complexity as successive hosts attempt to provide a ceremony that outlasts its
predecessor's in terms of memo ability. The opening ceremony of the Beijing Games
reportedly cost $100 million, with much of the cost incurred in the artistic segment.
After the artistic portion of the ceremony, the athletes parade into the stadium
grouped by nation. Greece is traditionally the first nation to enter in order to honor the origins
of the Olympics. Nations then enter the stadium alphabetically according to the host country's
chosen language, with the host country's athletes being the last to enter. During the 2004
Summer Olympics, which were hosted in Athens, Greece, the Greek flag entered the stadium
first, while the Greek delegation entered last. Speeches are given, formally opening the
Games. Finally, the Olympic torch is brought into the stadium and passed on until it reaches
the final torch carrieroften a well-known and successful Olympic athlete from the host
nationwho lights the Olympic flame in the stadium's cauldron.

Closing Ceremonies
The closing ceremonies of the Olympic Games takes place after all sporting events
have concluded. Flag-bearers from each participating country enter the stadium, followed by
the athletes who enter together, without any national distinction. Three national flags are
hoisted while the corresponding national anthems are played: the flag of Greece, to honor the
birthplace of the Olympic Games; the flag of the current host country, and the flag of the
country hosting the next summer or Winter Olympic Games. The president of the organizing
committee and the IOC president make their closing speeches, the Games are officially
closed, and the Olympic flame is extinguished. In what is known as the Antwerp Ceremony,
the mayor of the city that organized the Games transfers a special Olympic flag to the
president of the IOC, who then passes it on to the mayor of the city hosting the next Olympic
Games. After these compulsory elements, the next host nation briefly introduces itself with
artistic displays of dance and theater representative of its culture.
Medal presentation
A medal ceremony is held after each Olympic event is concluded. The winner, second
and third-place competitors or teams stand on top of a three-tiered rostrum to be awarded
their respective medals. After the medals are given out by an IOC member, the national flags
of the three medalists are raised while the national anthem of the gold medalist's country
plays. Volunteering citizens of the host country also act as hosts during the medal
ceremonies, as they aid the officials who present the medals and act as flag-bearers. For every
Olympic event, the respective medal ceremony is held, at most, one day after the event's
final. For the men's marathon, the competition is usually held early in the morning on the last
day of Olympic competition and its medal ceremony is then held in the evening during the
closing ceremony.
India at the Olympic game
The Indian Hockey team at the 1936 Berlin Olympics, later going on to defeat Germany 8-1
in the final

India first participated at the Olympic Games in 1900, with a lone athlete (Norman
Pritchard) winning two medals in athletics. The nation first sent a team to the Summer
Olympic Games in 1920, and has participated in every Summer Games since then. India has
also competed at several Winter Olympic Games since 1964.
Indian athletes have won a total of 20 medals, mostly in field hockey. For a period of
time, India's men's field hockey team was dominant in Olympic competition, winning eleven
medals in twelve Olympiads between 1928 and 1980, including six successive gold medals
from 19281956.
The National Olympic Committee for India is the Indian Olympic Association, and
was created in 1927.
India is the country in the world with the lowest number of total Olympic medals per
capita.
However 2008 Beijing has been the best ever Olympics for India with India winning
three Olympic medals in three different sports and also winning first individual Olympic gold
medal won by Abhinav Bindra.

Asian Games
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Asian Games

Official logo of the Games

Games

1951 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2
002 2006 2010 2014

Sports (details)

Archery Athletics Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing Cricket Cycling Divi

ng Equestrian Field
hockey Fencing Football Golf Gymnastics Handball Judo Kabaddi Karate Mod
ern

pentathlon Rowing Rugby

union Sailing Sepaktakraw Shooting Soft

tennis Squash Swimming Synchronized

tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Water
polo Weightlifting Wrestling Wushu

Asian Games

swimming Table

Abbreviation Asiad

First event

1951

Asian

Games in New

Delhi, India

Occur every

four years

Last event

2010

Asian

Games inGuangzhou, China

Purpose

Multi sport event for nations on the

Asian continent

The Asian Games, officially known as Asiad,[clarification needed] is a multi-sport event held every
four years among athletes from all over Asia. The Games were regulated by the Asian Games
Federation (AGF) from the first Games in New Delhi, India, until the 1978 Games. Since
the1982 Games they have been organized by the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), after the
breakup of the Asian Games Federation.[1] The Games are recognized by the International
Olympic Committee (IOC) and are described as the second largest multi-sport event after
the Olympic Games.[2][3]
In its history, nine nations have hosted the Asian Games. 46 nations have participated in the
Games, including Israel, which was excluded from the Games after their last participation
in1974.
The last Asian Games was held at Guangzhou, People's Republic of China last 12
November 27 November, 2010. The next Games will be held at Incheon, South Korea.

Contents
[hide]

1 History

1.1 Prior formation

1.2 Formation

1.3 Crisis, reorganization, expansion

1.4 Future changes

2 Participation

3 Sports

4 Medal count

5 Samsung MVP award

6 List of Asian Games

7 See also

8 References

9 External links

[edit]History
[edit]Prior formation
Before the Asian Games were held, there was a gathering known as the Far Eastern
Gameswhich was first mooted in 1912 between Empire of Japan, the Philippine
Islands and China. The first Games were then held in Manila in 1913 and ten further
gatherings were held until 1934. However, against the backdrop of the second Sino-Japanese
War in 1934, in the face of Japan's insistence on including Manchu Empire as competitor
nation in the Games, China announced its withdrawal from participation. The Games
scheduled for 1938 were cancelled and the organization was discontinued thereafter.
[edit]Formation
After World War II, a number of Asian countries became independent. Many of the newly
independent Asian countries wanted to see a new type of competition where Asian
dominance would not be shown by violence but would be strengthened by mutual
understanding. During the1948 Summer Olympics in London, a conversation between
sportsmen from China and the Philippines raised the idea of restoring the Far Eastern Games.
However, the Indian International Olympic Committee representative Guru Dutt
Sondhi thought that the restoration of the Games would not be sufficient to show the spirit of
unity and level of achievement in Asian sports, so proposed to sports leaders the idea of
having discussions about holding a wholly new competition the Asian Games. This gave

rise to the agreement to form the Asian Athletic Federation. A preparatory committee was set
up to draft the charter for this new body. On 13 February 1949, the Asian Athletic Federation
was formally inaugurated in New Delhi, alongside the name Asian Games Federation, with
New Delhi announced as the first host city of the Asian Games which were scheduled to be
held in 1950.[4][5]
[edit]Crisis, reorganization, expansion

First Asian Games Opening Ceremony

Starting in 1962, the Games were hit by several crises. First, the host country Indonesia,
refused to permit the participation of Israel and the Republic of China due to political and
religious issues. As a result, the IOC removed its sponsorship of the Games and terminated
Indonesia
as
one
of
the
IOC
members.[6] The Asian
Football
[7]
Confederation (AFC), International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF)
and International Weightlifting Federation (IWF), also removed their recognition of the
Games.[8][9]
In 1970, South Korea dropped its plan to host the Games declined due to national security
crisis, however the main reason was due to financial crisis, forcing the previous host Thailand
to administer the Games again in Bangkok using funds transferred from South Korea.[10] Prior
to the Games, Japan was asked to host the Games, but declined due to Expo
'70 in Osaka.[11] This edition also marked the first time the Games have a
television broadcasting throughout the world.[12] In 1974, the Games formally recognized the
participation of China, North Korea and Mongolia. Israel was allowed to participate despite
the opposition from Arab World, while Taiwan was permitted to take part despite its status
was abolished in general meeting on November 16, 1973 by Games Federation.[13]
The last is 1978, Pakistan dropped its plan to host the Games in 1975 due to financial crisis
and political issues.[14] Thailand offered to help and the Games were once again held in
Bangkok. However once again, like in 1962, Taiwan and Israel were refused the participation
by Games Federation, amid political issues and security fears.[15] Several governing bodies
protested against the ban, like IAAF, threatened to bar the participating players from 1980
Summer Olympics,[16] this caused several teams to withdraw prior to the Games.[17]
Following this series of crises, the National Olympic Committee in Asia decided to revise the
constitution of the Asian Games Federation. A new association, named the Olympic Council
of Asia, was created in November 1981 with the exclusion of Israel.[18] India was already
scheduled to host the 1982 Games and the OCA decided not to drop the old AGF timetable.

The OCA formally supervised the Games starting with the 1986 Asian Games in South
Korea.[19] In the succeeding Games, Taiwan (Republic of China) was re-admitted, but was
forced by the People's Republic of China to compete under the name Chinese Taipei.[20]
In 1994, the Games were first time included the nations of former Republics of the Soviet
Union of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan,Turkmenistan and Tajikistan. Also to note it is
the first time that the Games were held outside the capital city of host
country.[21] However,Iraq was suspended from the Games due to Gulf War in 1990,
while North Korea boycotted the Games due to relation problems. It is also marred by the
death of Nepalese delegation Nareshkumar Adhikari during the Game's opening
ceremony.[22] The 1998 Games marked the fourth time held in Bangkok, Thailand in history.
Differ to December 6 as opening ceremony date to previous three occasions on December 9,
the Games were closing on same day all time, December 20, while all opened by Bhumibol
Adulyadej.
[edit]Future changes
The number of competition events is scheduled to shrink down to just 35 sports at
the 2014 Games to be held in Incheon, South Korea. 2014 will also see the last Games hosted
in even-numbered year, as the Olympic Council of Asia pushed the subsequent Games to just
one year ahead of the Olympic Games. This means the 18th Asian Games which were
originally planned for 2018 will be pushed to 2019.
[edit]Participation
See also: Olympic Council of Asia

2006 Asian Games

All 45 members affiliated to the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA) are eligible to take part in
the Games. In history, 46 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) have sent competitors to the
Games.Israel has been excluded from the Games since 1976, the reason cited as being due to
security reasons.[23] Israel requested to participate in the 1982 Games, but the request was
rejected by the organizers due to incident in 1972 Summer Olympics.[24] Israel is now a
member of the European Olympic Committees (EOC).

Due to its continuing ambiguous political status, Taiwan has participated in the Games under
the flag of Chinese Taipei since 1990. Macau is allowed to compete as one of the NOCs in
Asian Games, despite not being recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC)
for participation in the Olympic Games.
In 2007, the President of OCA, Sheikh Ahmed Al-Fahad Al-Ahmed Al-Sabah, rejected the
proposal to allow Australia to participate in the Games. He stated that while Australia would
add good value to the Asian Games, it would be unfair to the other NOCs in Oceania.[25]
Only
seven
countries,
namely India, Indonesia, Japan,
the Philippines, Sri
Lanka, Singapore and Thailand have competed in all editions of the games.
[edit]Sports Main article:

Asian Games sports

44 sports were presented in Asian Games history, including 2010 Games in Guangzhou.

Sport

Years

Sport

Years

Aquatics

since 1951

Hockey

since 1958

Archery

since 1978

Judo

since 1986

Athletics

since 1951

Kabaddi

since 1990

Badminton

since 1962

Karate

since 1994

Baseball

since 1994

Modern pentathlon 1994, 2002, 2010

Basketball

since 1951

Roller sports

2010

Rowing

since 1982

Board games since 2006

Bodybuilding 20022006

Rugby union

since 1998

Bowling

1978, 1986, since 1994 Sailing

1970, since 1978

Boxing

since 1954

Sepaktakraw

since 1990

Canoeing

since 1986

Shooting

since 1954

Cricket

2010

Softball

since 1990

Cue sports

since 1998

Soft tennis

since 1990

Cycling

1951, since 1958

Squash

since 1998

Dancesport

2010

Table tennis

19581966, since 1974

Dragon boat 2010

Taekwondo

1986, since 1994

Equestrian

19821986, since 1994 Tennis

19581966, since 1974

Fencing

19741978, since 1986 Triathlon

since 2006

Football

since 1951

Volleyball

since 1958

Golf

since 1982

Weightlifting

19511958, since 1966

Gymnastics

since 1974

Wrestling

since 1954

Handball

since 1982

Wushu

since 1990

India at the Asian Games

India at the Asian Games

Flag of India

IOC code

IND

NOC

Indian Olympic Association

Asian Games history

Asian Games
1951 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998
2002 2006 2010
Asian Winter Games
1986 1990 1996 1999 2003 2007 2011
Asian Indoor Games
2005 2007 2009

Asian Beach Games

2008 2010
Asian Martial Arts Games
2009
Asian Youth Games
2009
South Asian Games history
South Asian Games
1984 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1999 2004 2006 2010

India is a member of the South Asian Zone of the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), and has
participated in the Asian Games since their inception in 1951. The Indian Olympic
Association, established in 1927, and recognised in the same year by the International
Olympic Committee, is the National Olympic Committee for India.[1]
India was one of the first five founding members of the Asian Games Federation on 13
February 1949, in New Delhi; the organisation was disbanded on 26 November 1981 and
replaced by the Olympic Council of Asia.[2][3]

Contents
[hide]

1 Membership of Olympic Council of Asia

2 Hosted Games

3 Summer Games results

4 Winter Games results

5 Indoor Games results

6 Beach Games results

7 Martial Arts Games results

8 Youth Games results

9 See also

10 Notes and references

[edit]Membership of Olympic Council of Asia

India is a member of the South Asian Zone of the Olympic Council of Asia, the governing
body of all the sports in Asia, recognised by the International Olympic Committee as the
continental association of Asia.[4][5][a] Being a member of South Asian Zone, India also
participates in the South Asian Games, sub-regional Games for South Asia.[6]
The OCA organises five major continental-level multi-sport events: the Asian Summer
Games (which are commonly known as the Asian Games), Asian Winter Games, Asian
Indoor-Martial Arts Games, Asian Beach Games, and Asian Youth Games. Before
2009,Indoor and Martial Arts were two separate events for indoor and martial arts sports
respectively. However, the OCA has since amalgamated them into a single event, theAsian
Indoor-Martial Arts Games, which will be debuted in 2013 in Incheon, South Korea.[7] As a
member of OCA, India is privileged to participate in all these multi-sport events.
[edit]Hosted Games
New Delhi, the national capital of India, has hosted the Asian Games on two occasions: the
inaugural 1951 Asian Games and the 1982 Asian Games.[8]
[edit]Summer Games results
See also: Asian Games and Asian Games medal count
India is one of the only seven countries that have competed in all the editions of the Asian
Games.
The
other
six
are Indonesia, Japan,
thePhilippines, Sri

Lanka, Singapore and Thailand. India has won at least one gold medal at every Asian Games,
and always ranked within the top 10 nations of the medal table except in the 1990 Asian
Games.
Games

Rank

Gold

Silver

Bronze Total

1951 Asian Games[9] (host) 2

15

16

20

51

1954 Asian Games[9]

13

1958 Asian Games[9]

13

1962 Asian Games[9]

12

13

27

52

1966 Asian Games[9]

11

22

1970 Asian Games[9]

10

25

1974 Asian Games[9]

12

12

28

1978 Asian Games[9]

11

11

28

1982 Asian Games[9] (host) 5

13

19

25

57

1986 Asian Games[9]

23

37

1990 Asian Games[9]

12

14

23

1994 Asian Games[9]

15

22

1998 Asian Games[9]

11

17

35

2002 Asian Games[9]

10

12

13

35

2006 Asian Games[9]

10

17

26

53

Games

Rank

Gold

Silver

Bronze Total

2010 Asian Games[10]

14

17

33

64

Total

128

173

261

562

[edit]Winter Games results

See also: Asian Winter Games and Asian Winter Games medal count
India has sent athletes to every celebration of the Asian Winter Games. Through the last
revision of the Games in Astana and Almaty in2011, India has never won a medal in the
Winter Games.[11]
[edit]Indoor Games results
See also: Asian Indoor Games
Games

Rank

Gold

Silver

Bronze Total

2005 Asian Indoor Games[12] 5

18

2007 Asian Indoor Games[12] 6

10

28

2009 Asian Indoor Games[13] 7

25

40

Total

22

21

43

86

[edit]Beach Games results

See also: Asian Beach Games
India has participated in both the editions of the Asian Beach Game. In the 2008 Games,
India won a total of five medals, including three gold, and ranked seventh in the final medal
table.[14] Three gold medals were won by India in the 2010 Asian Beach Games in Muscat,
Oman, earning the country sixth place in the medal table.[15]
Games

Rank

Gold

Silver

Bronze Total

Games

Rank

Gold

Silver

Bronze Total

2008 Asian Beach Games 7

2010 Asian Beach Games 6

Total

[edit]Martial Arts Games results

See also: Asian Martial Arts Games
India sent a delegation in the inaugural Asian Martial Arts Games held
in Bangkok, Thailand from 1 to 9 August 2009. Indian contingents won a total of 33 medals,
including three gold and seven silver, leading to the country finishing 10th in the final medal
table standings.[16]
Games

Rank

2009 Asian Martial Arts Games 10

Gold

Silver

Bronze Total

23

33

[edit]Youth Games results

See also: Asian Youth Games
Indian athletes competed in the inaugural Asian Youth Games in Singapore. Indian
competitors earned medals in only two sports athleticsand swimming. Four of the five gold
medals came from athletics and one came from the swimming competition. Aaron Agnel
Dsouza was the only multiple medal winner. Dsouze won a gold in the 200 m freestyle and a
bronze in the 100 m freestyle.[17]
Games

Rank

2009 Asian Youth Games 7

Gold

Silver

Bronze Total

11