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GUIDED MEDIA
OPEN WIRE:
Open Wire is traditionally used to describe the electrical wire
strung along power poles. There is a single wire strung between
poles. No shielding or protection from noise interference is
used. We are going to extend the traditional definition of Open
Wire to include any data signal path without shielding or
protection from noise interference. This can include
multiconductor cables or single wires. This media is susceptible
to a large degree of noise and interference and consequently not
MAGNETIC MEDIA:
One of the most common ways to transport data from one
computer to another is to write them onto magnetic tape or
removable media (e.g., recordable DVDs), physically transport
the tape or disks to the destination machine, and read them back
in again. An industry standard Ultrium tape can hold 200
gigabytes. The effective bandwidth of this transmission is 1600
terabits/86,400 sec, or 19 Gbps.
CD-ROM
TWISTED PAIR:
SCANNER
COAXIAL CABLE:
Another common transmission medium is the coaxial
cable. It has better shielding than twisted pairs, so it can span
longer distances at higher speeds. Two kinds of coaxial cable are
widely used. One kind, 50-ohm cable, is commonly used when
it is intended for digital transmission from the start. The other
kind, 75-ohm cable, is commonly used for analog transmission
and cable television but is becoming more important with the
advent of Internet over cable. This distinction is based on
historical, rather than technical factors.
FIBER OPTICS:
Fiber optic cables are similar to coax, except without the
braid. Figure shows a single fiber viewed from the side. At the
center is the glass core through which the light propagates. In
multimode fibers, the core is typically 50 microns in diameter,
about the thickness of a human hair. In single mode fibers, the
core is 8 to 10 microns.
Data rate
Fiber type
LED
Semiconductor
laser
Th
Low
high
Multimode Multimode or single
mode
Short
Long
Long life Short life
Minor
Substantial
Distance
Lifetime
Temperature
sensitivity
Cost
Low cost Expensive
receiving end of an optical fiber consists of a photodiode, which
gives off an electrical pulse when struck by light. The typical
response time of a photodiode is 1 nsec, which limits data rates
to about 1 Gbps. Due to low attenuation, repeaters are needed
only about every 50 km on long lines. Fiber also has advantage
of not being affected by power surges, electromagnetic
interference, or power failures. Fibers do not leak light and are
quite difficult to tap. These properties give fiber excellent
security against potential wiretappers.
On the downside, fiber is a less familiar technology
requiring skills not all engineers have, and fibers can be
damaged easily by being bent too much. Since optical
transmission
is
inherently
unidirectional,
tow-way
communication requires either two fibers or two frequency
bands on one fiber.
UNGUIDED MEDIA
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM:
When electrons move, they create electromagnetic waves
that can propagate through space (even in a vacuum). The
number of oscillations per second of a wave is called its
frequency, f, and is measured in Hz (Hertz). The distance
between two consecutive maxima (or minima) is called the
wavelength, which is universally designated by the Greek letter
(lambda).
When an antenna of the appropriate size is attached to an
electrical circuit, the electromagnetic waves can be broadcast
efficiently and received by a receiver some distance away. All
wireless communication is based on this principle.
In vaccum, all electromagnetic waves travel at the same
speed, no matter what their frequency. This speed, usually called
the speed of light, c, is approximately 3 x 108 m/sec, or about 1
foot (30 cm) per nanosecond. In copper or fiber the speed slows
to about 2/3 of this value and becomes slightly frequency
dependent. The speed of light is the ultimate speed limit. No
object or signal can ever move faster than it.
The fundamental relation between f, , and c (in
vaccum) is
f=c
Since c is a constant, if we know f, we can find , and vice
versa. As a rule of thumb, when is in meters and f is in MHz,
f 300.
f(Hz) 100
102
104
106
108
Radio
1010
1012
Microwave
1014
Infrared
1016
UV
1018
10 20
10 22
X-ray
1024
Gamma ray
Visible light
f(Hz) 104
105
106
107
108
109
Twisted
Satellite
Coax
AM
radio
Maritime
1010
Terristarial
microwave
1011
1012
1013
10 14
10 15
1016
Fiber
optics
FM
radio
TV
Band
INFRARED TRANSMISSION:
Unguided infrared waves are widely used for short-range
communication. The remote controls used on televisions, VCRs,
and stereos all use infrared communication. They are relatively
directional, cheap, and easy to build but have a major drawback:
they do not pass through solid objects. In general, as we go from
long-wave radio toward visible light, the waves behave more and
more like light and less and less like radio.
An infrared transmission system is comprised of three
components, the transmitter, the infrared emitter (also called
radiator) and the receiver. The transmitter modulates the audio
signal onto a carrier frequency using F.M. or digital techniques. The
emitter takes the modulated signal and converts it into infrared
light. The receiver
Infrared emitter
decodes the infrared signal and coverts it back to an audio signal
which is sent to the headphone.
In a multichannel system the transmitter generates a carrier wave
for each channel. All the modulated carrier waves are mixed, and
are fed via a coaxial cable from the transmitter to the infrared
emitters. The output of the emitters is modulated infrared light,
which is invisible to the human eye. Each user is given their own
pocket receiver. This receiver has a lens which collects the infrared
light, and directs it to an IR sensitive receptor. he receiver has
electronics to decode the received signals, and to output one of the
signals (selected by a channel selector) to the headphone connector.
In a conference or theater setting the transmitter can be placed
anywhere within about 1,000 feet of the radiators. The radiators
need to be placed around the area to be covered by a technician
with knowledge about the dispersion pattern of the emitter and the
power output. These radiators are connected in a daisy chain
configuration around the hall to give adequate signal strength to the
entire area to be covered. Additional emitters may be placed back
stage or in over flow rooms as the signal will not travel through
walls.
Advantages
The of an infrared transmission system are fully realized when
different programs are required in adjacent rooms, such as a
multiplex cinema or conference center. Each room can be equipped
with a separate infrared system without interference between
rooms. In the case of a multichannel transmission system, a
delegate can go from room to room and keep the same channel for
their particular language. Additionally, since the signal is
transmitted via infrared light there is little change of radio
frequency interference.
MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION:
Microwave transmission is line of sight transmission. The
Transmit station must be in visible contact with the receive
station. This sets a limit on the distance between stations
depending on the local geography. Typically the line of sight due
to the Earth's curvature is only 50 km to the horizon! Repeater
stations must be placed so the data signal can hop, skip and
jump across the country. Microwaves operate at high operating
frequencies of 3 to 10 GHz. This allows them to carry large
quantities of data due to the large bandwidth.