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LECTURE NOTES
By
CE 2039
LECTURE NOTES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
UNIT
TITLE
PAGE
1 20
21 30
31 61
Off-Site Processing
62 - 101
Disposal
102 - 122
References
Glossary
Anna University Question Paper Nov-Dec 2012
Informations to know Municipal Solid Waste
Management
Waste Generation:
- Waste generation contains activities in which materials are identified as
no longer being of value (no usefulness) and are either thrown away (or)
gathered together for disposal.
- Waste generation is at present, an activity that is not very controllable. In
the future, more control is likely to be exercised over the generation of
wastes.
Waste Handling, Sorting, Storage & Processing @ source:
- The 2
nd
Wastes
Sources
Examples
Residential
No
1
dwellings
Industrial
Commercial
Institutional
Light
&
heavy
manufacturing,
fabrication,
construction
sites,
power & chemical
plants
Stores,
hotels,
restaurants, markets,
office buildings.
Schools,
hospitals,
prisons, govt. centres
Paper,
cardboard,
plastics, wood, glass,
metals, etc.,
Same as commercial
Construction &
Demolition
Municipal
Services
New
construction
sites, road repair,
renovation
sites,
demolition
of
buildings
Street
cleaning,
landscaping,
parks,
beaches, etc.,
Industrial
process
wastes,
scrap
materials,
offspecification products,
slag tailings
Commercial Wastes
- It includes wastes produced from offices, wholesale and retail stores,
restaurants, hotels, markets, warehouses.
Institutional Wastes
- These are arising from institutions such as schools, universities, hospitals
& research institutes.
- It includes wastes which are classified as garbage & rubbish.
Garbage
- Its the term applied to animal & vegetable wastes resulting from the
handling, storage, sale, preparation, cooking & serving of food
- These wastes contains putrescible organic matter, which produces strong
odor, so requires quick attention in its storage
Rubbish
- Its a general term applied to solid wastes generating in house holds,
commercial establishments & institutions, excluding garbage & ashes.
Ashes
- Ashes contains of a fine powdery residue, cinders & clinker often mixed
with small pieces of metal & glass.
- Ashes are the residues from the burning of wood, coal, charcoal, coke &
other combustible materials
Bulky Wastes
7
Physical Characteristics
be increased to 400 kg /m .
- Density is an critical in the design of a sanitary landfill as it is for the
storage, collection & transportation of waste.
- Measurement of Density: The solid wastes should be taken in the smaller
3
- Continue the process until bigger box is filled to the top. The waste
should not be compacted by pressure.
3
- Fill 1m box three times, and take the average. Thus weight per m is
obtained.
11
Moisture Content
- Moisture content of solid wastes is usually expressed as the weight of
moisture per unit weight of the wet material.
7.2
Chemical Characteristics
Knowledge of chemical characteristics of waste is essential in
12
Bio-Chemical
- It includes carbohydrates, proteins, natural fibers & biodegradable factors.
Toxic
- It includes heavy metals, pesticides, insecticides, toxicity test for leachates
(TCLP)
8. Methods of Sampling
8.1 Collection of Samples of solid wastes
- When collecting samples of municipal solid waste, major collection sites
are identified which are covering a large size of population?
13
- The total quantity of waste collected is thoroughly mixed & then reduced
by method of quartering till a sample of such size that can be handled in the
laboratory.
- Samples collected for physical and chemical analysis are double bagged
in plastic bags, sealed & sent to laboratory for analysis with weight ranging
10 -12 kg.
8.2
Impact on Environment
When solid waste is disposed off on land, in open dumbs (or) in
improperly designed landfills (low lying area), it causes the following
impact on environment.
14
9.2
10.
Accidents
- Bone and muscle failure resulting from the handling of heavy containers.
- Infecting wounds resulting from contact with sharp edges.
- Burns & other injuries resulting from methane gas explosions @ landfill
sites.
Chronic Diseases
- Incineration operations are at risk of chronic respiratory diseases,
including cancer resulting from exposure to dust & hazardous compounds.
Infections
- Skin & blood infections resulting from direct contact with waste & from
infected wounds.
- Eye & respiratory infections resulting from exposure to infected dust,
especially during landfill operations.
- Different diseases that results from the bites of animals feeding on the
waste.
- Intestinal infections that are transmitted by flies feeding on the waste
16
11.
o RCRA was amended in 1978, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986 & 1988.
The 1980 and 1984 versions emphesized with hazardous waste.
17
some
locations
with
insufficient
collection
(or)
where
12.
18
- NGO
- CBO
13.
19
20
1.
Introduction
- The handling, storage and processing of solid wastes at the source
before they are collected is the 2
nd
2.
On-Site Handling
- On-Site handling methods and principles involves public attitude,
individual belief and ultimately affects the public health.
- Its an activity associated with the handling of solid waste until they
are placed in containers.
3.
On-Site Storage
- The first phase to manage solid waste is at home level. It requires
facilities for temporarily storing of refuse on the premises.
- Individual house holders (or) businessman have responsibility for onsite storage of solid waste.
- The cans can be constructed from galvanized iron sheets (or) plastic
materials.
- They should have tightly fitting covers. They must be of such size
that, when full, can be lifted easily by one man.
22
- Suitable containers shall be water tight, rust resistant, tight fitting covers,
fire resistant, enough size, light in weight, side handle & washable.
3.2
Buckets
(b)
(c)
Plastic bags
(d)
Garbage is 48 to 80 lit
- Plastic liners for cans and wrapping for garbage reduce the need for
cleaning of cans and bulk containers. It avoids bad odors, rat and fly
breeding.
24
4.
(b)
(c)
But, one engineer should know to evaluate the various methods and
should be able to pick up a better and better solution suitable to the local
conditions.
The various factors that enters in, when deciding the best suitable
method are:
25
(a)
(b)
Reliability
(c)
(d)
Ease of operations
(e)
Efficiency
(f)
5.
26
27
5.2
Segregation at Dwellings
There are three classifications most often used,
(a) Low rise buildings ( < 4 stories )
a. Single family detached
b. Single family attached
(b) Medium rise buildings ( 4-7 stories )
(c) High rise buildings ( > 7 stories )
Here, the residents are responsible for placing the solid waste and
sorting out recyclables.
28
5.2.2.1
Basement Storage
Usually owner provides basement storage rooms and the
recycling containers located near (or) next to solid waste storage.
-
The residents are responsible for storing waste in the curb side.
5.2.2.2
Outdoor Storage
-
Here, the large containers are located at the outdoor (or) near
the apartments.
In many high rise apartments, solid waste chutes are used with
large compactors.
29
6.
6.2
30
1. Introduction:
In the Municipal Solid waste Management system, Collection is an
important aspect.
-
31
Phase 2: The movement of the refuse can to the truck, which is usually
done by the collection crew, called backyard collection. It the can is moved
to the street by the home occupant, the system is called, curbside collection
Phase 3: More & more separated materials and yard wastes are collected
separately either in same truck (or) in separate vehicles from house to
house.
Phase 4: This phase is known as truck routing. The trucks must collect
the refuse from many homes in the most efficient way possible.
Phase 5: The fifth phase of the collection system involves the location of
the final destination (e.g: MRF, disposal site, transfer station)
2. Collection Components:
Components of a solid waste collection system can be listed as below:
- Collection Points
- Collection Frequency
- Storage Containers
- Collection Crew
- Collection Route
- Transfer Station
Collection Points :It depends on the locality that may be residential, commercial
(or) industrial. It has the deciding factors such as size & storage which ultimately
affect the cost of collection.
32
Collection Frequency:
-
33
Collection Crew:
- The optimum crew size for a community depends on labour and
equipment costs, collection methods and route characterization.
- It also depends on the size and types of collection vehicle used,
space between houses, waste generation rates & collection
frequency.
- Nowadays as the increase in collection costs, the trend in recent
years is towards:
i.
ii.
iii.
Collection Routes:
- The collection programme must consider the route that is efficient
for collection.
- An efficient routing of collection vehicles reduces the costs by
reducing the labour expended for collection.
- Proper planning of collection route also helps conserve energy and
minimize working hours and vehicle fuel consumption.
- Routing (road network) analysis and planning can,
i.
ii.
iii.
Transfer Station:
- A transfer station is an intermediate station between final disposal
option and collection points in order to increase the efficiency of
the system, as collection vehicles and crew remain closer to routes.
- A centralized sorting and recovery of recyclable materials are also
carried out at transfer station.
- The unit cost of hauling solid wastes from a collection area to a
transfer station and then to a disposal site decreases when the size
of the collection vehicles increases.
Allotment / Sweeper
(i)
Thickly Populated
(ii)
Less Populated
(iii)
Low density
35
- These can be small rickshaws, carts, (or) wagons pulled by people (or)
animals, and are less expensive, easier to build and maintain compared to
other vehicles.
- They are suitable for densely populated areas with narrow lanes, and
squatter settlements, where there is relatively low volume of waste
generated.
38
between the disposal site and the collection area is less than 15Km.
-
- The weight of solid wastes collected per trip is 2 to 2.5 times larger since
the wastes are hydraulically compacted.
40
41
42
43
44
( c ) The collection route should be started as close to the garage (or) motor pool as
possible.
(d) Heavily travelled streets should not be visited during rush hours.
(e) In case of one-way streets, it is best to start the route near the upper end of
the street.
(f) In case of dead-end streets, wastes must be collected by walking down,
reversing the vehicle (or) taking a U-turn.
(g) Higher elevations should be at the start of the route.
(h) For collection from one side of the street at a time, it is generally best to route
with many anti-clockwise turns around the blocks.
45
6. Transfer Stations
- When the waste disposal unit is remote to the collection area, a transfer
station is employed.
- A transfer station is an intermediate station between final disposal option
and collection point in order to increase the efficiency of the system, as collection
vehicles & crew remain closer to routes.
- In some situations, the transfer stations serves as a pre-processing plant,
where wastes are dewatered & compressed.
- A centralized sorting and recovery of recyclable materials are also
carried out at the transfer station.
46
47
48
- Collection vehicles travel to the dumping area and empty the wastes into a
waiting trailer, a pit (or) a platform.
- After unloading, the collection vehicle leaves the site, and there is no need
to weigh the departing vehicle, if its weight (empty) is known.
- Transfer vehicles are weighed either during (or) after loading, trailers can
be more consistently loaded to just under maximum legal weights and this
maximize payloads and minimizes weight violations.
- Selecting sites that have direct access to truck routes, highways and
rail terminals.
- Providing adequate space within the facility site so that customers
waiting to use the transfer station do not interrupt traffic on public roads.
- Arranging the site so that traffic flows are not adjacent to properties
that are sensitive to noise.
- The site should large enough to accommodate all required functions and
possibly future expansion should be centrally located in the area where waste is
generated.
51
- Recordkeeping procedures
- Emergency Procedures
52
53
Waste Screening:
- Transfer station operators should screen for unacceptable
materials before, during & after customers unload.
- And operators should tell customers where they can dispose off
wastes inappropriate for that transfer stations with the medium of fact sheets.
Emergency Situations:
- Transfer station operators should prepare for emergency,
at minimum, the following emergency events should be anticipated.
- Power Failure: The plan should address how to record customer
information, collect fees and load transfer trailers during a power outage.
54
Record Keeping:
-Medium & large transfer stations typically record the following
information as part of their routine works.
-Incoming Loads: date, time, company, driver name, truck number, origin
of load, fee charged.
- Outgoing Loads: date, time, company, driver name, truck number, type of
waste.
- Facility operating log: Noting any unusual events during the operating
day.
- Complaint Log: Noting the date, time, complaining party, nature of
the complaint.
- Accidents (or) releases: Details of any accident (or) waste releases into
the environment.
- Maintenance Records: For mobile and fixed equipments.
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
- Air Separation
- Magnetic Separation
- Screening
( c ) Drying & Dewatering
63
Movable Equipment:
- This represents the wheeled and tracked equipment used to place
and compact solid wastes.
2
establishments.
Example:
Baling equipment For waste papers & card boards
Stationary compactors For transfer station
- In low pressure compaction, wastes are compacted in large
containers.
2
this category. Compact systems with a capacity up to 351.5 Kg / cm2 came under
Here,
specialized
compaction equipment are used to compress solid wastes in to blocks (or) bales of
various sizes.
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65
Hydro-pulper:
- An alternate method of size reduction involves the use of a hydropulper as shown below:
- Solid wastes and recycled water are added to the hydro-pulper.
- The high speed cutting blades, mounted on a rotor in the bottom of
the unit, convert palpable and friable materials in to slurry with a solid
content varying from 25 to 35%
66
67
- The lighter materials may include plastics, paper products and other
organic materials.
Zig-Zag Classifier:
- It consists of a continuous vertical column with internal zig-zag
deflectors through which air is drawn at high rate.
- Shredded wastes are introduced at the top of the column at a
controlled rate, and air is introduced at the bottom of the column.
68
- As the wastes drop into the air stream, the lighter friction is fluidized
and moves upward and out of column, while the heavy fraction falls to the bottom.
69
70
Magnetic Pulley:
- This consists of a drum type device containing magnets (or)
electromagnets over which a conveyor (or) a similar transfer mechanism carries
the waste stream.
- The conveyor belt conforms to the rounded shape of the magnetic
drum and the magnetic force pulls the ferrous material away from the falling
stream of solid waste.
1.4.3 Screening
71
1.5.1 Drying
The following methods are used to apply the heat required for drying
the wastes.
Convection Drying: In this method, hot air is in direct contact with the wet
solid waste stream.
Conduction Drying: In this method, the wet solid waste stream is in contact
with a heated surface.
72
Radiation Drying: In this method, heat is transmitted directly to the wet solid
waste stream by radiation from the heated body.
1.5.2 Dewatering
- When drying beds, lagoons (or) spreading on land are not feasible,
73
74
Clean MRF:
- A clean MRF accepts recyclable commingled materials that have
already been separated at the source from municipal solid waste generated
either by residential (or) commercial sources.
- There are varieties of clean MRFs.
- The most common are Single Stream Type where all recyclable
material is mixed (or) Dual Stream Type where source separated recyclables
are delivered in a mixed container stream.
Dirty MRF:
- A dirty MRF accepts a mixed solid waste stream and then proceeds
to separate out designated recyclable materials through a combination of manual
and mechanical sorting.
- The sorted recyclable materials may undergo further processing
required to meet technical specifications established by end-markets while the
balance of the mixed waste stream is sent to a disposal facility such as a landfill.
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76
3. Composting
Composting is one of the important technologies for solid waste
management.
- Any organic material that can be biologically decomposed is
compostable.
- Today, composting is a diverse practice that includes a variety of
approaches, depending upon type of organic materials being composted and the
designed properties of final product.
The overall composting process can be explained as follows:
Organic matter + O2 + Aerobic bacteria Co2 + NH3 + H2O + other end products + Energy
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80
th
81
82
83
84
85
- Solid waste collected from various areas reaches the plant site at a
variable depending upon the distance of collection point.
- As the compost plant operates at a constant rate, a balancing storage
has to be provided to absorb the fluctuations in the waste input to the plant.
86
87
88
Organisms:
- Aerobic composting is a dynamic system where in bacteria,
actinomycetes, fungi and other biological forms are actively involved.
- The relative preponderance of one species over another depends
upon the constantly changing food supply, temperature and substrate conditions.
in the range of 45 to 60 C
Use of Cultures:
- During the development of composting process, various innovators
came forward with inoculum, enzymes claimed to hasten the composting process.
Moisture:
- The moisture tends to occupy the free air space between the
particles.
- Hence, when the moisture content is very high, anaerobic condition
set in.
- The composting mass should have a certain minimum moisture
content in it for the organisms to survive.
- The optimum moisture content is known to be between 50 to 60%
- Higher moisture content may be required while composting straw
and strong fibrous material which is often the fibre and fills the large pore spaces.
Temperature:
-The aerobic decomposition of a gram mole of glucose releases 484
to 674 kilo calories energy under controlled conditions, while only 26 kcal are
released when it is decomposed anaerobically.
- Under properly controlled conditions, temperatures are known to rise
beyond 70 C in aerobic condition.
90
Aeration:
- It is necessary to ensure that oxygen is supplied throughout the
mass and aerobic activity is maintained.
- During the decomposition, the oxygen gets depleted and has to
be continuously replenished.
- This can be achieved either by turning of windrows (or) by
supplying compressed air.
- In case of artificial supplying, the quantity of air supply is normally
maintained at 1 2 cu m / day / kg of volatile solid.
91
- It have shown that the optimum turning interval which will reduce
the cost and simultaneously maintain aerobic conditions in 5 days.
4. Incineration
4.1 Definition
- Incineration process can be defined as an engineered process
using controlled flame combustion to thermally degrade waste materials in
presence of oxygen.
92
- Easy to maintain
- Only solution for certain waste types.
- The solid and paste-like hazardous wastes are pushed into the
rotary tubular kiln by a spiral-like screw conveyor or a stopper.
- Liquid wastes are injected via an injection nozzle into the rotary
tubular kiln and into the afterburner chamber.
- The rotary tubular kiln is the most universal method of
incineration of hazardous wastes of different composition.
93
- Solid as well as pasty and liquid materials can be fed into the furnace
for incineration at the same time.
- Through a high excess of air and through the constant addition of
supplemental fuel, thorough incineration is guaranteed.
- The hazardous waste and the incineration air is introduced into the
system from the front side of the rotary kiln.
- From the opposite end the slag and flue gas is being discharged.
- The following incineration temperatures are achieved:
Maximum furnace temperature in rotary kiln: 1050 degrees C
Maximum post-combustion temperature: 1300 degrees C
94
5. Pyrolysis
5.1 Definition
- Pyrolysis is a thermochemical decomposition of organic material
at elevated temperatures without the participation of oxygen.
- It involves the simultaneous change of chemical composition
and physical phase, and is irreversible.
- Pyro = fire;
lysis = separating
5.2 Applicability
- The waste conversion Pyrolysis system is well suited to handle
various feed stocks as follows:
- Municipal Solid waste
- Automobile tires
- Biomass
- Industrial waste
- Hazardous waste
- Sewage sludge
95
96
- Filtered out recyclable materials make for 15-20% of the initial amount of
waste, depending on its composition, and can be sold to the market, providing a
significant source of revenue.
- The remaining waste stream is chipped into small pieces up to 50mm
in diameter. In the dryer its moisture content is reduced down to 20% in order
to provide higher conversion results.
- The properly prepared waste is finally collected in the storage bin.
combustion at 1200 C.
- Specific controlled conditions in the oxidizer ensure complete destruction of
dioxins and furans contained in the syngas and prevent their re-formation.
- The oxidized gasses have high thermal capacity and are partly utilized
by the system to maintain the temperature in the pyrolytic chamber, thereby
decreasing outside energy consumption (natural gas, or propane-butane) by 60%.
97
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101
1. Introduction
- The term landfill can be treated as synonymous to sanitary
landfill of Municipal Solid Waste, only if the latter is designed on the principle of
waste containment and is characterized by the presence of a liner and leachate
collection system to prevent ground water contamination.
- The term sanitary landfill has been extensively used in the past to
describe MSW disposal units constructed on the basis of dump and cover but
with no protection against ground water pollution.
- Such landfills do not fall under the term municipal solid waste
landfills
2. Sanitary Landfill
-The term landfill is used to describe a unit operation for final
disposal of Municipal Solid Waste on land, designed and constructed with the
objective of minimum impact to the environment by incorporating eight essential
components.
102
(c) Landfilling of hazardous waste stream in the municipal waste will be done at a
hazardous waste landfill site; such a site will be identified by the State Government
and is likely to be operated by industries of a district/state.
(e) All existing and old landfills will be inspected and boreholes will be drilled for
(i) recovery of leachate samples from the base of the landfill, (ii) recovery of
subsoil samples beneath the base of the landfill for evaluation of permeability and
soil properties and (iii) recovery of waste samples for waste characterization.
(f) If the leachate quality is observed to be of poor quality with respect to the
local ground water quality or with respect to the CPCB norms.
103
(b) A leachate collection and control facility which collects and extracts leachate
from within and from the base of the landfill and then treats the leachate.
(c) A gas collection and control facility (optional for small landfills) which collects
and extracts gas from within and from the top of the landfill and then treats it or
uses it for energy recovery.
(d) A final cover system at the top of the landfill which enhances surface drainage,
prevents infiltrating water and supports surface vegetation.
104
(e) A surface water drainage system which collects and removes all surface runoff
from the landfill site.
(g) A closure and post-closure plan which lists the steps that must be taken to close
and secure a landfill site once the filling operation has been completed and the
activities for long-term monitoring, operation and maintenance of the completed
landfill.
105
I Locational Criteria
A locational criterion may be specified by a regulatory agency (e.g.
Pollution Control Board). In the absence of regulatory requirements, the following
criteria are suggested.
(a) Lake or Pond: No landfill should be constructed within 200 m of any lake
(c) Flood Plain: No landfill should be constructed within a 100 year flood plain. A
landfill may be built within the flood plains of secondary streams if an
embankment is built along the stream side to avoid flooding of the area.
(d) Highway: No landfill should be constructed within 200 m of the right of way
of any state or national highway. This restriction is mainly for aesthetic reasons. A
landfill may be built within the restricted distance, but no closer than 50 m, if trees
and berms are used to screen the landfill site.
(e) Habitation: A landfill site should be at least 500 m from a notified habituated
area. A zone of 500 m around a landfill boundary should be declared a NoDevelopment Buffer Zone after the landfill location is finalized.
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(f) Public parks: No landfill should be constructed within 300 m of a public park.
A landfill may be constructed within the restricted distance if some kind of
screening is used with a high fence around the landfill and a secured gate.
(g) Critical Habitat Area: No landfill should be constructed within critical habitat
areas. A critical habitat area is defined as the area in which one or more
endangered species live. It is sometimes difficult to define a critical habitat area. If
there is any doubt then the regulatory agency should be contacted.
(i) Ground Water Table: A landfill should not be constructed in areas where
water table is less than 2m below ground surface. Special design measures be
adopted, if this cannot be adhered to.
(k) Water Supply Well: No landfill should be constructed within 500 m of any
water supply well. It is strongly suggested that this locational restriction be abided
by at least for down gradient wells.
(l) Coastal Regulation Zone: A landfill should not be sited in a coastal regulation
zone.
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(m) Unstable Zone: A landfill should not be located in potentially unstable zones
such as landslide prone areas, fault zone etc.
(n) Buffer Zone: A landfill should have a buffer zone around it, up to a distance
prescribed by regulatory agencies.
II Search Area
- To identify the potential sites for a landfill a search area has to be
delineated. The search area is usually governed by the economics of waste
transportation.
- It is usually limited by the boundaries of the municipality. Typically search
areas are delineated on a map using a search radius of 5 to 10 km, keeping the
waste generating unit as the centre.
- Alternatively, the search area may be identified by adopting a range of 5
km all around the built-up city boundary. One should start with a small search area
and enlarge it, if needed.
IV Data Collection
Several maps and other information need to be studied to collect data within
the search radius. Some are discussed below.
(a) Topographic Maps: The topography of the area indicates low and high areas,
natural surface water drainage pattern, streams, and rivers.
(b) Soil Maps: These maps, primarily meant for agricultural use, will show the
types of soil near the surface.
(c) Land Use Plans: These plans are useful in delineating areas with definite
zoning restrictions. There may be restrictions on the use of agricultural land or on
the use of forest land for landfill purposes.
(d) Transportation Maps: These maps, which indicate roads and railways and
locations of airports, are used to determine the transportation needs in developing a
site.
(e) Flood Plain Maps: These maps are used to delineate areas that are within a 100
year flood plain. Landfill siting must be avoided within the flood plains of major
rivers.
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(f) Ground Water Maps: Ground water contour maps are available in various
regions, which indicate the depth to ground water below the land surface as well as
regional ground water flow patterns. Such maps should be collected from Ground
Water Boards or Minor Irrigation Tube well Corporations.
(i) Rainfall Data: The monthly rainfall data for the region should be collected
from the Indian Meteorological Department.
(j) Wind Map: The predominant wind direction and velocities should be collected
from the Indian Meteorological Department.
(k) Seismic Data: The seismic activity of a region is an important input in the
design of landfills Seismic coefficients are earmarked for various seismic zones
and these can be obtained from the relevant BIS code or from the Indian
Meteorological Department.
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(a) Selection of a few best-ranked sites (usually 2 sites, sometimes 3) on the basis
of pathway and receptor related attributes.
(b) Selection of final site on the basis of environmental impact assessment, social
acceptance and cost of disposal.
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6. Design of Landfill
- Design of a landfill can be described through following aspects
6.1 Design Life
- A landfill design life will comprise of an active period and an
closure and post-closure period.
- The active period may typically range from 10 to25 years
depending on the availability of land area.
- The closure and post-closure period for which a landfill will be
monitored and maintained will be 25 years after the active period is completed.
113
- The total landfill area should be approximately 15% more than the
area required for landfilling to accommodate all infrastructure and support
facilities as well as to allow the formation of a green belt around the landfill.
- There is no standard method for classifying landfills by their
capacity. However the following nomenclature is often observed in literature:
Small size landfill : less than 5 hectare area
Medium size landfill : 5 to 20 hectare area
Large size landfill : greater than 20 hectare area.
Landfill heights are reported to vary from less than 5 m to well above 30 m.
6.3 Layout
- A landfill site will comprise of the area in which the waste will be
filled as well as additional area for support facilities.
- Within the area to be filled, work may proceed in phases with only a
part of the area under active operation.
- The following facilities must be located in the layout:
(a) Access roads
(b) Equipment shelters
(c) Weighing scales
(d) Office space
(e) Location of waste inspection and transfer station (if used)
(f) Temporary waste storage and/or disposal sites for special wastes
(g) Areas to be used for waste processing (e.g. shredding)
(h) Demarcation of the landfill areas and areas for stockpiling cover material and
liner material
(i) Drainage facilities
(j) Location of landfill gas management facilities
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7. Operation of a Landfill
- To secure public acceptability, landfill operations require careful
planning and determination of the extent of environmental effects.
- The basic factor influencing the planning of site operations is the
nature and quantity of incoming waste.
- The various aspects of operation of a landfill are as follows
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- Cell Method: This method involves the deposition of wastes within preconstructed bounded area. It is now the preferred method in the industrialized
world, since it encourages the concept of progressive filling and restoration.
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(b) Drainage of leachate collected at the base of a landfill to the sides of the landfill
and removal of the leachate from within the landfill.
- Three types of liner systems are usually adopted and these are described
hereafter:
(a) Single Liner System: Such a system comprises of a single primary barrier
overlain by a leachate collection system with an appropriate separation/protection
layer. A system of this type is used for a low vulnerability landfill.
(b) Single Composite Liner System: A composite liner comprises of two barriers,
made of different materials, placed in intimate contact with each other to provide a
beneficial combined effect of both the barriers. Usually a flexible geo membrane is
placed over a clay or amended soil barrier.
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(c) Double Liner System: In a double liner system a single liner system is placed
twice, one beneath the other. The top barrier (called the primary barrier) is overlaid
by a leachate collection system. Beneath the primary barrier, another leachate
collection system (often called the leak detection layer) is placed followed by a
second barrier (the secondary barrier).
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(b) Discharge To Waste Water Treatment System: For landfills close to a waste
water treatment plant, leachate may be sent to such a plant after some pretreatment.
Reduction is organic content is usually required as a pretreatment.
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