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AIM:
To determine the following properties of Burnt Clay building bricks
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Apparatus:
1. Weighing Balance
2. Drying Oven
3. Water Tank
Procedure:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Dry the specimens in a well ventilated oven at a temperature of 105-115C till it attains a
significantly constant mass.
Cool the specimen to room temperature and weigh the specimen. Record it as Wd
Submerge the dried specimens in a water tank containing clean water at a temperature of
27 2 C for 24 hours.
The brick is taken out from the water tank and excess water is to removed/wiped off.
The mass of the saturated brick is to be determined say W2 within 5 minutes after taking
out from the tank.
W 2W d
100
Wd
Observations:
SPECIME
N CODE
WA 1
WA 2
WA 3
Saturated Weight W2
(g)
3092
3085
3090
need a leaner mortar to give good bond. Usually this is done by increasing the proportion of
washed sand in the mix.
Apparatus:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Watertight trays or containers which can hold water for depth 2.5cm and of area sufficient
to hold 3 bricks
Supports for Brick
Means for Maintaining Constant Water Level two pipettes of 100ml capacity
Balance
Drying Oven
Stop Clock
Procedure:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
Dry the test specimens in a ventilated oven 110 to 115C for not less than 24 h
After drying, cool the specimens in a drying room and Store the units free from drafts,
unstacked, with separate placement, for a period of at least 4 h.
The Dry weight of the specimen shall be recorded, say Wd
The Trays or containers shall be filled with water for a depth of 2.5cm and the pipettes
shall be also be filled completely.
The first specimen shall be placed in the tray and stop clock to be started. Ensure that the
brick is placed gently in the water.
After 1min1s the brick shall be removed from the tray and wiped with a cloth
The brick shall be reweighed and noted as W1
W 1W d
100
Wd
Observations:
Specimen
Code
IWA 1
IWA 2
IWA 3
Initial Dried
Weight (g) -Wd
2847
3046
2772
FINAL WEIGHT
(g) -W1
2883
3107.5
2825
Average IWA (%)
Initial Water
Absorption (%)
1.26
2.02
1.91
1.73
Apparatus:
1. Water tight trays or containers which can hold water of depth of 2.5cm
2. Drying Room
Procedure:
i.
ii.
iii.
The bricks shall be placed in the trays or containers such that the depth of immersion in
water is 2.5cm
Place the whole arrangement in a well ventilated drying room until all the water is
completely absorbed by the specimens. If the room is susceptible to excessive
evaporation then the specimens shall be covered with glass containers.
After complete drying of water the surface of the brick is noticed properly to find the
presence of white deposits called efflorescence.
Since the test is of Non- Quantitative, the liability to efflorescence shall be reported in
accordance with the following definitions:
Nil
Slight
Moderate
Heavy
Serious
Observations:
Specimen Code
E1
E2
E3
% Area exposed to
Efflorescence
35
30
35
Powdering or
Flaking of surface
No
No
No
Efflorescence
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
other end 15mm. The wedge shall be graduated in 0.5 mm divisions. area not less than
300 mm X 300 mm and plane to 0.02 mm.
2. Steel or glass flat surface
Procedure:
i.
ii.
iii.
Observations:
Points A,B,C,D represents the Convex Warpage and points E,F,G,H,I,J reprents concave warpage
RISEininmm
mm
POINT
RISE
A
1.5
B
3.5
C
3
D
1
POINT
E
3.5
F
3
G
3.5
H
4
I
1.5
J
2
Maximum Convex Warpage = 3.5mm
Maximum Concave Warpage = 3.5 mm
Test 5: Test for Dimensions
The dimensions of the bricks need to be fairly uniform. It is mainly because if there are many
variations in the brick sizes, there will always be wastage or shortage of cement mortar required
for the bond. Also the lap provided in the bond wont correspond with the alternate courses of a
wall.
Apparatus:
1. Measuring Tape
Procedure
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
20 bricks are to be selected at random from the sample. All blisters, loose particles shall
be removed.
The bricks shall be placed as shown in figure below
The overall length of the bricks assembled shall be measured by a tape and reported.
The measured length shall be within the limits prescribed by IS 1077: 1992
The brick is immersed in water for a temperature of 272C for 24 hours. Then the brick
is taken out from the water bath.
Excess water is dried.
iii.
iv.
The frog and other voids of the brick is filled with cement mortar (1:3 :: cement: sand)
and it is allowed to be hardened under moist curing for 3 days.
Specimen is kept under testing machine where compressive load is applied at 14MPa per
minute and it is continued till the brick gets crushed. The load at which the specimen fails
is noted.
SPECIMEN
CODE
C1
C2
C3
Dimensions (mm)
Load at failure
L
B
H
(kN)
220 100
87
128.5
218 104
88
126.1
220 100
87
134.3
Avg. Compressive Strength (N/mm2)
Compressive
Strength (N/mm2)
5.84
5.56
6.10
5.84
Time for
loading (s)
29.9
31.4
33.9
INFERENCES
Test 1: 24 hours - Cold Water Absorption
According to IS 1077: 1992, the 24 hours- Cold Water Absorption WA % shall not exceed more
than 20% by weight up to class 12.5 and 15% by weight for higher classes. Since the average of
results obtained was 10.9%, the bricks have ideal WA characteristics.
Test 2: Initial Rate of Water Absorption
Since there are no BIS specifications for the Initial Rate of Water absorption, we could not
ascertain the initial water absorption characteristics of the bricks. But there are some test data
showing that maximum bond strengths are obtained when the Initial Rate of Water Absorption
(IRA) does not exceed 30 g/min./30 square inches and that brick having an IRA greater than this
value at the time of use should be wetted to reduce the suction.
Specimen
Code
IWA 1
IWA 2
IWA 3
Initial
Dried
Weight
(g) -Wd
2847
3046
2772
Final
Weight
(g) -W1
Weight
of water
(g)
2883
3107.5
2825
36
61.5
53
8700
13.48
22672
35.14
19140
29.67
Average IRA (g/min./30 in2)
mm2
in2
IRA
(g/min./30 in2)
2.67
1.75
1.79
2.07
So the average value is very well below the test data we can conclude that the brick is having
preferred initial water absorption characteristics.
Test 3: Test for Efflorescence
According to IS 1077: 1992, the rating of efflorescence based on IS 3495 (part 3):1992 shall not
be more moderate up to class 125 and slight for higher classes.
Since all the samples are showing `Moderate efflorescence, the bricks have adequate resistance
to Efflorescence.
Test 4: Test for Warpage
The maximum warpage allowed is 2.5mm in Burnt Clay Bricks. Since the permissible value is
exceeded the brick is not of good shape
Exp No-II A
AIM
To determine the following properties of Cement Concrete Flooring Tile
1. Wet Transverse Strength
2. Resistance to Wear
Test 1: Method for Determination of Wet Transverse Strength
IS 1237: 2012 Appendix F pertains to this test
Apparatus:
1. Flexural Strength Test Machine One Point load method
2. Measuring Tape
Procedure:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
The specimens shall be tested wet after soaking in water for 24 hours.
The specimen shall be placed between two parallel steel supports such that the span is
200mm and the wearing surface is facing upwards.
Load shall be applied at a rate of 2000N/min till the tile fails in flexure.
The load at failure shall be noted as P and thickness shall also be measured
3 Pl
2
2bt
Observations:
Specimen
Code
FS 1
FS 2
FS 3
LOAD
Divisions in
Dial Gauge
19
22
22
Load
(Kg)
158.3
183.3
183.3
Flexural
strength
(N/mm2)
Dimensions (mm)
Load (N)
1553.25
200
250
21
1798.5
200
250
21
1798.5
200
250
21
Average Flexural strength (N/mm2)
4.227
4.894
4.894
4.671
Apparatus:
1. Abrasion Testing Machine
2. Thickness measurement device of accuracy of 0.01mm
Procedure:
i.
ii.
The test specimens shall be square in shape and of size 70.6 mm 70.6 mm (5000 mm2 in
area).They shall be sawn off one only from each tile, preferably from the central part of
the tile.
The specimens shall be dried at 110 5C for 24 h and then weighed to the nearest 0.1 g.
The specimen after initial drying and weighing shall be placed in the thickness-measuring
apparatus with its wearing surface upwards and the reading of the measuring instrument
on four points of the tile shall be recorded as shown in figure below.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
The grinding path of the disc of the abrasion testing machine shall be evenly strewn with
20 g of the abrasive powder. The specimen shall then be fixed in the holding device with
the surface to be ground facing the disc, and loaded at the centre with 300 N.
The grinding disc shall then be put in motion at a speed of 30 rev/min and the abrasive
powder is continuously fed back on to the grinding path so that it remains uniformly
distributed in a track corresponding to the width of the test piece.
After every 22 revolutions, the disc shall be stopped, the abraded tile powder and the
remainder of the abrasive powder shall be removed from the disc and fresh abrasive
powder in quantities of 20 g applied each time.
After every 22 revolutions the specimen shall be turned about the vertical axis through an
angle of 90 in the clockwise direction and it should be repeated 9 times thereby giving
total number of revolutions of 220.
The disc, the abrasive powder and the specimen shall be kept dry throughout the duration
of the test. After the abrasion is over, the specimen shall be reweighed to the nearest 0.1g.
It shall then be placed in the thickness measuring apparatus once again in an identical
manner and the reading taken with the same position and setting of the dial gauge as for
the measurement before abrasion.
Observations:
Specimen
Code
1
2
3
Specimen
Code
1
2
3
A
-9.22
-9.07
-9.87
Initial
Weight (g)
205
205.5
206
Specimen
Code
Final
Weight (g)
183.5
187
188.5
Average Initial
thickness (mm)
9.42
9.31
10.63
A
B
C
1.85
2.37
2.39
1.83
1.89
1.97
1.75
1.91
2.19
Average Loss in Thickness
1
2
3
D
2.04
1.78
2.38
Specimen Code
Initial Volume
(mm3)
47100
46550
53162.5
Average loss in
thickness (mm)
1
2
3
D
-8.08
-7.18
-8.2
2.16
1.87
2.06
2.03 mm
INFERENCES
Test 1: Method for Determination of Wet Transverse Strength
According to IS 1237: 1980, the average wet transverse strength shall not be less than 3 N/mm2.
Since the average value is 4.671 N/mm2, the tile has sufficient Rupture Strength
Test 2: Method for Determination of Resistance to Wear
According to IS 1237: 1980 the wear shall not exceed the following values:
a) For general purpose floor tiles:
1) Average wear: 3.5 mm
2) Wear on individual specimen: 4 mm
b) For heavy duty floor tiles:
1) Average wear: 2 mm
2) Wear on individual specimen: 2.5 mm
The wear on individual and average wear of tiles is within codal specifications and also these
tiles can also be used as Heavy duty floor tiles.
REFRENCES:
1. http://www.essroctech.com/browse/essroc_data_files/tech_info/essroc_masonry_technica
l_notes/Essroc%20Masonry%20Tech%2029%20-%20Brick%20Part%204%20Physical
%20Properties.pdf
2. http://www.delawarequarries.com/cleaners/efflorescence.html
3. Civil Engineering Materials By Ttti Chandigarh
4. IS 1077: 1992: Common Burnt Clay Building Bricks- Specification
5. IS 3495: 1992 Part 1-IV: Methods Of Tests Of Burnt Clay Building Bricks
6. IS 1237 (2012): Cement Concrete Flooring Tiles - Specification [CED 5: Flooring, Wall
Finishing and Roofing]