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Optical Networking
ASON
DWDM
SONET
RPR
GFP
Raj Jain
The Ohio State University
Nayna Networks
Columbus, OH 43210
Milpitas, CA 95035
Email: Jain@ACM.Org
http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~jain/
2002 Raj Jain
Modules
1. Fundamentals of Networking:
OSI Reference Model, Physical and Datalink layers
2. Introduction to TCP/IP: Addressing, DNS, OSPF, BGP
3. Fundamentals of Optical Communication:
Types of Fibers, Optical components
4. Carrier Networking Technologies:
SONET/SDH, OTN, GFP, LCAS
5. Next Generation Data Networking Technologies:
Gigabit and 10 Gbps Ethernet
6. Recent Developments in Optical Networking:
IP over DWDM, UNI, ASON, GMPLS
2002 Raj Jain
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Fundamentals of
Networking
Raj Jain
The Ohio State University Nayna Networks
Columbus, OH 43210
Milpitas, CA 95035
Email: Jain@ACM.Org
http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~jain/
2002 Raj Jain
Overview
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Protocol Layers
!
Postal Service
Airline
!
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Datalink
Physical
Transmission Media
!
!
!
Coaxial cable
Twisted Pair
Optical Fiber
Coaxial Cable
Twisted Pair
!
Optical Fibers
!
10
Fundamentals of Light
Amplitude
Time or Space
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
1600
Optical Fiber
Communication
800
Infrared
700
600
Visible
Light
500
400
300
Ultra
Violet
2002 Raj Jain
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!
!
!
!
!
!
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DeciBels
Wire or Fiber
!
!
!
16
Four-Wave Mixing
1-, 1, 2, 2+
= 2 - 1
17
Product
Siemens/Optisphere TransXpress
Alcatel 1640 OADM
Corvis Optical Network Gateway
Ciena Multiwave CoreStream
Nortel Optera LH4000
Optera LH 5000
Sycamore SN10000
Cisco ONS 15800
!
80
160
160
80
160
40
160
56
104
160
40
160
Gb/s km
40
10
2.5
10
2.5
10
10
10
40
10
10
10
250
250
2300
330
3200
3200
1600
4000
1200
800
4000
2000
Availability
2001
2001
2001
2001
2000
2000
2001
2000
2002
2001
2001
2002
2002 Raj Jain
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Pulse
!
!
!
!
!
!
+5V
0
-5V
Bit
Signal element: Pulse
Modulation Rate: 1/Duration of the smallest element
=Baud rate
Data Rate: Bits per second
Frequency: Cycles per second = Hertz
Bit, Baud, Hertz: User, Receiver, Medium
Data Rate = Fn(Bandwidth, signal/noise ratio,
encoding)
2002 Raj Jain
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Coding Examples
1 Second
Bits
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 01
14 b/s
14 Baud, 7 Hz
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11
14 b/s
28 Baud, 14 Hz
0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 00
14 b/s
7 Baud, 3.5 Hz
NRZ
Bits
Manchester
Bits
Multilevel
21
Layer 2: Datalink
00110001000101010100110
!
!
!
!
22
ISO Standard
Derived from Synchronous Data Link Control
(SDLC): IBM
Mother of all datalinks
! Link Access Procedure-Balanced (LAPB): X.25
! Link Access Procedure for the D channel (LAPD):
ISDN
! Link Access Procedure for modems (LAPM): V.42
! Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP): Internet
2002 Raj Jain
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HDLC Framing
!
!
24
Bit Stuffing
!
Original Pattern
111111111111011111101111110
After bit-stuffing
1111101111101101111101011111010
2002 Raj Jain
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26
Address
Control Protocol
!
!
CSMA/CD
!
29
Ethernet Standards
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
31
32
100BASE-T
100BASE-T
100BASE-T4
100BASE-X
100BASE-T4 100BASE-X
100BASE-TX
100BASE-TX
100BASE-FX
100BASE-FX
2002 Raj Jain
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Organizationally Unique
Identifier (OUI)
Individual/ Universal/
Group
Local
1
1
22
24 bits assigned by
OUI Owner
24
34
Ethernet
IP IPX AppleTalk
Dest.
Source
Address Address
6
6
!
Type
Info CRC
Size in
bytes
IP IPX AppleTalk
IEEE 802.3
Dest.
Source
Length
Address Address
6
6
2
LLC
Length
4
2002 Raj Jain
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Interconnection Devices
LAN=
Collision
Domain
Application
Transport
Network
Datalink
Physical
H H
H H
Gateway
Router
Bridge/Switch
Repeater/Hub
Extended LAN
=Broadcast
domain
Router
Application
Transport
Network
Datalink
Physical
2002 Raj Jain
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Interconnection Devices
!
!
!
Spanning Tree
LAN A
B
101
B
102
LAN B
LAN C
B
103
LAN D
B
104
LAN E
B
105
106
LAN F
LAN G
Fig 14.5
38
St
LAN A
B
101
B
107
LAN B
LAN C
B
103
LAN D
Br
102
B
104
LAN E
105
106
LAN F
Fig 14.6
39
LAN G
t
2002 Raj Jain
!
!
!
!
40
C=5
C=5
C=10
Bridge 1
C=10
LAN2
C=10
C=5
Bridge 3 Bridge 4
C=10
C=5
LAN5
C=5
Bridge 5
C=5
LAN1
C=10
Bridge 2
LAN3
LAN4
2002 Raj Jain
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Summary
!
!
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42
Homework
True or False?
T F
# # Datalink refers to the 2nd layer in the ISO/OSI reference model
# # If you change UTP-5 with fiber based Ethernet, you have changed the physical layer
# # UTP-3 is better than UTP-5
# # Multimode fiber has a thicker core than a single mode fiber and hence it is used for
higher data rate transmission.
# # A signal of 100 mW power is transmitted. 1 mW is received after 50km
attenuation is 2 dB/km
# # It is impossible to send 3000 bits/second through a wire which has a bandwidth of
1000 Hz.
# # Bit stuffing is used so that characters used for framing do not occur in the data part of
the frame.
# # Ethernet uses a CSMA/CD access method.
# # 10Base2 runs at 2 Mbps.
# # Spanning tree algorithm is used to find a loop free path in a network.
Marks = Correct Answers _____ - Incorrect Answers _____ = ______
2002 Raj Jain
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