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M d. Faisal
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Mach Number:
It is the ratio of the velocity of fluid to the velocity of sound.
M=1 ----------------- Sonic flow
M> (1-6) ----------- Super-Sonic flow
M>6 ---------------- Hyper-Sonic flow
Entropy:
It is a thermodynamic property.
ds = dq/T
where, ds = change of entropy, dq = change of heat, T = Temperature.
In adiabatic process, entropy can not change. Actually,lacking or mal-adroitness of
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Boiler/Steam
Generator:
It is a clossed vessel which is made of steel. Its function is to transfer heat to water to
generate steam.
Economiser:
It is a part of boiler. Its function is to heat feed water which is supplied to boiler.
Superheater:
It is a part of boiler. Its function is to increase temperature of steam into boiler.
Air-Preheater:
It is a part of boiler. Its funtion is to preheats the air to be supplied to furnace and it
recover heat from exhaust gas.
Boler Draught:
It is an important term for boiler. It is the difference of pressure above and below the fire
grate. This pressure difference have to maintain very carefully inside the bolier. It actually
maintaind the rate of steam generation. This depends on rate of fuel burning. Inside the
boiler rate of fuel burning is maintained with rate of entry fresh air. If proper amount of
fresh air never entered into the boiler, then proper amount of fuel inside the boiler never
be burnt. So, proper fresh air enters into the boiler only by maintaining boiler draught.
Nozzle:
Nozzle is a duct of varying cros-sectional area. Actually, it is a passage of varying crosssectional area. It converts steam's heat energy into mechanical energy. It is one type of
pipe or tube that carrying liquid or gas.
Scavenging:
It is the process of removing burnt gas from combustion chamber of engine cylinder.
Supercharging:
Actually, power output of engine depends on what amount of air enter into the engine
through intake manifold. Amount of entry aiy if increased, then must be engine speed will
increased. Amount of air will be increased by increasing inlet air density. The process of
increasing inlet air density is supercharging. The device which is used for supercharging
is called supercharger.Superchargeris driven by a belt from engine crakshaft. It is
installed in intake system.
Turbocharging:
Turbocharging is similar to the supercharging. But in that case tubocharger is installed in
exhaust system whereas supercharger is installed in intake system. Turbocharger is
driven by force of exhaust gas. Generally, turbocharger is used for 2-stroke engine by
utilizing exhaust energy of the engine, it recovers energy otherwise which would go
waste.
Governeor:
Its function id to regulate mean speed of engine when there are variation in the load. If
load incrases on the engine, then engine's speed must decrease. In that case supply of
working fluid have to increase. In the otherway, if load decrease on the engine, then
engine' speed must increase. In that case supply of working fluid have to
decrease.Governor automatcally, controls the supply of working fluid to the engine with
varying load condition.
Flywheel:
It is the one of the main parts of the I.C. engine. Its main function id to store energy in the
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Rating of fuel:
S.I. Engine:
Octane number. Octane number indicates ability of fuel to resist knock.
C.I. Engine:
Cetane Number. Cetane number indicates ability of ignition of diesel fuel. That means,
how much fast ignites diesel fuel.
Stoichiometric ratio:
It is the chemically correct air-fuel ratio by volume. By which theoratically sufficient
oxygen will be gotten to burn all combustible elements in fuel completely.
Heat Transfer:
It is a science which deals with energy transfer between material bodies as a result of
temperature difference.There are three way to heat transfer such asConductionConvectionRadiation
Thermal Conductivity:
It is the quantity of heat flows between two parts of solid material by conduction. In this
case following consideration will be important factTime------ 1 sec
Area of that solid material-------- 1 m
Thickness of that solid material------ 1m
Temperature difference between two parts of that material------ 1k
Heat Exchanger:
It is one type of device which can transfer heat from one fluid to another fluid. ExampleRadiator, intercooler, preheater, condenser, boiler etc.
Refrigeration:
It is the process of removing heat from a substance. Actually, extraction of heat from a
body whose temperature is already below the temperature of its surroundings.
1 tonne of refrigeration:
It is amount of refrigeration effect or cooling effect which is produced by uniform melting
of 1 tonne ice in 24 hours from or at 0 degree centigrade or freezing 1 tonne water in 24
hours from or at 0 degree centigrade.
Humidification:
It is the addition of moisture to the air without change dry bulb temperatur.
Dehumidification:
It is the removal of moisture from the air without change dry bulb temperature.
Gear Train:
Meshing of two or more gear. It can transmit power from one shaft to another shaft.
Heat Treatment:
Operation involving heating and cooling of a metal in solid state for obtaining desirable
condition without being changed chemical composition.Its object-increase hardness of
metal.increase quality of metal ( heat, corrosion,wear resistance quality )improve
machinability.
Ferrous Metal:
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Non-Ferrous Metal:
1. Brass - (Cu+Zn)
2. Bronze (Sn+Cu) ------ Tin Bronze
(Si+Cu) ------- Silicon Bronze
(Al+Cu) ------- Aluminium Bronze
Allowance:
It is the difference between basic dimension of mating parts. That means, minimum
clearance between mating parts that can be allowed.
Tolerance:
It is the difference between upper limit of dimension. It is also the permissible variation
above and below the basic size. That means maximum permissible variation in
dimensions.
Clearance:
It is the difference in size between mating parts. That means, in that case the outside
dimension of the shaft is less than internal dimension of the hole.
Stiffness:
It is the ability to resist deformation.
Toughness:
It is the property to resist fracture.
Fatigue:
When a material is subjected to repeated stress below yield point stress, such type of
failure is fatigue failure.
Nuclear Fission:
It is a nuclear reaction by which one big nucleous divided into two or more nucleous.
Nuclear Fussion:
It is also a nuclear reaction by which one big nucleous will produced by adding two small
nucleous.
Welding:
It is the process of joining two similar or dissimilar metal by fusion.
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Cutting Tool:
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