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ECM 241
CHAPTER 5 Prcatical Comm System
TERM DEFINITION/FUNCTION/
PROCESS/APPLICATION/CHARACTERISTIC/
ADVANTAGE/DISADVANTAGE/EXTRA
NOTES/TYPES/ELEMENTS/PARTS/LOSSES/REASON
Fiber Optic System(FOS)
-Comm. system with info is put on a light beam &
transmitted thru a guided cable
Light freq used in FOS
energy/Current
6) Fiber optic cable
a) Transfer signal in form of light from a point to
other point
b) It size almost same as human hair
Part in FO cable(typical layer in FO)
1) Core
- Where light passing thru
2) Cladding
- Ensure light waves remain within core
- Protect fiber core from scratches
- Strengthen fiber core
3) Protective coating
- Provides 1st level shock
- Resistance to damage & moisture to fiber
4) Kevlar Sleeve(protecting jacket)
- Strong & act as insulator
5) Plastic outer jacket
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Type of FO
a) Step index
-centre core about
diameter
-large light-to-fiber aperture
-allows more light to enter cable
-light rays propagated in zig zag pattern
-many path
-all light rays dont follow same path w. diff
propagation time
-modal dispersion exist
b) Graded index
-centre core about
diameter
-non-uniform refractive index( max at centre &
toward side of cable)
- light rays propagated by refraction
-continuous bending of light rays at diff angles
-light rays travel at outermost area have great
distance but velocity than the innermost
-all rays arrive at end point almost at same time
-less modal dispersion
c) Single mode
-very small core diameter(
diameter)
-only single path of light can propagated
-all light rays follow same path, take same
amount of time to travel
-zero modal dispersion
Modal dispersion
-The pulse at end of cable is lower in amplitude due
to attenuation of light in cable & in duration due to
diff time arrival of light rays.
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Mobile & Cellular Comm
Each zone
-sub-divided into cell (hexadiagonal-shaped) that fit
together to form honey-comb pattern
-allocate a fixed no. of cellular voice channels
1 cluster, 7 cells
Cellular telephone system
-allows large no. of users to share limited no. of
common usage of radio CH
Figure 1
Concept of cellular
1) Cellular system allows freq reused in same area by
splitting entire region into many smaller cells
2) Each cell hv radio base station(RBS)
3) Due to low power signal from RBS, same freq can
be used for other cell (not adjacent, adjacent cell
hv diff freq to avoid interference)
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Mobile Unit
-It communicates directly with RBS over freespace/air
-RBS communicates directly with MTSO over
dedicated data link (microwave/coaxial cable/fo
cable)
RBS
-RBS serves as central control for all users w.in cell
-It consists of low-power radio transceiver, power
amplifier & cell-site controller
-provides interface bween mobile phone & MTSO
Mobile Telephone Switching Office(MTSO)
-it control CH assignment, call processing, setup &
termination, includes signalling, switching,
supervision & allocating RF CH
-provides centralized administration & maintenance
pt. for entire network interfaces w. public phone
network over wire line voice trunks for conventional
wired telephone & interface w. data links
-most MTSO connected to SS7 signalling network,
which allow cell phone to operate outside their
service are
Satellite Comm. System
A satellite system consist of:
1) Transponder(radio repeater on the sky)
2) Ground-based station(control operation)
3) User network of earth station(provides facilities
for transmission & reception of comm. traffics
thru satellite system)
Comm. Satellite
-a radio relay station in orbit above the earth that
receives, amplifies & redirects analog & digital signals
carried on specific RF
Satellite process
-Receive a signal from ground station
-Do amplification & translate frequency
-Broadcast it to earth stations that are able to receive
transmission
-A satellite begins at single earth station
-Passes thru satellite
-End at one/more earth stations
-It utilize microwave terminals both on satellite & in
earth station for high reliable & high capacity system
Satellite Transponder
-act like repeater
-consist of receiver & transmitter
Main function of Satellite Transponder
-pick up transmitted signal from transmitter on earth
-amplify signal
-convert carrier freq to another freq
-retransmit amplified signal to receiver on earth
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Earth Stations
a) Modulator
- Convert i/p basebands signals to FM, PSK or
QAM modulated intermediate freq(IF)
b) Up-converter
- Consists of a mixer & BPF converts IF to an
appropriate RF carrier freq
c) HPA
- Provides adequate i/p sensitivity & o/p
power to propagated the signal to satellite
transponder
a) LNA
- Highly sensitive & low-noise device amplifies
received signal
b) RF-to-IF down-converter
- Mixer & BPF combination which converts
received RF signal to an IF
c) Demodulator
- Detects info signals & feed to appropriate
baseband o/p
Frequency Allocations
Most common bands used for satellite comm. are:
i.
C-band(4-8GHz) for voice & data tel.comm.
ii.
Ku-band(12-18GHz) for TV-broadcasting
iii.
At these bands signal attenuation is at
minimum
Satellite Orbit
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Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
- 1st tel.comm. service designed specially for
sending voice, video & data over digital phone
lines/normal phone wires system
- Support data transfer rates of 64kbps
- Requires adapters at both ends of tans
- ISDN is no longer popular
ISDN Channels
- 2 bearer CH/B-CH & 1 data CH/D-CH
- B-CH
- Carry end-users actual data
- In US it always 64kbps
- In elsewhere it always 56kbps
- D-CH
- Contains data like signalling error, framing dll
- For BRI it is 16kbps
- For PRI it is 64kbps
2 types of ISDN Services
a. Primary Rate Interface(PRI)
- In US
- 23 B-cH (64kbps), 1 D-cH (64kbps)
-total=1.544Mbps
- In EU & elsewhere
- 30 B-cH (56kbps), 1 D-cH (64kbps)
-total=1.544Mbps
- Reason
- US use 8-bit word w. echo cancellation
-Elsewhere use 7-bit word & no echo
cancellation
- Used in larger envi. Bcoz it provides er
bandwidth
b. Basic Rate Interface(BRI)
- 2 B-CH & 1 D-CH
- B-CH (US=64kbps, elsewhere=56kbps)
- D-CH(16kbps)
- Data transmitted=144kbps
- Usable user data=128kbps
- Typically use in small office/home connection
BRI
Broadband ISDN(B-ISDN)
-ori version of ISDN employs baseband trans
-B-ISDN use broadband trans & able to support trans
rates of 1.5Mbps
-B-ISDN requires fiber optic cables
-intended to extend integration of both services
thru.out rest of end-to-end path using FO/radio
media
-support trans from 2Mbps up to much higher rate
ISDN Pro & Conts
ADVANTAGES
-Governed by world-wide
set of standards
-provides symmetrical
transfer rates
-consistent transfer rates
-Possibility of multiple
simultaneous calls
-more reliable than POTS
DISADVANTAGES
-external power supply is
required
-special digital
phone/terminal adapter
required to talk to existing
POTS service
-very expensive to
upgrade from central
office switch to ISDN
Applications
ISDN application
a) Alternative to analog connections
b) Commonly used in radio broadcasting
c) Videoconferences(provides simultaneous
voice,video & texting trans)
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