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SET, RELATION AND FUNCTION
SETS
In Mathematical Language all loving and non living things in universe are known as objects.
A collection of well defined objects is known as a set, Generally sets are denoted by A, B, C.and its elements are denoted
by a, b, c..
Let A is a non empty set. If x is an element of A , then we write x
A. If x is not an element of A, then we write , x
A and read as x is an element of A or x belongs to
A and read as x is not an element of A or x does not belong to A.
REPRESENTATION OF SETS
There are two methods to represent a set
1.
Listing method
2.
Set builder Method
Listing Method : In this method, we make a list of the elements of the set and put it within braces().
This method is also known as Tabular method or Roster method
e.g. A = Set of vowels of English alphabet
= (a, e, t, o, u)
Set Builder Method: In this method , we list the property or properties, satisfied by the elements of set.
A= [x : p(x)]
Where P(x) is a property of set which is satisfied by each elements of set.
e.g., A = [1,2,3,4] = [x : x
N and x < 5]
This method is known as Rule method or Property method

TYPES OF SETS
Empty Set
A set which has no element is called an empty set. It is denoted by or []
e.g. A= [x : x
N and 3 < x < 4] =
Such sets which have at least one element are called non void set.
SINGLETON SET
A set which has only one element is called a singleton set.
e.g, A = [x : x
N and 3 < x < 5]
FINITE SET
A set is which the process of counting of elements surely comes to an end, is called a finite set
e.g, [x : x
N, x < 5 ] is a finite set.
Cardinal Number of a Finite Set

The number of elements in a finite set is called cardinal number of a finite set. It is denoted by 0 (A) or n (A).
e.g. If A = (1,2 ,3, 4,5100] is finite set, then n (A) = 100
INFINITE SET
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A set in which the

process of
counting of elements does not come to an end, is called infinite set.
Competitive
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e.g, A = Set of all points on a plane
and B= Set of students present in a class
Set A is infinite set while B is a finite set.
EQUIVALENT SETS
If cardinal number of two finite sets A and B are equal i.e, n (A) = n (B) then both sets will be equivalent sets.
Equal Sets
If A and B are two sets and each elements of A is an element of set B and each element of set B is an element of set A, then sets A and
B will be equal sets.
SUBSET
Let A and B are two non empty sets. If each elements of A is an element of B, then set A is known as subset of set B. It is denoted by A
B and read as A is subset of B

If x
A and A
=
B, then
x
If A is not a subset of B, then we write as A
B and read as A is not a subset of B.
PROPER SUBSET
Set A is known as proper subset of set B, if each element of A is set B but set B has at least one element which is not in A. It is denoted
by A
B and read as set is a proper subset of B
SUPERSET
If set A is a subset of set B, then set B is known as superset of set A and is denoted by b A.
UNIVERSAL SET
A superset of each set is known as universal set. It is denoted by U.
POWER SET
Let A be a set, then collection of all subsets of set A is known as power set, It is denoted by P(A).
e.g, If A = [1,2,3], then
P(A) = 1 , 2 , 3 , 1,2 , 3,1 , 2,3 1,2,3
VENN DIAGRAM
Geometrical representation of various types of set and their operations are called Venn diagram types of set and their operations are
called Venn diagram. These are represented by figure or graph. Universal set is denoted by a rectangular figure and its subsets are
denoted by circles.
OPERATIONS ON SETS
Union of Sets
Let A and B are two sets then union of sets A and B is denoted by A
B and A B is a set contains all elements which are any of A
or of B or both A and B .
B= x : x A or x B
x A B
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A Competitive
or x B Exams
and if
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x
x
A and x B
INTERSECTION OF SETS
If A and B are two sets, then intersections of A and B is denoted by A
B and A
B contains those elements which are in both A
and B.
B = x : x A and x B
x A B
A and x
DISJOINT SETS
Two sets A and B are disjoint sets, if A
B=
DIFFERENCE OF SETS
If A and B are two non empty sets, then difference of two sets A and B is denoted by A- B and it contain those elements which are in
A but not in B. Similarly, B A is a set which contains those elements which are in B but not in A.
A but x B]
b A = [x : x B but x A]
Hence, A B = [x : x
And
SYMMETRIC DIFFERENCE OF SETS

If A and B are two sets, then set (A B)
(B A ) is known as symmetric difference of sets A and B and is denoted by A
Complement Set
I U is universal set and A
A = U A = [x : x
U, then complement of A is denoted by A or U A.
U but x A]
It is clear that if
x
x B
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B.
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Example If A = Competitive
[1,2,3,4] and
B {4,5,6,7] find the value of A
Exams
B.
Solution A = 1,2,3, 4 and B = 4,5,6,7
A B = 1,2,3
B A = 5,6,7
And
B = (A B)
(B A) = 1,2,3,4,5,6,7
LAWS OF ALGEBRA OF SETS

If A, B and C are three sets, the
1.
Idempotent laws
(a) A
2.
=A
B= B A
(b) A
U =A
(b) A
B =B A
Associative laws
(a) (A B)
C=A
(b) (A B) C = A
5.
A=A
Commutative laws
(a) A
4.
(b) A
Identify laws
(a) A
3.
A=A
C)
(B C)
(B
Distributive laws
(a) A ( B C) = (A
B) (A C)
(b) A ( B C) = (A B) (A C)
6.
De- morgans laws

(a) (A B) = A
7.
8.
B
(b) (A B) = A B
(a) A B = A B
(b) B A = B A
(c) A B = A A B =
(d) (A B) B = A B
(e) (A B) B =
(f) (A B) (B A ) = (A B ) (A B)
(a) A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
(b) A - (B C) = (A B) (A C)
(c) A (B -C) = (A B) (A C)
(d) A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
Example 2 A class has 175 students . The following is the description showing the number of students studying one or more of the
following subjects in this class.
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Mathematics 100;
Physics 70;
Chemistry 46; Mathematics and Physics 30; Mathematics and Chemistry 28; Physics and Chemistry 23;
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Mathematics , Physics and chemistry 18.
Find:
(i) How many students are enrolled in Mathematics alone, Physics alone and chemistry alone?
(ii) The number of students who have not offered any of these three subjects
Solution : Let A, B, C denote the sets of students enrolled in Mathematics, Physics and chemistry respectively.
Let us denote the number of elements contained in each bounded region by small letters a,b,c,d,e,f,g as shown in the figure.
Using the given data, we have
a + b + c + d =100;
b + c + e + f = 70;
c + d + f + g = 46;
b + c = 30;
c + d = 28;
c + f + 23;
c = 18.
Solving these questions, we get;
c = 18; f = 5; d =10;
b = 12; g = 13; e = 35
and a = 60
(i) Number of students enrolled in:

Mathematics alone = a = 60;
Physics alone = e = 35
Chemistry alone = g = 13
(ii) Number of students who have not
offered any of these three subjects
= [175 (a + b + c+ d + e + f +g]
= [175 (60 +12+18+10+35+5+13)]
= [175 153] = 22
ORDERED PAIR
Two elements a and b, listed in a specified order , form an ordered pair, denoted b (a, b). In an ordered pair (a, b); a is regarded
as the first element and b is the second element.
It is evident from the definition that
(i) (a, b)
(b, a)
(ii) (a, b) = (c, d) iff a = c, b = d

CARTESIAN PRODUCT
Let A and B be two non empty sets. The Cartesian product of A and B is denoted by A x B is defined as the set of all ordered pairs
(a, b) where a
A and b B.
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(a , b); a A and b B
Symbolically
A x B = Exams
Competitive
e.g, Suppose A = (1,2,3) and B = (x , y)

Then
A x B = (1, x ) , (1, y), ( 2, x ), ( 2, y), (3, x ), (3, y) and
B x A = ( x ,1) , ( x ,2), ( x ,3), ( y,1), ( y,2), ( y,3)
e.g. If there are three sets A, B , C and a
A, b
B, c
C, then we form an ordered triplet (a,b,c). The set of all ordered
triplets (a,b,c) is called the Cartesian product of these sets A, B and C,

i.e., A x B x C =
(a , b, c) : a A, b B, c
Facts Related to Cartesian product

If A, B and C are three sets , then
C) = (A x B) (A x C)
(b) A x (B C) = (A x B) (A x C)
1. (a) A x (B
2. A x (B C) = ( A x B) (A x C)
A=B
4. If A B A x B ( A x B)
5. If A B A x C B x C
3. A x B = B x A
6. A
( B x A)
B and C D A x C B x D
(C x D) = ( A C) x (B D)
8. A x (B C) = (A x B) (A x C)
9. A x (B C) = (A x B) ( A x C)
7. (A x B)
10. If A and B have n common elements, then A x B and B x A will have n2 elements common.
RELATIONS
Let A and B be two non empty sets, Then a relation R from A to B is a subset of A x B.
Thus, R is a relation from A to B
R A x B. if R is a relation from a non empty set A to a non empty set B and if (a, b) R,
Then we write aRb which is read as a is related to b by the relation R. If (a, b)
R, then we write aRb and we say that a is not
related to b by the relation R.

SOME PARTICULAR TYPS OF RELATIONS
1. Vold relation: Since A x A, it follows that is a relation on A called the empty or vold relation.
2. Universal relation: Since A x A A x A, it follows that A x A is a relation o A called the universal relation.
3. Identity relation: The relation
IA = (a , a ) : a A
Is called the identity relation on A .
e.g., if A = (1,2,3) then the identity relation on A is given by IA = [(1,1) (2,2), (3,3)]
INVERSE RELATIONS
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If R is a relation Competitive
on set A, then
the relation R-1 on A defined by R-1= [b, a) : (a, b)
Exams
R] is called an inverse relation to A.
Clearly , domain (R-1) = range (R)

range (R-1)= domain (R)
And
e.g., Let A = (1,2,3) and let

R = [ (1,2) (2,2), (3,1), (3,2)]
Then, R being a subset of A x A, it is a relation on A. Clearly 1R2 : 2R2 : 3R1 and 3R2
Domain (R) = ( 1,2,3) and Range (R) = (2,1)
Also, R-1 = [(2,1), (2,2), (1,3), (2,3)]
Domain (R-1) = (2,1) and Range (R-1) = (1,2,3)
COMPOSTIONS OF RELATIONS
Let R
A x B, S B x C be two relations. Then compositions of the relations R and S by SOR A x C and is defined by (a,c)
SOR, iff
(a, b)
b B s.t.
R, (b, c) S
e.g., Let A = (1,2,3), B = (a,b,c,d), C = ( , , )
(A x B) = ( 1 , a), ( 1,c), (2 , d)
S ( B x C) = [(a, ) (c, ), (d, )]
Then SOR (A x C) = [(1, ) (1, ), (2,
R
)]
One should be careful in computing the relation RoS, Actually SoR starts with R and RoS starts with S.
In general SoR
RoS
Also (SoR)-1 = R-1oS-1, known as reversal rule.

Reflexive relations
R is a reflexive relation if (a,a)
R, a R,. It should be noted if any a A, such that (a, a) R is not is reflexive
e.g, Let A = [1,2,3] and R = [(1,1), (2,2)]

Then R is not reflexive since 3
A but (3,3) R.
Symmetric Relations
R is called a symmetric relation on A if
(x, y)
R (y, x) R. That is, if x related to y, then y is also related to x.. It should be noted that R is symmetric , iff R
-1
=R
Anti symmetric Relations

R is called an anti-symmetric relation, if (a, b)
R and (b, a) R a = b. Thus if a b, then a may be related to b or b may be
related to a, but never both.

e.g., Let N be the set of natural . A relation R
Then xRy , yRx
N x N is defined by xRy. Iff x divides y
i.e.,
x
y
x divides y, y divides x.
Transitive Relations
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R is called a transitive
relation,
if
Competitive
Exams
(a, b)
R, (b, c) R
(a, c )
R.
In other words, if a is related to b, b is related to c, then a is related to c.

Transitivity falls only when there exists a, b, c such that aRb, bRc but aRb.
e.g., Consider set A = [1,2,3] and the relation
R = [(1,2), (2,1), (1,1)].
Then R is not transitive since (2,1)
R, (1,2) R but (2,2) R.
EQUIVALENCE RELATION
A relation R in a set A is called an equivalent relation . if
R, a A
(ii) R is symmetric i.e., (a,b) R, (b, a) R
(iii) R is transitive i.e, (a, b), (b, c), R (a, c) R
(i) R is reflexive i.e., (a,a)
Example:3 Let N be the set of all natural numbers and let R = [(a, b) : a
N, b N and 2 a + b = 10]
The find R-1,

Solution: Clearly, r = [(1, 8), (2,6), (3,4), (4,2)]
Here,
Dom (R) = [1,2,3,4]
And
Range (R) = [8,6,4,2]
R-1= [(8,1), (6,2), (4,3), (2,4)]
De-morgans Laws: If A and B are any two sets, then

(A B) = A B
(i)
(ii)
(A B) = A B
CONGRUENCES
Let m be a positive integers, then the two integer a and b said to be congruent modulo m if a b is divisible by m, i..e, a b = m ,
where is an positive integer.
The congruent modulo m is defined on all a, b I by a = b (mod m) iff a b = , I+
Example:
The congruent solution of 8x = 6 (mod 14) is

(a)
x = 6, 7
(b)
x = 6, 13
(c)
x = 2, 13
(d)
none of these
COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH
Number of subsets of a set of n elements is 2n.
Number of proper subsets of a set of n elements is 2n -1.
CONSTANT
Those quantities which are unaltered under any mathematical operation, are called constant.
VARIABLES
Those quantities which are altered under any mathematical operation and can opt any value, are known as variables.
Variables are of two types:
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1.
Independent
variable
Competitive
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1.
Independent variable
2.
Depending variable
Those variables which can opt any value are called independent variable.
2.
Dependent Variable
Those variables whose value depend upon the order variables, are called dependent variable.
e.g., Let y = x2 + 7x + 2
Here, x is an independent variable whereas y is a dependent variable. Since, the value of y depends upon the value of x.
DOMAIN
The domain of y = f(x) is the set of all real x for which f(x) is defined (real).
RULES FOR FINDING DOMAIN
(i)
Expression under even root (i.e., square root, fourth root etc.) 0
(ii)
Denominator 0.
(iii)
If domain of y = f(x) and y = g(x) are D 1 and D2 respectively, then the domain of f(x) g(x) or f(x). g(x) is D1 D2. While
domain of
f (x )
is D1 D2 {g(x) = 0}.
g( x )
RANGE
Range of y = f(x) is collection of all outputs f(x) corresponding to each real number in the domain.
RULE FOR FINDING RANGE:
First of all find the domain of y = f(x)
(i)
If domain finite number of points

range set of corresponding f(x) values
(ii)
If domain R or R (some finite points)

Then express x in terms of y. From this find y for x to be defined, (i.e., find the values of y for which x exists).
(iii)
If domain a finite interval, find the least and greatest value for range using monotonically.
FUNCTION
Let A and B are two non-empty sets, then a subset f of A B is known as a function from A to B, if for each element x of A
there exists a unique element y in B such that (x, y) f.
OR
A function f from a set A to a set B is a rule that assigns a unique element f(x) in B to each element in A.
The terms map, mapping, corresponding are used as synonyms for function and it is denoted by f : A B.
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Set A isCompetitive
known as Exams
domain of function f and set B is known as co-domain of function of f. Set {y B : y = f(x)} is known as
range of f.
Domain
Co-domain
EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS

A function is said to be an explicit function, if the dependent variable y is expressible completely in term of independent
variable.
A function is said to be an implicit function, if the dependent variable is not directly expressible in terms of the independent
variable x.
e.g., y = 3ex x2 + 2, x R is an explicit function while ye x
+ xe y = e z is an implicit function.
Vertical parallel Line Test (VPL Test)

This is a geometrical test to check whether a relation is a function or not.
If we draw a vertical parallel line i.e., any line parallel to y-axis, then, if this line interests the graph of the expression in
more than one point, then the expression is a relation else, if it intersects at only one point, the expression is a function.
y
y
(a)
(b)
In figure, the vertical parallel line intersects the curve at two points thus the expression is a relation whereas in figure, the
vertical parallel line intersects the curve at one point. Thus, the expression is a function.
CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS
Constant Function
If in the range of the function f there is only single element,
then f is known as constant function.
OR
(0, k)
x
Let k be a constant, then function f(x) = k, x is known
O
y
as constant function.
Figure shows a graph of y = k i.e., f(x) = k.
Domain of f(x) = R
and
Range of f(x) ={k}
Polynomial Function
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y=k
x
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The function
y = f(x)
= a0xn +..+ an, where a0, a1, a2,.., an are real coefficient and n is a non-negative integer, is known as
Competitive
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a polynomial function. If a0 0, then degree of polynomial function is n.
Domain of f(x) = R
Rational Function
If P(x) and Q(x) are polynomial function, then function f(x) =
P( x )
is known as rational function.
Q( x )
Domain of f(x) = R {x : Q(x) = 0)

Irrational Function
The function containing one or more term having non-integral rational powers of x are called irrational function.
e.g.
y = f(x) =
5x 3 / 2 7 x 1 / 2
x
1/ 2
y=x
Identity Function
Function f(x) = x, x is known as identity function.

Domain of (x) = R and Range of f(x) = R figure shows a graph of
y
identity function in which curve passes through origin and inclined

at an angle 45o to x-axis.
Exponential Function
Function f(x) = ax, a > 0, a 1, a constant, is known as exponential function.
Domain of f(x) = R
Range of f(x) = 0,
and
y = ax
y
(0, 1)
(0, 1)
y
0<a<1
a>1
(a)
Logarithmic Function
y = ax
(b)
Function f(x) = loga x, (x, a > 0) and a 1, is known as logarithmic function.

Domain of f(x) = (0, )
and
Range of f(x) = R
y
(0, 1)
x
(0, 1)
a>1
SCO. 146-147, Level II Floor
0 <Sector
a < 1 34-A, Chandigarh M: 7307865051, 7307861122, 0172-5024647
Page No. 11
(a)
(b)
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Competitive Exams
Trigonometric Function
Functions of trigonometric ratios are known as trigonometric functions.
Function
sin x
cos x
tan x
Domain
R
R
R ( 2n 1)
Range
[1, 1]
[1, 1]
R
; n I
2
R - n : n I
cot x
sec x
R ( 2n 1)
R
(, 1] [1, )
: n I
2
R [n : n I]
cosec x
Inverse Trigonometric Function
(, 1] [1, )
The functions involving inverse trigonometric ratio are known as inverse trigonometric functions.
Modulus Function
Function y = f(x) = |x| is known as modulus function.
x,
x,
y = f(x) =
x0
x0
Domain of f(x) = x R
Range of f(x) = [0, )
and
y=x
y = x
Figure shows a graph of modulus function which is also an even function.
if x 0
if x < 0
x
O
y
Properties of Modulus Function

1.
|x| a a x a; (a 0)
2.
|x| a x a or x a; (a 0)
3.
|x y| |x| + |y|
4.
|x + y| ||x| - |y||
Signum Function
Function f(x) = Sgn (x) is known as Signum function n
f(x) = Sgn(x)
x
|x|
or
,
= x
|x|
0,
1,
= 1,
0,
x0
x0
x0
x0
x0
1
x
O
1
y
Domain of f(x) = R
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and

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Range of f(x) = {1, 0, 1}
Figure shows the graph of Signum function.

Greatest Integer Function
The function whose value at any number x is the greatest integer less than or equal to x is called the greatest integer function.
f(x) = [x]
y
y=x
3
2
y = [x]
1
x
1
2
y
Domain of f(x) = R
and
Range of f(x) = 1
Properties of Greatest Integer Function

1.
[x + I] = [x] + I, if I is an integer.
2.
[x + y] [x] + [y]
3.
If [ (x)] I, then (x) I
4.
If [ (x)] I, then (x) < I + 1
5.
[x] =
6.
If [x] > n x n + 1, n I
7.
If [x] < n x < n, n I
8.
[x + y] = [x] + [y x + [x]], x, y R
9.
[x] + x
[ x ],
[ x ] 1,
if x I
if x I
1
2
n 1
x ... x
= [nx], n N
n
n
n
Least Integer Function

The function whose value of any number x is the smallest integer greater than or equal to x is called least integer function or
the integer floor function.
y
y=x
3
2
y = (x)
1
x
1
2
y
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Competitive Exams
f(x) = (x)
Domain of f(x) = R
and
Range of f(x) = I
Figure shows the graph of least integer function.

y
Fractional Part Function

y = {x} is known as fractional part function.
If x = I + f, where I = [x] and f = {x}
y = x [x]
x
4
Domain of f(x) = R
and
Range of f(x) = [0, 1)
Properties of Fractional Part Function

1.
If 0 1, then {x} = x
2.
If x I, then {x} = 0
3.
If x I, then {x} = 1 {x}
Example:
find the domain of definition f(x) =
Solution:
For f to be defined x 6, 6 and log0.4

0<
x 1
2
x 5 x 36
log 0.4
x 1
0,
x5
x 1
1 1 < x < but x 6.
x5
Domain of f(x) = (1, ) {6}
Example:
If f is a function such that f(0) = 2, f(1) = 3 and f(x + 2) = 2f(x) f(x + 1) for every real x, then find the value of f(5).
Solution:
At x = 0 f(2) = 2f(0) f(1) = 2 2 3 = 1

At x = 1 f(3) = 2f(1) f(2) = 6 1 = 5
At x = 2 f(4) = 2f(2) f(3) = 2 1 5 = 3
At x = 3 f(5) = 2f(3) f(4) = 2(5) (3) = 13
EVEN FUNCTIONS AND ODD FUNCTION

Even Function
A real function f(x) is an even function, if f(x) = f(x) e.g., f(x) = cos x is an even function.
Odd Function
A real function f(x) is an odd function, if f(x) = f(x) e.g., f(x) = sin x or x3 are odd functions.
Properties of Even and Odd Functions
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1.
ProductCompetitive
of two oddExams
functions or two even functions is an even function.
2.
Product of an even function and an odd function is in odd function.
3.
Each function can be expressed as the sum of an even function and an odd function.
4.
Derivative of an even function is an odd functions and derivative of an odd function is an even function.
5.
Square of an even or an odd function is always an even function.
6.
The graph of an odd function is symmetrical about origin or symmetrical in opposite quadrants.
7.
The graph of an even function is symmetrical about y-axis.
Example:
Solution:
cos x
1 , where x is not on integral multiple of and [] denotes greatest integer functions an
Show that f(x) = 2 x
2
odd function.
2x 1
2x
1
=
Clearly
2

2
f(x) is an odd function.
EVEN EXTENSION AND ODD EXTENSION OF A FUNCTION

Let y = f(x) is defined in [a, b], then y = f(x) is its even extension in [b, a] and y = f(x) is its odd extension in [b, a].
PERIODIC FUNCTIONS
A function f : X Y is said to be a periodic function, if there exist a positive real number T such that f(x + T) = f(x) x
X. The least value of T is called the fundamental period of a function. In general, the fundamental period (principal period) is called
the period of a function. Graphically graph gets repeated after each period of the function.
Standard Results on Some Periodic Functions
S.No.
1.
Functions
sinn x, cosn x, secn x, cosecn x
2.
tann x, cotn x
3.
|sin x |, |cos x|, |tan x|, |sec x|, |cosec x|, |cot x|
4.
x [x]
Properties of Periodic Functions
1.
If f(x) is a periodic function with fundamental period T, then
Period
(If n is an even number) 2 (If n is an odd
number)
1
will also be a periodic function with same fundamental
f (x)
period T.
T
.
|a|
2.
If f(x) is a periodic function with period T, then f(ax + b) is also a periodic function with fundamental period
3.
If f(x) is a periodic function with period T, then af(x) + b is also a periodic function with same fundamental period T.
4.
If f(x) and g(x) are two functions with fundamental periods T 1 and T2 respectively, then f(x) + g(x) is a periodic function with
fundamental period LCM to T1 and T2, provided f(x) and g(x) cannot be inter-changed by adding a positive number in x
which is less than LCM of T1 and T2, in that case period becomes that number, and also LCM to T 1 and T2 should exist
otherwise this is not a periodic function.
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5.
If f(x) isCompetitive
a periodicExams
function with period T and g(x) is a monotonic function, then g[f(x)] is also a periodic function with same
period T as that of f(x)
Example:
Solution:
If f(x) = sin (
2
=
[a ]
[a ]
) x, [] denotes greatest integer has as its fundamental period, then find the value of a.
COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS
[a ]
= 2 [a] = 4
a [4, 5)
Let f(x) and g(x) be two functions whose domains are D1 and D2 respectively.
If range (f) domain (g),
then
(gof) (x) = g{f(x)}, x D1,
and, if range (g) domain (f), then

(fog) (x) = f{g(x)}, x D2
Generally,
(fog) (x) (gof) (x)
Let f : x Y and g : Y Z be two functions we define a function h : X Z such that

h (x) = g[f(x)]
h(x)
h = gof
h(x)
f
x
Properties of Composition of Function
g
g[f(x)]
f(x)
X
1.
If f and g are even functions fog is an even function.
2.
If f is odd and g is an even function fog is an odd function.
3.
If f is an even and g is an odd function gof is an even function.
4.
The composition of functions is not commutative

fog gof
5.
If f, g, h are any three function such that (fog) oh and fo(goh) both exist, then
(fog) (oh) = fo(goh)
6.
The composition of any function with the identity function is the function itself.
1
x
, 1 < x < 1 and g(x) =
- tan
2
2
Example:
If f(x) =
Solution:
Since, domain of f and gof are same,
3 4 4 x 2 , then find the domain of gof.
1
x
, 1 < x < 1
tan
2
2
and
f(x) =
Domain of gof = (1, 1)
One-one Function
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A function
f : A Exams
B is said to one-one. If different elements in A have different images in B.
Competitive
This type of functions are known as injective functions.
Many-One Function
If there exist at least two distinct elements in domain having same image, then it is many-one function.
Methods to find One-One and Many-One Functions
1.
If x1 x2 f(x1) f(x2), then f(x) is one-one.
2.
If f(x) = f(x2) x1 = x2, then f(x) is one-one.
3.
Any function, which increases monotonically or decreases monotonically is one-one function i.e., f(x) > 0 for all x in domain
or f(x) < 0 for all x in domain.
4.
Any continuous function f(x) which has at leas tone local maximum or local minima, is many-one.
5.
If there is any line parallel to x-axis intersecting the graph of y = f(x) in more than one point, then function in many-one.
Horizontal Parallel Lines Test (HPL Test)

This is also a geometrical test to chock whether a function is one-one or not.
If we draw a horizontal parallel line i.e., any line parallel to x-axis, then, if this line intersects the graph of the function in at
least two points, then the function is not one-one function else, if it intersects at only one point, the function is one-one.
y
y
(a)
(b)
In figure, the horizontal parallel line intersects the graph at one point, thus the function is one-one whereas in figure, the line
intersects the graph at two points thus the function is not one-one function.
Differential Test for Injectivity
If the function is strictly increasing or strictly decreasing through out its domain, then the function is one-one.
Onto Functions
If the function f : A B is such that each and every elements in B is the f image of at least one element in A, then f is a
function of A onto B.
OR
If each element in co-domain have at least one pre-image in the set of domain, then function is onto.
OR
If range is same as co-domain, then function is onto.
f
b
c
e
f
A
B
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Competitive Exams
In figure, each element B is image of at least one element in A.

Onto function is also called surjective function .
Whether a Function is Onto or Not
For any function y = f(x), find the range of y. If the range of y equals to the co-domain of the function, then function is onto.
Into Functions
If the function f : A B is such that there is at least one element in B which is not f image of any element in A, then f is
called a into function.
OR
If there is even single element in the set of co-domain which does not have its pre-image, then it is known as into function.
OR
If range of a function f is proper subset of co-domain, then function f is into.
f
b
c
e
f
In figure, there is an element (e) which is not image of any element in A. Thus, f is into function.
Bijective Functions
Function which are one-one functions and onto functions are called bijective functions.
EQUAL FUNCTION
Two functions f and g are called equal functions, if
(a)
Domain of f = domain of g
(b)
Range of f = range of g
(c)
f(x) = g(x), x Domain of f or g.
INVERSE FUNCTION
Let f : A B is a bijective function, then there exists a unique function g : B A is a function such that f(x) = y g(y), x,
x A and y B, then g is called inverse function of f.
Hence,
g = f1 : B A
f
b
c
e
f
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Competitive Exams
Properties of inverse Function

1.
Inverse of bijective function is unique.
2.
Inverse of bijective function is also bijective function.
3.
If f : A B is bijective function and g : B A, is inverse of f, then fog = I B and gof = IA where IA and IB are identity
function of sets A and B respectively.
4.
If f : A B and g : B A are two bijective functions, then gof : A C is also bijective function and (gof)1 = f1.
5.
fog gof, but if fog = gof, then either f1 = g or g1 = f and (fog) (x) = (gof) (x) = x.
x
from f : A A are invertible, where A = [1, 1].
2
Example:
Show that f(x) = sin
Solution:
Since, f(x) = sin
x
is both one-one and onto.
2
Its inverse exist.
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Competitive Exams
Q1.
Q2.
EXERCISE
Which of the following is a null set?
(a) C is empty
(a) {0}
(b) {x : x > 0 or x < 0}
(b) B has as many elements as C
(c) {x : x2 = 4 or x = 3}
(d) {x : x2 + 1 = 0, x R}
(c) A = B C
If A = P((1, 2)) where P denotes the power set, then

which one of the following is correct?
Q3.
(d) B has twice as many elements as C

Q7.
(a) {1, 2} A
(b) 1 A
100, then n(A B) is equal to
(c) A
(d) {1, 2} A
(a) 400
(b) 600
(c) 300
(d) None of these
If A = {x : s is a multiple of 3} and B = {x : x is a
multiple of 5}, then A B is (where, A
means Q8.
complement of A)
Q4.
Let n(U) = 700, n(A) = 200, n(B) = 300, n(A B) =
For real numbers x and y, we write xRy x y +
is an irrational number. Then, the relation R is
(a) A B
(a) A B
(a) reflexive
(b) symmetric
(c) A B
(c) A B
(c) transitive
(d) none of these
The shaded region in the given figure is
Q9.
If R A B and S B C be two relations, then

(SoR)1 is equal to
Q10.
(a) S1oR-1
(b) R-1oS-1
(c) SoR
(D) RoS
If R is a relation on a finite set having n elements, then

the number of relations on A is
Q5.
(a) A (B C)
(b) A (B C)
(a) 2n
(b) 2n
(c) A (B C)
(d) A (B C)
(c) n2
(d) nn
Consider the following Venn diagram
Q11.
Which one of the following functions, f : R R is

injective?
Q12.
Q6.
(a) f(x) = |x|, x R
(b) f(x) = x2, x R
(c) f(x) = 11, x R
(d) f(x) = x, x R
The domain of the function f(x) =
If |E| = 42, |A| = 15, |B| = 12 and |A B| = 22, then the
is
area represented by shaded portion in the above Venn
(a) [1, )
diagram is
(c) [1, 6]
(a) 25
(b) 27
(c) 32
(d) 37
Q13.
Consider the set of all determinants of order 3 with

entries 0 or 1 only. Let B be the subset of A consisting of
all determinants with values 1. Let C be the subset of the Q14.
x1 +
(b) (, 6)
(d) None of these
If (x) = a , then [(p)] is equal to

x
(a) (3p)
(b) 3(p)
(c) 6(p)
(d) 2(p)
1
is equal to
x
If f(x) = x2 - x2, then f
set of all determinants with value 1. Then,
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(a) f(x) Competitive Exams (b) f(x)

(c)
Q15.
Q16.
1
f(x)
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II

is not a correct explanation for Statement I
(d) [f(x)]2
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
Out of 800 boys in a school, 224 played cricket, 240
(d) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
played hockey and 336 played basketball. Of the total, Q19.
Statement I: Sets A and B have three and six elements
64 played both basketball and hockey, 80 played cricket
respectively, then the minimum number of elements in A
and basketball and 40 played cricket and hockey; 24
B is 6.
played all the three games. The number of boys who did
Statement II: A B = 3
not play any game is
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II
(a) 128
(b) 216
is a correct explanation for Statement I
(c) 240
(d) 160
In a college of 300 students, every student reads 5
newspapers and every newspaper is read by 60 students.
The number of newspapers is
(a) at least 30
(b) at most 20
(c) exactly 25
(d) None of these
Q20.
Consider the following statements.

I. All poets (P) and learned (L)
Directions: The following questions are Assertion Reason type
II. All learned (L) and happy (H).
Questions. Each of these question contains two statements.
Which one of the following Venn diagrams correctly
Statement I (Assertion) and Statement II (Reason) Each of these
represents both the above statements taken together?
questions also has four alternative choices, only one of which is

the correct answer. You have to select the correct choice.
Q17.
Statement I: A B = A C and A B = A C, then

B = C.
Statement II: A (B C) = (A B) (A C).
Q18.
Statement I: If a set A has a n elements, then the

number of binary relation on A = n
n2
Directions: In a city, 25% of the families have phone and 15% of

the families have car, 65% of the families have neither phone nor
car. 2000 families have both phone and car.
Q21.
Statement II: Number of possible relations from A to A Q22.

2
= 2n .
Q23.
Percentage of families having phone and car both, is

(a) 5%
(b) 10%
(c) 20%
(d) 25%
Percentage of families having either phone or car is

(a) 10%
(b) 30%
(c) 35%
(d) 40%
What is the number of families in the city?
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(a) 30000
(b) 40000
Competitive Exams
(c) 20000
Q24.
Q25.
If A = {1, 2}, B = {2, 3} and C = {3, 4}, then what is the
Q31.
(b) 6
(c) {1, 1}
(c) 2
(d) 1
Q32.
Which one of the following is a null set?

(a) {0}
(b) {{{}}}
relations which can be defined in A is
(c) {{}}
(d) {x | x2 + 1| = 0, x R}
(b) n2
2
(d) n
Q33.
Let N be the set of natural numbers and f : N N be a

function given by f(x) = x + 1 for x N. Which one of
Which one of the following is an example of non-empty
the following is correct?
set?
(a) f is one-one and onto

(b) f is one-one but not onto
(b) (x : x 2 = 0 and x is rational)
(d) f is only onto
(c) {x : x is a natural number, x < 8 and simultaneously x
(d) f is neither one-one nor onto
> 12}
Q34.
The relation has the same father as over the set of
(d) {x : x is a point common to any two parallel lines}
children is
The relation R in the set Z of integers given by R = {(a,
(a) only reflexive
(b) only symmetric
b) : a b is divisible by 5} is
(c) only transitive
(d) an equivalence relation
(a) reflexive
Q35.
Let P = {1, 2, 3} and a relation on set P is given by the
(b) reflexive but not symmetric
set R = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (2, 3)}.
(c) symmetric and transitive
Then R is
(d) an equivalence relation
(a) reflexive, transitive but not symmetric
Let A = {a, b, c, d} and B = {x, y, z}. What is the
(b) symmetric, transitive but not reflexive
number of elements in A B?
(c) symmetric, reflexive but not transitive
(a) 6
(b) 7
(d) None of the above
(c) 12
(d) 64
Q36.
Let A = {x : x is a square of a natural number and x is
If f be a function from the set of natural numbers to the
less than 100} and B is a set of even natural numbers.
set of even natural numbers given by f(x) = 2x. then, f is
What is the cardinality of A B?
(a) one-to-one but not onto
(a) 4
(b) 5
(b) onto but not one-one
(c) 9
(d) None of these
(c) Both one-one and onto

Q30.
(d) {1, 0, 1}
If A is a finite set having n elements, then the number of
Q29.
| x|
, x 0?
x
(a) 8
(a) Set of all even prime numbers
Q28.
What is the range of the function f(x) =
(a) Set of all real numbers (b) Set of all integers
(c) 2n
Q27.
(d) 17
cardinality of (A B) (A C)?
(a) 2n
Q26.
(d) 10000
(c) 16
Q37.
If is a null set, then which one of the following is
(d) Neither one-one nor onto
correct?
If A = {1, 3, 5, 7}, then what is the cardinality of the
(a) = 0
(b) = {0}
power set P(A)?
(c) = {}
(d) = {}
(a) 8
(b) 15
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Q38.
If A = {1,
2, 5, 6} and
B = {1, 2, 3}, then what is (A B)
Competitive
Exams
(B A) equal to?
Q43.
(a) {(1, 1), (2, 1), (6, 1), (3, 2)}
Q39.
Q41.
If f(x) = 2x + 7 and g(x) = x 2 + 7, x R, then which

value of x will satisfy fog (x) = 25?
(c) {(1, 1), (2, 2)}
(a) 1, 1
(d) {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 5), (2, 6)}
(c)
Let M be the set of men and R is a relation is son of
Q44.
(b) 2, 2
2,
(d) None of these
Out of 32 persons, 30 invest in National Savings
defined on M. Then, R is
Certificates and 17 invest in shares. What is the number
(a) an equivalence relation
of persons who invest in both?
(b) a symmetric relation
(a) 13
(b) 15
(c) a transitive relation
(c) 17
(d) 19
Q45.
If Na = {ax | x N}, then what is N12 N8 equal to?
If the cardinality of a set A is 4 and that of a set B is 3,
(a) N12
(b) N20
then what is the cardinality of the set A B?
(c) N24
(d) N48
(a) 1
(b) 5
(c) 7
(d) Cannot be determined
Q46.
1,
0,
A mapping f : R R which is defined as f(x) = cos x; x

R is
Consider the function f : R {0, 1} such that

f(x) =
(a) only one-one

(b) only onto
if x is rationl
if x is irrational
(c) one-one onto

(d) Neither one-one nor onto
Which one of the following is correct?

Q47.
(a) The function of one-one into
Q42.
2
2
x
3
3
(d)
(b) {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2)}
(d) None of these

Q40.
2
4
x
3
9
(c)
In an examination out of 100 students, 75 passed in
(b) The function is many-one into
English, 60 passed in Mathematics and 45 passed in both
(c) The function is one-one onto
English and Mathematics. What is the number of
(d) The function is many-one onto
students passed in exactly one of the two subjects?
If f(x) =
(a)
2
3
x , x R, then what is f1 (x) equal to?
3
2
3
2
x
2
3
(b)
(a) 45
(b) 60
(c) 75
(d) 90
3
9
x
2
4
ANSWERS
Q1.
(d)
Q2.
(d)
Q3.
(b)
Q4.
(c)
Q5.
(a)
Q6.
(b)
Q7.
(c)
Q8.
(a)
Q9.
(b)
Q10.
(b)
Q11.
(d)
Q12.
(c)
Q13.
(a)
Q14.
(b)
Q15.
(d)
Q16.
(c)
Q17.
(a)
Q18.
(b)
Q19.
(a)
Q20.
(d)
Q21.
(a)
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Q22.
(c)
Q29.
Q36.

Competitive Exams
Q23.
(b)
Q24.
(c)
Q25.
(c)
Q26.
(a)
Q27.
(d)
Q28.
(c)
(c)
Q30.
(c)
Q31.
(c)
Q32.
(d)
Q33.
(b)
Q34.
(d)
Q35.
(a)
(a)
Q37.
(d)
Q38.
(b)
Q39.
(d)
Q40.
(d)
Q41.
(d)
Q42.
(b)
Q43.
(c)
Q44.
(b)
Q45.
(c)
Q46.
(d)
Q47.
(a)
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Competitive Exams
COMPLEX NUMBER
IMAGINARY NUMBERS
Square roots of negative numbers are known as imaginary number. e.g.,
3,
etc., are imaginary numbers.
Let a is a positive real number, then

a
a =
1 =
a i,
where i =
Each imaginary number can be expressed as a product of real number and i.
Example:
Prove that (1 + i)4 1

i
Solution:
(1 + i)4 1
i
= 16.
= (1 + i)4 (1 + i)4
= (1 i2)4 = (1 + 1)4 = 24 = 16
COMPLEX NUMBERS
The numbers of the form x + iy, where x and y are real numbers and i =
1 , are known as complex numbers.
It is denoted by z.
z = x + iy
Here, x is known as real part of z and is denoted by Re (z) and y is known as imaginary part of z and is denoted by lm(z).
If y = 0 z = x i.e., z is a purely real number.
If x = 0 z = iy i.e., z is a purely imaginary number.
EQUALITY OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
Let z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 are two complex numbers, then these two numbers are equal, if
x1 = x2 and y1 = y2
i.e.,
Re(z1) = Re(z2)
and
Im(z1) = Im(z2)
OPERATIONS ON COMPLEX NUMBERS

Addition of Complex Numbers
Let z1= x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 are two complex numbers, then
z1 + z2 = x1 + iy1 + x2 + iy2
= (x1 + x2) + i(y1 + y2)
Re(z1 + z2) = Re(z1) + Re(z2)
and
Im(z1 + z2) = Im(z1) + Im(z2)
Properties of addition of complex

1.
z1 + z2 = z2 + z1
(Commutative law)
2.
z1 + (z2 + z3) = (z1 + z2) + z3
(Associative law)
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3.
z + 0 = Competitive
0+z
Exams
(where 0 = 0 + i0)
Example:
Find the value of x and y, if 2 + (x + iy) = 3 i.
Solution:
2 + (x + iy) = 3 i
(2 + x) + iy = 3 i
On equating real and imaginary parts separately.
2 + x = 3 and y = 1
x = 1 and y = -1
Subtraction of Complex Numbers

Let z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 are two complex numbers, then
z1 z2
= (x1 + iy1) (x2 + iy2)

= (x1 x2) + i(y1 y2)
Re(z1 z2)
= Re(z1) Re(z2)
and
Im(z1 z2)
= Im(z1) Im(z2)
Example:
Simplify 3(1 2i) (4 5i) + (-8 + 3i) .
Solution:
3(1 2i) (4 5i) + (8 + 3i)

= 3 6i + 4 + 5i 8 + 3i
= (3 + 4 8) + (6 + 5 + 3)i
= 1 + 2i
Multiplication of Complex Numbers

z1z2 = (x1 + iy1) (x2 + iy2)
= (x1x2 y1y2) + i(x1y2 + x2y1)
z1z2 = [Re(z1) Re(z2) lm(z1)Im(z2)] + i[Re(z1) Im(z2) + Re(z2) Im(z1)]
Properties of multiplication of complex numbers

1.
z1z2 = z2z1
(Commutative law)
2.
(z1z2) z3 = z1(z2z3)
(Associative law)
3.
If z1z2 = 1 = z2z1, then z1 and z2 are multiplication inverse of each other.
4.
(a) z1(z2 + z3) = z1z2 + z1z3 (Left distribution law)

(b) (z2 + z3) z1 = z2z1 + z3z1
Example:
Solution:
(Right distribution law)
Find the real values of x and y, if
(1 i) x 2i ( 2 3i) y i
=i.
(3 i)
(3 i)
(1 i) x 2i
( 2 3i) y i
+
=i
(3 i)
(3 i)
Page No. 26
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{(1 + i) x 2i} (3 i) + {(2 3i) y + i} (3 + i) = i (3 + i) (3 i)
(1 + i) (3 i) x 2i (3 i) + (2 3i) (3 + i) y + i (3 + i) = 10i
(4 + 2i) x 6i 2 + (9 7i) y + 3i 1 = 10i
(4x 2 + 9y 1) + i (2x 6 7y + 3) = 10i
(4x + 9y 3) + i(2x 7y 3) = 10i
4x + 9y 3 = 0 and 2x 7y 3 = 10
(Equating real and imaginary parts separately)

Solving these equations, we get x = 3, y = 1.
Division of Complex Numbers
z1
x i iy i
=
z2
x 2 iy 2
=
1
x 22
y 22
[(x1x2 + y1y2) + i(x2y1 x1y2)]
CONJUGATE COMPLEX NUMBERS

Let z = x + iy is a complex number, then conjugate of z is denoted by
z and z is equal to x iy.
Properties of Conjugate of Complex Numbers

If z, z1, z2 are complex numbers, then
1.
(z) = z
2.
z+
z = 2 Re (z)
3.
z = 2 lm (z)
4.
z=
z z is purely real
5.
z = z z is purely imaginary
6.
z z = {Re(z)}2 + {lm (z)}2
7.
z 1 z 2 = z1 + z 2
a 2 b2
a ib
a ib
, the prove that (x iy) =
and (x2 + y2) = ( 2
2
c id
c id
c d
Example:
If (x + iy) =
Solution:
(x + iy) =
a ib
c id
(a ib) (c id )
(c id ) (c id )
(a ib) (c id )
2
(c d )
(ac bd ) i( bc ad )
(c 2 d 2 )
Page No. 27
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Competitive Exams
(ac bd )
2
(c d )
( bc ad )
+i
(c 2 d 2 )
Equating real and imaginary part on both sides of (i), we get
ac bd
c2 d2
bc ad
c2 d2
x=
(x iy) =
(ac bd)
2
(c d )
=
Now,
and y =
(bc ad)
(c 2 d 2 )
(ac bd) i( bc ad )
(c 2 d 2 )
(a ib ) (c id ) a ib
(c id ) (c id ) c id
x2 + y2 = (x + iy) (x iy)
=
(a ib) (a ib) a 2 b 2
(c id ) (c id ) c 2 d 2
MODULUS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

Let z = x + iy is a complex number, then modulus of complex number z is denote by |z|.
|z| =
x 2 y2
{Re( z )}2 {Im(z )}2
Properties of Modulus of a Complex Number

1.
|z| 0 |z| = 0, iff z = 0 and |z| > 0, iff z 0
2.
|z| Re (z) |z| and |z| lm (z) |z|
3.
|z| = | z | = |z| = | z |
4.
zz = |z|2
5.
|z1z2| = |z1| |z2| In general |z1z2z3zn| = |z1| |z2| |z3|.|zn|
Example:
If z = x + iy and =
Solution:
1 is
zi
As || = 1
1 iz
, then show that || = 1 implies that in the complex plane, z lies on x-axis.
zi
|z i| = |1 iz| = |z + i|
as
i
i
z lies on the right bisector of the line segment connecting the points 1 and 1. Thus z lies on the real axis.
ARGUMENT OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

Let z = x + iy is a complex number, then argument of complex number is denoted by arg(z) or amp(z)
arg(z) = tan1
y
x
Page No. 28
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Properties of Argument
ofExams
a Complex Number
Competitive
If z1, z2 and z3 are three complex numbers, then
1.
arg (z1z2) = arg (z1) + arg(z 2) + 2k (k = 0 or 1 or 1) in general arg (z1z2z3zn) = arg (z1) + arg (z2) + arg(z 3) ++
arg(zn) + 2k
z1
z2
2.
arg
= arg (z1) arg (z2) + 2k + 2k (k = 0 or 1 or -1)
3.
arg
(k = 0 or 1 or 1)
4.
arg (zn) = n arg (z) + 2k
(k = 0 or 1 or 1)
5.
2
1
If arg
= , then arg
= 2k - where k I
z1
z2
6.
arg ( z ) = arg (z)
7.
If arg(z) = 0 z is real
8.
arg (z1
z
= 2 arg (z) + 2k
z
z 2 ) = arg(z ) arg(z )
1
Example:
If z = x + iy satisfy amp(z 1) = amp(z + 3i), then fin the value of (x 1) : y.
Solution:
amp [(x 1) + iy] = amp [x + i(y + 3)]
y
y 3
= tan1
x 1
x
tan1
xy = (x 1) (y + 3) 3(x 1) = y
x 1 1
y
3
REPRESENTATION OF COMPLEX NUMBER

Complex numbers can be represented as follows:
Geometrical Representation of Complex Numbers
A complex number z = x + iy can be denoted on a complex plane as a point (x, y)
Two lines XOX and YOY perpendicular to each other cut at the point O. If horizontal line XOX represents a axis of real
numbers and vertical line YOY represents a axis of imaginary numbers, where OX and OY are in positive direction, then any
complex number x + iy can be represented by a point P(x, y) whose distance from imaginary axis is x and its distance from real
axis is y.
Length of line segment OP is known as modulus of z or absolute value of z and it is denoted as |z|. It is always a positive
number.
Hence,
OP2= OM2 + MP2
OP2 = x2 + y2
Page No. 29
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2
Competitive Exams x
OP =
Hence,
|z| =
y2
x 2 y2
[Re( z )] 2 [lm( z )] 2
A line OP subtends an angle with OX axis in anticlockwise direction, is known as argument or amplitude of complex number z.
tan =
Hence,
PM
y lm( z )

OM x Re( z)
lm( z )
= tan1
Re( z )
The least value of which lies in , is known as principal value of argument.

Vector Representation of Complex Numbers
Any complex number can be represented as a point P(x, y) of vector OP in two dimensional plane because a complex number depends
upon two values.
1.
its modulus
2.
its argument
z = z + iy is denoted by a vector OP and length of OP is |z| and arg(z) is an angle which is made by OP with positive x-axis.
Trigonometrical or Polar Representation of Complex Numbers
Let z = x + iy is a complex number which is denoted by a point P(x, y) in a complex plane, then
OP = |z|
and
POX = = arg(z)
In POM,
cos =
OM
x
OP | z |
x = |z| cos
PM
y
OP | z |
and
sin =
y = |z| sin
z = x + iy z = |z| cos + i|z| sin
z = |z| (cos + i sin )
z = r (cos + i sin )
where r = |z| and = arg (z)

This form of z is known as polar form.
In general, polar form is
z = r [cos (2n + ) + i sin (2n + )]
where r = |z|, = arg (z) and n N
D.E. MOIVRES THEOREM
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1.
n
If n is aCompetitive
rational number,
Exams then (cos + i sin ) = cos n + i sin n.
2.
If z = (cos 1 + i sin 1) (cos 2 + i sin 2) .. (cos n + i sin n) then z = cos (1 + 2 + .+ n) + i sin (1 + 2 + + n)
3.
2 k
2k
i sin

If z = r (cos + i sin ) and n is a positive integer, then (z) 1/n = r1/n cos
n
n
3,, (n - 1)
4.
(cos - i sin )n = cos n i sin n

1
= (cos + i sin )1 = cos i sin
cos i sin
5.
6.
(sin i cos )n sin n i cos n
7.
(sin + i cos )n = cos
8.
(cos + i sin )n cos n i sin n

i sin

2
n

n

n i sin
n
2

2

= cos

+ i sin r , then find the value of x1, x2, x3.
r
2
2
Example:
If xr = cos
Solution:
xr = cos
x1 = cos

+ i sin r
r
2
2
x2 = cos
+ i sin
2
2
= i sin
x1 x2 x3 cos
22

i sin cos 2 i sin 2 .
2
2
2
2
2 ... + i sin 2 ....

2 2
2 2
= cos
= cos
2 i sin 2
1
1
1
1
2
2
= cos + i sin = 1
Example:
Express (1 cos + i sin ) in modulus amplitude form.
Solution:
Let (1 cos + i sin ) = r (cos + i sin )

Then,
r cos = 1 1 cos and r sin = sin
Page No. 31
where k = 0, 1, 2,
NDA MATHEMATICS

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On squaring and adding, we get

r2 = 2 (1 cos ) = 4 sin2
r = 2 sin
1 cos
2

sin
cos =

2
2 sin
2 sin
2
2
2 sin 2
and
sin =
sin

2 sin

cos
2
2

2 sin
2 sin
= cos
tan = cot

= tan
2
2 2

2 2
So, (1 cos + i sin )

= 2 sin

i sin

cos
2
2 2
2 2
SQUARE ROOT OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

If a + ib is a complex number such that
Now,
a ib = x + iy, where x and y are real numbers.
a ib = x + iy
(x + iy)2 = a + ib
(x2 y2) + 2ixy = a + ib
x2 y2 = a
and
(i)
2xy = b
Now
(x2 + y2)2 = (x2 y2)2 + 4x2y2
(x2 + y2)2 = a2 + b2
(x2 + y2) =
a 2 b2
(ii)
(iii)
[x2 + y2 > 0, (x2 + y2)2 = a2 + b2 x2 + y2 =
a 2 b2 ]
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii)
Page No. 32
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2
1
[
2
x =
a 2 b2 a ]
1
2
2
[ a b a]
2

and
y2 =
x=
1
2
2
[ a b a]
2
and
y=
1
2
2
[ a b a]
2

If b is positive, then the sign of x and y from Eq. (ii) will be same i.e.,
a ib =
1
1
2
2
2
2
[ a b a] i [ a b a]
2
2
If b is negative, then the sign of x and y will be opposite.

i.e.,
a ib =
Example:
Evaluate : (4 + 3
Solution:
We may write
Let
1
2
2
[ a b a] i
2
1
2
2
[ a b a]
2

20 )1 / 2 + ( 4 3 20 )1 / 2
(4 + 3
20 ) = (4 + 6i
5 )
(4 + 3
20 )1/2 = (x + iy). Then,
(4 + 6i
5 )1/2 = (x + iy)
4 + 6i
5 = (x2 y2) + (2xy)i
x2 y2 = 4 and 2xy = 6
(x2 + y2) = ( x 2 y 2 ) 2 4 x 2 y 2
=
(16 180)
2
196
= 14
On solving the equation x + y = 14 and x y2 = 4,

We get
x2 + 9
and
y2 = 5
x=3
and
y=
Since xy > 0, it follows that x and y are of the same sign.
So,
(x = 3, y =
5 ) or (x = 3, y =
(4 + 3
(4 3
20 )1/2 = (4 + 6i
5 )
5 )1/2
= (3 +
5 i)
(i)
20 )1/2 = (3
5 i)
(ii)
Page No. 33
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Hence, (4 + 2
20)
1/2
+ (4 3
1/2
20 ) = 6
[adding Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
CUBE ROOTS OF UNITY

x3 1 = 0
Let
x=
(x 1) (x2 + x + 1) = 0
Therefore,
x = 1,
1 i 3 1 i 3
,
2
2
If second, root be represented by , then third root will be 2.

Cube roots of unit are 1, , 2 and , 2 are called the imaginary cube roots of unity.
Properties of Cube Roots of Unity
1.
1 + r + 2r = 0, if r is not a multiple of 3 = 3, if r is multiple of 3.
2.
2 = 1 or 3r = 1
3.
3r+1 = ,
4.
It always forms an equilateral .
3r+2 = 2
nth ROOTS OR UNITY

Let z = 11/n, then
z = (cos 0o = i sin 0o)1/n
z = (cos 2r + i sin 2rn)1/n, r I
2r
2r
+ i sin
, r = 0, 1, 2, 3,, (n 1) [Using De-Moiveres theorem]
n
n
z = cos
z=
z = {e
z = r, =
(vii)
x2 + y2 xy yz + zx = (x + y + z2) (x + y2 + z)
i 2 rm
e n
, r = 0, 1, 2, , (n 1)
i 2
n }r
, r = 0, 1, 2, ., (n 1)
i 2
, r = 0, 1, 2, ., (n - 1)
e n
Thus, nth roots of unit are
1, , 2,., n1,
i2
2
2
where =
= cos
+ i sin
e n
n
n
Important Identities
(i)
x2 + x + 1 = (x - ) (x - 2)
(ii)
x2 x + 1 = (x + ) (x + 2)
(iii)
x2 + xy + y2 = (x - y) (x - y2)
(iv)
x2 xy + y2 = (x + y) (x + y2)
(v)
x2 + y2 = (x + iy) (x iy)
(vi)
x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x + y) (x + y2)
or (x + y2 + z) (x2 + y + z)
or (x + y + z2) (x2 + y + z)
(ix)
x3 + y3 + z3 3xyz = (x + y + z) (x + y + 2z) (x + 2y + z)
Page No. 34
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(x)
Two points
P(z1) and
Q(z2) lie on the same side or opposite side of the line a z1 + az1 + b and az 2 az 2 + b have same
Competitive
Exams
sign or opposite sign.
Properties of nth Roots of Unity

i 2
n
1.
nth roots of unity form a GP with common ratio
2.
Sum of nth roots of unity is always zero.
3.
Sum of pth powers of nth roots of unity is zero, if p is not a multiple
4.
Sum of pth powers of nth roots of unity is n, if p is a multiple of n.
5.
Product of nth roots of unity is (1)n1.
6.
nth roots of unity lies on the unity circle |z| = 1 and divided its circumference into n equal parts.
Page No. 35
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Competitive Exams
Q1.
The argument of
(a)
(c)
Q2.
1 i 3
31
EXERCISE
Q8.
(b)
(d) None of these
The
modulus
of
the
complex
number
Q4.
(b)
2
1
(c)
Q3.
Q9.
(1 i 3)15
(1 i )20
(1 i 3)15
(1 i )20
Q10.
(c) 64
(d) None of these
Q11.
If (a + ib) (c + id) (e + if) (g + ih) = A + iB, then (a 2 + b2)

2
(c + d ) (e + f ) (g + h ) is equal to
2
(a) A B
(b) A + B
(d) A B
2
4
(c) A + B
Q5.
Q6.
Q7.
(a) 2n cos n
(b) 2n cosn
(c) 2 cos n
(d) 2 cosn
3 i

If z =
2
2
Q12.
| z 2|
If
= 2 represents a circle, then its radius is
| z 3|
(a) 1
3
(c)
4
2
(d)
3
, then
(b) Im (z) = 0

i sin r , r = 1, 2, , then z1. z2.
r
2
2
If zr = cos
(a) 1
(b) i
(c) i
(d) 1
If ( 3 i )100 = 299 (a + ib), then a2 + b2 is equal to

(a)
(b) 4
(c)
(d) None of these
If z + z-1 = 1, then z100 + z100 is equal to
1
(b)
3
3 i

2
2
z3 . is equal to
is equal to
(b) 64
is equal to
xn
(c) Re (z) > 0, Im (z) = 0 (d) Re (z) > 0, Im (z) < 0
2 2
(a) 32
(a) Re (z) = 0
(d) None of these
If x satisfies the equation x 2 2x cos + 1 = 0, then the

value of xn +
(1 i 3)(cos i sin )
2(1 i )(cos i sin )
(a)
(d) 1
(c) 2
is
Q13.
(a) i
(b) i
(c) 1
(d) 1
If ( 1) is a cube root of unity and (1 + )7 = A + B,

then A and B are respectively then numbers
(a) 0, 1
(b) 1, 1
(c) 1, 0
(d) 1, 1
The points z1, z2, z3 and z4 in the complex plane are the Q14.
If is an nth root of unity other than unity itself, then
vertices of a parallelogram taken in order if and only if
the value of 1 + + 2 + . + n1 is equal to
(a) z1 + z4 = z2 + z3
(b) z1 + z3 = z2 + z4
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) z1 + z2 = z3 + z4
(d) None of these
(c) 1
(d) None of these
a b c 2
c a b
(a) 1
a b c 2
b c a
(b) 0
is equal to
Q15.
1
2
The value of 1
2
2 is equal to
2
Page No. 36
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Q22.
( is anCompetitive
imaginaryExams
cube root of unity)
Q16.
(a) 0
(b) 2
(a) z1 < z2
(b) z1 > z2
(c) 22
(d) 32
(c) z1 z2
(d) None of these
In which quadrant of the complex plane, the point Q23.
(a) First
Q18.
2n
1 + i + i + .. + i is
Q24.
(a) positive
(b) negative
(c) zero
(d) cannot be determined
i)2n is
Q19.
Q20.
(b) 8
(c) 2
(d) 12
If A + iB =
4 2i
, where i =
1 2i
Q25.
(a) 8
(b) 0
(c) 4
(d) 8
If z =
(2 i )2
is equal to
2 , /2)
(a) ( 2 , / 4)
(b) (
(c) (
(D) None of these
2 , 3/4)
The locus of the point z = x + iy satisfying
(b) Y-axis
(c) y = 2
(d) z = 2
Direction: If z1 =
Q21.
3i
3i
and z2 =
i( 3 i )
Q26.
z 2i
=
z 2i
Q27.
(2 i 2 3)2
. Then,
amp (z1) + amp (z2) is equal to
(a)
3
(b)
6
(c)
9
(d)
6
1 i
2
1 , then what is the
Q28.
1)
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 1
(d) 8
If z = 1 + cos
i sin , then what is |z| equal to?

5
5
(a) 2 cos
(b) 2 sin
(c) 2 cos
10
(d) 2 sin
10
1 is
(a) X-axis
1 2i
2 i
, then what is the value of z 2 =

2 i
1 2i
zz ? (i =
1 7i
1 i
(b)
1?
value of A?
The smallest positive integer for which (1 + i) 2n = (1

(a) 4
1 i
(d)
(d) Fourth
i , where i =
1 i
2
(c)
(b) Second
(c) Third
2
What is the value of

(a)
1 2i
lies?
1 i
Q17.
Which of the following is correct?
i 3
i 3
(a) 1
(b) 0
(c) 1
(d) 2
200
i 3
i 3
If 2x = 3 + 5i, then what is the 2x3 + 2x2 7x + 72?

(a) 4
(b) 4
(c) 8
(d) 8
ANSWERS
Q1.
(c)
Q2.
(a)
Q3.
(c)
Q4.
(b)
Q5.
200
(d)
Q6.
(c)
Q7.
Page No. 37
(d)
+1?
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Q8.
(c)
Q15.
Q22.

Competitive Exams
Q9.
(b)
Q10.
(d)
Q11.
(b)
Q12.
(d)
Q13.
(b)
Q14.
(a)
(d)
Q16.
(b)
Q17.
(d)
Q18.
(c)
Q19.
(c)
Q20.
(a)
Q21.
(b)
(d)
Q23.
(a)
Q24.
(b)
Q25.
(d)
Q26.
(c)
Q27.
(b)
Q28.
(a)
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Competitive Exams
QUADRATIC EQUATION
POLYNOMIAL AND POLYNOMIAL EQUATION

Let a0, a1, a2,.,an are real numbers, then f(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + . + anxn is known as polynomial.
Polynomial a0 + a1x + a2x2 + .+ anxn is known as a polynomial of degree n if an 0.
If f(x) is a real or complex polynomial, then f(x) = 0 is known as a polynomial equation.
If f(x) is a polynomial of degree 2, then f(x) = 0 is known as a quadratic equation. General quadratic equation is ax 2 + bx + c,
where a, b and c C or R.
A quadratic equation of the form ax2 + c = 0 is known as pure quadratic equation.
IDENTITY AND EQUATION
A statement of equality of two expressions which is satisfied for each value of variable is called identity.
e.g., (x 4)2 + 8x = x2 = 16 is an identity.
A statement of equality between two expression which is satisfied for definite value of variable, is known as equation.
e.g., x2 5x + 6 = 0 is an equation, which is not satisfied for any value of x respect 2 and 3.
DEFINITION OR A ROOT
Values of variables of an equation which satisfied the given equation are known as roots of the equation.
i.e., if f(x) = 0 is a polynomial equation and f(a) = 0, then a is a root of polynomial equation f(x) = 0.
Example:
If a, b, c, d R such that a < b < c < d, then show that the roots of the equations
(x a) (x c) + 2(x b) (x d) = 0 are real and distinct.
Solution:
Let f(x) = (x a) (x c) + 2 (x b) (x d).

Thus,
f(a) = 2 (a b) (a d) > 0
[ a b < 0 and a d < 0]
f(b) = (b a) (b c) < 0
[ b a > 0 and b c < 0]
and
f(d) = (d a) (d b) > 0
[ d a > 0 and d b > 0]
So, root of f(x) = 0 lies between a and b and another root lies between b and d.
Hence, the roots of the given equation are real and distinct.
DESCARTES RULES OF SIGNS
The maximum number of positive real roots of a polynomial equation f(x) = 0 is the number of changes of signs from
positive to negative and negative to positive in f(x).
The maximum number of negative real roots of a polynomial equation f(x) = 0 is the number of changed of signs from
positive to negative and negative to positive in f(x).
Example:
Consider the equation x3 + 6x2 + 11x 6 = 0. The signs of the various terms are:
Solution:
Clearly, there is only one change of sign in the expression x 3 + 6x2 + 11x 6. So, the given equation has at most one
positive real root.
Roots of quadratic Equation

Roots of quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are b
b 2 4ac and b
2z
b 4ac
2a , where b2 4ac is known
as discriminant and it is denoted by D.
Page No. 39
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RELATION BETWEEN
AND ROOTS OF AN EQUATION
Competitive COEFFICIENT
Exams
Quadratic Equation
If and are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, then
+=
b
c
and =
a
a
Cubic Equation
If , and are the roots of a cubic equation ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0, then
b
a
++=
+ + =
d
a
and
Example:
c
a
If the roots of the equation x 2 + px + q = 0 are in the same ratio as those of the equation x 2 + lx + m = 0, prove that
p2m = l2q.
Solution:
Let the roots of each equation be in the ratio k : 1.

Let k and be the roots of x2 + px + q = 0
k + = p
Then,
k . = q
and
p
k 1
and
2 =
q
k
k 1
q
k
(k 1)
(i)
p2
Again, let k and be the roots of x2 + lx + m = 0.

Then,
k + = l
i.e.,
l
k 1
k 1
k
(k 1)
and
k . = m
and
2 =
m
k
m
k
m
l2
(ii)
Thus, from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Page No. 40
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Competitive Exams
q
p
l2
i.e. p2m = l2 q.
EQUATIONS OF GIVEN ROOTS

Quadratic Equation
If and are the roots of a quadratic equation, then the equation will be x2 ( + ) x + = 0.
Cubic Equation
If , and are the roots of a cubic equation, then the equation will be
x3 ( + + ) x2 + ( + + ) x - = 0
Example:
If , are the roots of equation 2x2 5x + 7 = 0, then find the equation whose roots are 2 + 3, 3 + 2.
Solution:
Clearly,
+=
5
2
and
7
2
Sum of roots = (2 + 3) = (3 + 2)
25
= 5( + ) =
Product of roots = (2 + 3) (3 + 2)
= 6(2 + 2) + 13
= 6 [( + )2 2] + 13
91
25
7 = 41
2
4
= 6
The required equation is

x2
25
x + 41 = 0
2
2x2 25x + 82 = 0
Nature of Roots
1.
The roots are real and distinct, iff D > 0.
2.
The roots are real and equal, iff D = 0.
3.
The roots are complex with non-zero imaginary part, iff D < 0.
4.
The roots are rational, iff a, b, c are rational and D is perfect square.
5.
The roots are of the form p +
6.
If a = 1, b, c I and the roots are rational numbers then these roots must be integers.
(p, q Q), iff a, b, c are rational and D is not a perfect square.
Page No. 41
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7.
If a quadratic
equation
in x has more than two roots then it is an identity in x that is a = b = c = 0.
Competitive
Exams
Example:
Show that the roots of the equation 2(a2 + b2) x2 + 2(a + b) x + 1 = 0 are imaginary, when a b.
Solution:
We have,
D = 4 (a + b)2 8(a2 + b2)
= 4 (a2 b2 + 2ab)
= 4 (a2 + b2 2ab)
= 4 (a b)2 < 0
[ a b 0]
Hence, the roots of the given equation are imaginary.

Example:
If the roots of the equation p(q r) x2 + q(r p)x + r (p q) = 0 be equal, show that
Solution:
Since, the roots are equal, we have
1 1 2

p r
q
D=0
q2 (r p)2 4pr (q r) (p q) = 0
q2 (r2 + p2 2rp) 4pr (pq q2 rp + rq) = 0
q2r2 + p2q2 + 4r2p2 + 2pq2r 4pqr2 4p2rq = 0
(pq + qr 2rp)2 = 0
pq + qr 2rp = 0
pq + qr = 2rp
1 1
2

[on dividing both sides by pqr]
r p
q
SYMMETRIC FUNCTION
Let and be the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 then
+=
b
c
and =
a
a
1.
2 + 2 = ( + )2 2
2.
2 + 2 = ( + )3 3 ( + )
3.
4 + 4 = [( + )2 2]2 2()2
4.
( ) =
5.
2 2 = ( + )
Example:
( ) 2 4
( ) 2 4
If , are the roots of the equation px2 + qx + r = 0, find the value of 3 + 3.
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Solution:

Competitive Exams
q
p
Clearly, + =
r
p
and =
3 + 3 = (2 + 2)
= () [( )2 2]
=
p
q2
2r
p2 p
r (q 2 2pr )
p3
MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUE OF ax2 + bx + c
ax2 + bx + c = a x
2a
4ac b 2
4a
Case I. When a > 0
4ac b 2
4a
ax2 + bx + c
Minimum value of ax2 + bc + c is
4ac b 2
b
.
at x
4a
2a
Case II. When a < 0

ax2 + bc + c
4ac b 2
4a
Maximum value of ax2 + bx + c is
4ac b 2
b
at x
4a
2a
Example:
Find all the values of a for which the roots of the equation (a 3)x2 2ax + 5a = 0 are positive.
Solution:
Let f(x) = (a 3)x2 2ax + 5a. For the roots of f(x) = 0 to be positive, we must have
1.
Discriminant 0
2.
Sum of the roots > 0, and
3.
(a 3) f(0) > 0
Now,
Discriminant 0
4a2 20a (a 3) > 0
16a2 + 60 a 0
4a(4a 15) 0
Sum of the roots > 0
2a
>0
a 3
0a
15
4
(i)
a
>0
a 3
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Competitive Exams
a < 0 or a > 3
and
(a 3) f(0) > 0
(a 3) 5a > 0
a(a 3) > 0
a < 0 or a > 3
(ii)
(iii)
From eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get

3<a
15
4
15
i.e., a 3,
4
COMMON ROOTS
Let a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0 and a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0 be two quadratic equations such that a1, a2 0 and a1b2 a2b1. Let be the common root
of these two equations. Then,
(b1c1 b2c1) (a1b2 a1h1) = (c1a2 c2a1)2
TRANSFORMATION OF EQUATIONS
(i)
To obtain an equation whose roots are reciprocals of the roots of a given equation is obtained by replacing x by 1/x in the
given equation.
(ii)
Transformation of an equation to another equation whose roots are negative of the roots of a given equation replace x by x.
(iii)
Transformation of an equation to another equation whose roots are square of the roots of a given equation replace x by
x .
1/3
(iv)
Transformation of an equation to another equation whose roots are cubes of the roots of a given equation replace x by x .
e.g.
Form an equation whose roots are cubes of the roots of equation ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0.
Page No. 44
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Competitive Exams
Q1.
The roots of the equation

rp 1
,
(a)
qr 2
(c)
Q2.
Q3.
(d)
rp 1
,
pq 2
(b) [0, 2]
(c) [2, 2]
(d) [1, 2]
Q10.
(b) [a2 m2, a2)
(c) (a2, a2 + m2)
(d) None of these
The value of k for which one of the roots of x2 x + 3k =

(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 2
(d) None of these
If the equations x2 + 2x + 3 = 0 and 2x2 + 3x + 5 = 0

have a non-zero common root, then is equal to
The condition that the roots of the equation ax + bx + c
(a) 1
(b) 1
=0 be such that one root is n times the other
(c) 3
(d) None of these
(b) nb = ca (n + 1)
(d) None of these
Q11.
k1
k2
and
, then (a + b + c)2 is equal to
k
k1
If the equations ax2 + bx + c = 0 and x 2 + x + 1 = 0 have

common root, then
If the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are of the
(a) a + b + c = 0
(b) a = b = c
(c) a = b or b = c or c = a (d) None of these

Q12.
If the quadratic equations ax2 + 2cx + b = 0 and ax2 +
(a) b2 4ac
(b) b2 2ac
2bx + c = 0 (b c) have a common root, then a + 4b + 4c
(c) 2b2 ac
(d) a2
is equal to
If the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are in the ratio m : n, then
(a) 2
(b) 1
(a) mna2 = (m + n) c2
(b) mnb2 = (m + n) ac
(c) 0
(d) 1
(c) mnb2 = (m + n)2 ac
(d) None of these
Q13.
If 2x 2x1 = 4, then xx is equal to
If p and q are non-zero constants, the equation x 2 + px +
(a) 1
(b) 2
q = 0 has roots and , then the equation qx 2 + px + 1 =
(c) 256
(d) None of these
Q14.
0 bas roots
(a) and
(c)
Q7.
(a) (a2 m2, a2)
0 is double of one of the roots of x2 x + k = 0 is
(a) [1, 1]
form
Q6.
Q9.
If x 2x + sin = 0, then x belongs to

2
(c) nc = ab (n + 1)
Q5.
pq
,2
(b)
qr
pq
,1
qr
(a) na = bc (n + 1)
Q4.
EXERCISE
(b)
1
1
and
Let , be the roots of the equation x2 3x + p = 0 and

let , be the roots of the equation x2 12x + q = 0. If
1
and
the numbers , , , (in order) form an increasing GP,

then
(d) None of these
If a, b and are positive and are in AP, the roots of the
(a) p = 2, q = 16
(b) p = 2, q = 32
(c) p = 4, q = 16
(d) p = 4, q = 32
quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0 are real for

c
7 4
(a)
a
(c) all a and c

Q8.
a
7 4 3
(b)
c
(d) no a and c
If the roots of the equation, x2 + 2ax + b = 0 are real and

distinct and they differ by at most 2m, then b lies in the
interval
Q15.
Find the equation whose roots are
1
and
a b
1
a b
(a) cax2 bx + 1 = 0
(b) cax2 + bx + 1 = 0
(c) cax2 + bx 1 = 0
(d) None of these
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Q16.
Q17.
What isCompetitive
positive square
Examsroot of 7 + 4
(a)
31
(b)
31
(c)
32
(d)
3 2
(a) x2 + 2mx + m2 mn + n2 = 0
(b) x2 + 2mx + (m n)2 = 0
equal to?
10 10
(a) 4096
(b) 2048
(c) 1024
(d) 512
(d) x2 + 2mx + m2 n2 = 0
Q24.
If , are the roots of x 2 + px q = 0 and , are the

roots of x2 px + r = 0, then what is the value of ( + )
If and are the roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + b = 0,
( + )?
then what is the value of
(a) p + r
(b) p +q
(c) q + r
(d) p q
b
=?
a
(a) 1
(b) 0
(c) 1
(d) 2
Q25.
If the roots of the equation x 2 4ax log3 N = 0 are real,

then what is the minimum value of N ?
How many real roots does the quadratic equation f(x) =

(a) One
(b) Two
(c) Four
(d) No real root
Q26.
(a)
1
256
(c)
1
64
(d)
1
27
1
81
If the equations x2 px + q = 0 and x2 ax + b = 0 have

a common root and the roots of the second equation are
then what is the value of 1 + 1 ?
equal, then which one of the following is correct?
(c)
c
b
b
(b)
c
(d)
c
b
Q27.
(a) aq = 2 (b + p)
(b) aq = b + p
(c) ap = 2 (b + q)
(d) ap = b + q
If one of the roots of the equation a(b c) x 2 + b(c a) x

+ c(a b) = 0 is 1, then which is the second root?
(a)
If the roots of a quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 are

and , then the quadratic equation having roots 2 and
(c)
2 is
(a) x2 (b2 2ac) x + c = 0
(b) a2x2 (b2 2ac) x + c = 0
Q28.
(d) a2x2 (b2 2ac) x + c2 = 0

If the roots of the equation 3ax 2 + 2bx + c = 0 are in the
ratio 2 : 3, then which one of the following is correct?
(a) 8ac = 25b
(b) 8ac = 9b2
Q29.
b(c a)
a(b c)
c(a b)
a(b c)
(b)
b(c a)
a(b c)
(d)
c(a b)
a(b c)

Y=
(c) ax2 (b2 2ac) x + c2 = 0
Q22.
(b)
If and are the roots of the equation x 2 + bx + c = 0,
b
(a)
c
Q21.
If the roots of a quadratic equation are m + n and m n,

then the quadratic equation will be
x2 + 3 |x| + 2 = 0 have?
Q20.
(d) 8b2 = 25ac
(c) x2 2mx + m2 n2 = 0
10 10
Q19.
Q23.
If and are the roots of the equation x 2 + x + 2 = 0,
then what is
Q18.
(c) 8b2 = 9ac
3?
8 2 8 2 8 2 8
(a) 10
(b) 8
(c) 6
(d) 4
One of the roots of the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c =

0, a 0 is positive and the other root is negative. The
condition for this to happen is
Page No. 46
NDA MATHEMATICS

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(a) a > 0,
b > 0, c >Exams
0
(b) a > 0, b > 0, c > 0
Competitive
(c) a < 0, b > 0, c < 0
Q30.
If a, b and c are real numbers, then roots of the equation

(x a) (x b) + (x b) (x c) + (x c) (x a) = 0 are
If 3 is the root of the equation x 8x + k = 0, then what
always
is the value of k?
(a) real
Q36.
(d) 24
If x = 2 + 2
2/3
+ 2 , then what is the value of x 3 6x2 +
6x?
then what is the value of 3 + 3 ?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 2
(a) 16
(b) 16
(c) 8
(d) 8
Q37.
If , are the roots of ax 2 + bx + b = 0, then what is
If , are the roots, of the quadratic equation x 2 x + 1
b
a
equal to?
(a) (4 4) is real
(b) 2(5 + 5) = ()5
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) ( ) = 0
(d) ( + ) = ()
(c) 2
(d) 3
If
1
2 2
is one of the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0,
Q38.
b, c respectively
(a) 6, 4, 1
(b) 4, 6, 1
(c) 3, 2, 1
(d) 6, 4, 1
Which one of the following is one of the roots of the

equation (b c) x2 + (c a) x + (a b) = 0?
where a, b, and c are real, then what are the values of a,
Q34.
(d) negative
1/3
If and are the roots of the equation x2 2x + 4 = 0,
= 0, then which one of the following is correct?
Q33.
(b) imaginary
(c) positive
(b) 9
(c) 15
Q32.
(d) a < 0, c > 0

2
(a) 15
Q31.
Q35.
(a)
(c a)
(b c)
(b)
(a b)
(b c)
(c)
(b c)
(a b)
(d)
(c a)
(a b)
If is a complex cube roots of unity and x = 2 - 2, Q39.
If and are the roots of the equation 2x 2 2(1 + n2) x
then what is the value of x2 + 4x + 7?
+ (1 + n2 + n4) = 0, then what is the value of 2 + 2?
(a) 2
(b) 1
(a) 2n2
(b) 2n4
(c) 0
(d) 1
(c) 2
(d) n2
ANSWERS
Q1.
(c)
Q2.
(b)
Q3.
(b)
Q4.
(a)
Q5.
(c)
Q6.
(c)
Q7.
(a)
Q8.
(b)
Q9.
(b)
Q10.
(b)
Q11.
(b)
Q12.
(c)
Q13.
(d)
Q14.
(b)
Q15.
(a)
Q16.
(d)
Q17.
(c)
Q18.
(b)
Q19.
(d)
Q20.
(a)
Q21.
(d)
Q22.
(d)
Q23.
(c)
Q24.
(c)
Q25.
(d)
Q26.
(c)
Q27.
(c)
Q28.
(d)
Q29.
(d)
Q30.
(c)
Q31.
(b)
Q32.
(d)
Q33.
(a)
Q34.
(c)
Q35.
(a)
Q36.
(b)
Q37.
(a)
Q38.
(b)
Q39.
(d)
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Competitive Exams
SEQUENCE AND SERIES
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
A sequence is said to be an arithmetic progression, if the difference of a term and the previous term is always same, i.e.,
an+1 an = Constant (= d) n N.
The constant difference, generally denoted by d, is called the common difference.
In the sequence a, a + d, a + 2d, , the difference between two consecutive terms is constant, then this sequence is an
arithmetic progression. Here first term is a and common difference is d.
nth term of series,
Tn = a + (a 1) d.
Last term of series,
l = a + (n 1) d
Sum of n terms of series,

Sn =
n
n
[(2a + (n 1)d] =
(a + l)
2
2
Example:
In an AP, the pth term is q and the (p + q)th term is zero, then find the qth term.
Solution:
Tp = q and
a + (p 1) d = q
(i)
and
a + (p + q 1) d = 0
(ii)
Tp+q = 0
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

d = 1 and
a = q + 1 p
Tq = a + (q 1) d = p
IMPORTANT FACTS
1.
If a fixed constant C is added to (or subtracted from) each term of a given AP, then the resulting sequence is also an AP, with
the same common difference as that of the given AP.
2.
If each term of an AP is multiplied by (or divided by a non-zero) fixed constant C, then the resulting sequence is also an AP
times the previous.

C
with common difference C times

3.
If a1, a2, a3,, and b1, b2, b3, are two APs then a1 b1, a2 b2, a3 b3, is also an AP with common difference d1 d2.
4.
If the pth term of an AP is q and the qth term is p, then its (p + q)th term is (p + q n)
5.
If the pth term of AP is
6.
If in an AP, Sp = q and Sq = p, then Sp+a = (p + q).
7.
If the sum of three consecutive terms of an AP is given, it is convenient to assume them is a d, a, a + d, where the common
1
1
1
and the qth term is
, then its pqth term is 1 and sum of pq terms (Spq) is
(pq + 1)
q
p
2
difference is d.
8.
If the sum of four consecutive terms of an AP is given it is convenient to assume that as a 3d, a d, a + d, a + 3d, where the
common difference is 2d.
9.
In an AP, the sum of terms equidistant from the beginning and end is constant and equal to the sum of first and last term, i.e.,
Page No. 48
NDA MATHEMATICS

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1
n
2
n1
Competitive
Exams
a +a =a +a
10.
= a3 + an2 = .
Any term of an AP (except the first) is equal to half the sum of terms which are equidistant from it, i.e.,
an =
1
(ank + an+k), k < n
2
and for k = 1, an =
1
(an1 + an+1)
2
11.
Tn = Sn Sn1 (n 2).
12.
If Tn = pn + q, then it will form an AP of common difference p and first term p + q.
13.
a sequence is an AP, iff its nth term is of the temr An + B, i.e., a linear expression in n.
14.
A sequence obtained by multiply or division of corresponding terms of two AP is not an AP.
SELECTION OF TERMS IN AN A.P.

It should be noted that in case of an odd number of terms, the middle term is a and the common difference is d while in case
of an even number of terms the middle terms are a d, a + d and the common differences is 2d. i.e.,
(1)
Selecting odd number of terms of A.P.

(i)
Selecting 3 terms of A.P.:

a d, a, a + d
(ii)

a 2d, a d, a, a + d, a + 2d.
(2)
Selecting even number of terms of A.P.

(i)

a d, a + d
(ii)

a 3d, a d, a + d, a + 3d and so on.
SOME USEFUL RESUTLS

n
(i)
r = 1 + 2 + + n =
r 1
n (n 1)
2
(ii)
r2
= 12 + 22 +..+ n2 =
r 1
n
(iii)
r 1
n ( n 1)
r3 = 13 + 23 ++ n3 =
(iv)
n ( n 1)(2n 1)
6
r4
= 14 + 24 + + n4 =
r 1
n (n 1) (6n 3 9n 2 n 1)
30
Example:
The ratio between the sum of two arithmetic progressions is (7n + 1) : (4n + 27). Find the ratio of their 11th terms.
Solution:
Let a1, a2 be the first terms and d1 and d2 be the common differences of the given APs. Then their sums of n terms
are given by
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Competitive Exams
Sn=
Sn =
and
n
[2a1 + (n 1)d1]
2
n
[2a2 + (n 1)d2]
2
On dividing Eqs. (i) by (ii), we get
2a 1 ( n 1)d1
7n 1
=
2a 2 ( n 1)d 2
4n 27
The ratio of their 11th term

=
a 1 10d1 2a 1 20d1
a 2 10d 2 2a 2 20d 2
2a 1 (21 1)d1
2a 2 (21 1)d 2
7 21 1 148
4 21 27 111
SUM OF n TERMS OF AN A.P.

The sum Sn of n terms of an A.P. with first term a and common difference d is given by
Sn =
Also, Sn =
n
[2a + (n 1)d]
2
n
[a + l], where l = last term = a + (n 1) d.
2
Arithmetic Mean of two quantities

Let a and b are two quantities, then their arithmetic mean, =
ab
.
2
NOTE:
*
If there are n arithmetic means between a and b, then they will be A1 =
an b
a ( n 1) 2b
a nb
, A2
,...., A n
( n 1)
( n 1)
(n 1)
*
The sum of n arithmetic means between a and b is n times of arithmetic means of a and b.
i.e.
Example:
a b
= nA
2
A1 + A2 +..+ An = n
m arithmetic means have been inserted between 1 and 31 in such a way that the ratio of the 7th and the (m 1)th
manes is 5 : 9, Find the value of m.
Solution:
Let x1, x2,.., xm be the m arithmetic means between 1 and 31. .

Then 1, x1, x2,., xm, 31 are in AP.
Let d be the common difference of this AP.
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m+2
Competitive Exams
Then
= 31 1 + (m + 2 1) d = 31
30
m 1
d=
Also,
(i)
7 th mean
5
=
( m 1) th mean
9
1 7d
5
1 ( m 1)d
9
d=
t8
5
tm 9
5m 68
(ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
30
4
=
m = 14.
m 1
5m 68
Geometric progression
A sequence of non-zero number is called a geometric progression, if the ratio of a term and the term preceding to it is always
a constant quantity.
The constant ratio is called the common ratio of the GP
If a1, a2, a3,., an are in GP, then
a2 a3
a
.... n = r
a1 a 2
a n 1
r is known as geometric ratio of GP.
i.e., a, ar, ar2, are in GP, here a is first term of r is common ratio.
nth term of GP, Tn = arn1
Last term of a GP, l = an1
Sum of n terms of GP,
Sn =
a ( r n 1)
r 1
a (1 r n )
1 r
where r > 1
when r < 1
Sum of infinite terms of GP,

S =
a
1 r
where |r| < 1.
Example:
If ax = by = cz and x, y, z are in GP, prove that logb a = logc b.
Solution:
Let ax = by = cz = k.
Then loga k = x, logb k = y and logc k = z.
Now, x, y, z are in GP.
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y
z
z
y
log b k log c k
log a k log b k
log a b
logb a = logc b
log a k
log b k
Example:
If p, q, r are in AP, show that the pth, qth and rth terms of any GP are in GP.
Solution:
Let us consider a GP with first term a and the common ratio R. Then
Tp = aRp1,
and
Tq = aRq1
Tq
Tp
aR q 1
aR p 1
and
Tr = aRr1
= R(q p)
Tr
aR r 1
= R(rq)
Tq
aR q 1
But p, q, r being in AP, we have (q p) = (r q)

So,
Tq
Tp
Tr
Tq
This shows that Tp, Tq, Tr are in GP.

IMPORTANT FACTS
1.
If each term of a GP is multiplied (or divided) by a non-zero constant C(0), then the resulting sequence is also a GP with
same common zero.
2.
If a, ar, ar2, and a, a r, a r2,. Are two GPs, then the sequence aa, aa (rr), aa (rr)2,. and
a
a r a r
,
a' a' r' a' r'
, obtained by the products and quotients of the corresponding terms of the given GPs are
also GPs with common ratios rr and
r
respectively.
r'
3.
The reciprocals of the terms of a GP also form a GP.
4.
If a1, a2, a3, is a GP of positive terms (that is, ai > 0, for all values of i), then log a1, log a2, log a3, is an AP and the
converse is also true in this case.
5.
The geometric mean G of two non-zero numbers a and b is given by
ab . It is to be noted that a, G and b are in GP. If a1,
a2,., an are n non-zero numbers, then their geometric means is given by G = (a1a2 .an)1/n.
6.
The product of n geometric means between a and
1
is 1.
a
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7.

Competitive Exams
The odd number of terms in a GP should be taken as . ar3, ar2, ar, a,
a a
a
,
,
,
r r3 r5
GP should be taken as .ar5, ar3, ar,

8.
a a
a
, 2 , 3 ,. while the even number of terms in a
r r r
Let the first term of a GP be positive, then if r > 1, then it is an increasing GP, but, if r is positive and less than 1 i.e., 0 < r <
1, then it is a decreasing GP.
9.
Let the first term of a GP be negative, then if r > 1 then it is a decreasing GP, but if 0 < r < 1, then it is a increasing GP.
10.
If a1, a2, a3,, an are in GP, then a 1k , a k2 , a 3k ,....., will also be in GP whose common ratio is rk.
11.
If a1, a2, a3,., an are in AP, the aa1, aa2, aa3,., aan will be GP whose common ratio is ad.
GEOMETRIC MEAN OF TWO QUANTITIES

Let a and b are two quantities, then Geometric means of a and b is G =
Example:
The arithmetic means between two positive number a and b, where a > b is twice their geometric mean. Prove that
a : b = 2 (2 +
Solution:
ab .
AM =
3 ) : (2
3 )
1
(a + b) and GM =
2
ab
AM = 2 (GM)
1
(a + b) = 2
2
ab
a b 2 ab
a b 2 ab
( a b )2
{ a b }2
3
[by componendo and dividendo]
1
( 3)2
(1) 2
2
1
2 ab
ab
3
1
3 1
3 1
[by compnendo and dividendo]
3 1
3 1
a ( 3 1) 2 4 2 3 2
b ( 3 1) 2 4 2 3 2
3
3
HARMONIC PROGRESSION
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1
2
n
A sequence a , a ,., a of non-zero numbers is called a harmonic progression, if the sequence
1 1
1
,
,...,
is an AP.
a1 a 2
an
OR
A sequence is said be a harmonic progression, if reciprocal of terms of a sequence form an AP.
nth term of HP from beginning.
Tn
1
1
1
1
(n 1)

a1
a 2 a1
a 1a 2
a 2 (n 1) (a 1 a 2 )
nth term of HP from end

Tn
1
1
1
1
(n 1)

an
a 2 a1
a 1a 2 a n
a 1a 2 a n (n 1)(a 1 a 2 )
Example:
If a, b, c are in GP, prove that loga n, logb n and logc n are in HP.
Solution:
Let loga n = x, logb n = y and logc n = z. Then

n = ax , n = by and n = cx
ax = by = cx = n
a = n1/x, b = n = n1/y and c = n1/z
Now, a, b, c are in GP,
ac = b2
n1/x . n1/z = (n1/y)2
1 1

x z
1 1
2

x z
y
1 1 1
, ,
are in AP.
x y z
x, y, z are in HP.
Hence, loga n, logb n and logc n are in HP.

HARMONIC MEAN OF TWO QUANTITIES
Let a and b are two quantities, then harmonic mean of a and b, H =
2ab
ab
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RELATION AMONG
ARITHMETIC
MEAN, GEOMETRIC MEAN AND HARMONIC MEAN
Competitive
Exams
If a and b are two real numbers and A, G, H are AM, GM and HM respectively.
A=
ab
,G=
2
1.
ab
AG H
and
H=
and
2ab
ab
G2 = AH
The equation having a and b as its roots is

x2 2Ax + G2 = 0
2.
If A, G, H are arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means between three given numbers a, b and c, then the equation having a,
b, c as its roots is
x3 3Ax2 +
Example:
3G 3
x G3 = 0
H
If and H are respectively the arithmetic mean and the harmonic mean between a and b, prove that
(a A ) ( b A ) A
.
(a H ) ( b H ) H
Solution:
We known that
AH = G2 = ab
(i)
(a A ) ( b A ) (a A ) ( b A )
(a H ) ( b H ) (a H ) ( b H )
=
Hence,
ab aA bA A 2
ab aH bH H 2
AH aA bA A 2
AH aH bH H 2
[using (i)]
A(H a b A) A
H( A a b H )
H
(a A ) ( b A ) A
(a H ) ( b H ) H
Arithmetico-Geometric Series
A sequence whose each term is obtained by multiplying corresponding terms of AP and GP is called an arithmetico-geometric
series.
If a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + + (a + (n 1) d is an AP and 1 + r + r 2 + ..+ rn1 is a GP, then an multiplying corresponding
terms of AP and GP a series.
a + (a + d) r + (a + 2d) r2 +.+ (a + (n 1) d) rn1 is formed which is called a arithmetico-geometric series.
Sum of a n terms of arithmetico-geometric series.
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Sn =
a
(1 r n 1 ) (a (n 1) d ) r n
dr
, when r 1
1 r
1 r
(1 r ) 2
n
[2a (n 1) d ], when r 1
2
Sum of infinite terms of arithmetico-geometric series.

S =
a
dr
,
1 r (1 r ) 2
|r| < 1
To Find nth Term by the Difference Method

If T1, T2,, Tn are terms of any series and their difference (T 2 T1), (T3 T2), (T4 T3),., (Tn Tn1) are either in AP or in
GP, then Tn can be easily find out. Thus on finding Tn, sum of series can be calculated by notation.
This method of finding Tn is known as difference method. Some times this method is used several times.
9 16
4
+ 2 3 + .
3
3
3
Example:
Find the sum of the infinite series 1 +
Solution:
This clearly not a arithmetico-geometic series, since, 1, 4, 9, 16, are not in AP. However, their successive
difference (4 1), (9 4), (16 9), are in AP.
Let
S = 1 +
9
16
4
+ 2 3 + .
3
3
3
1
1
4
9
S 2 3 + .
3
3 3
3
On subtraction, we get
5
7
2
3
S = 1 +
+ 2 + 3 +
3
3
3
3
1 2
.. S
3 3
1
3
5
2 3 +
3 3
3
[multiplying throughout by
1
]
3
On subtracting the two series, we get
2
2
2
4
.S 1 2 3 +
3 3
3
9
1
1
2
1
2 1 2 ... 1
1
=1+
3 3
3
1
3
3
=2
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S = 2
9
2
SIGMA NOTION
Sum of terms which satisfy the same relation or condition is denoted by sigma ().
Important Facts
m
1.
a = a + a + upto m = am.
i 1
2.
i 1
i 1
ai a i
3.
Sum of n natural numbers = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +.+ n = n =
4.
Sum of squares of n natural numbers.
n (n 1)
2
= 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 +.+ n2
n ( n 1) ( 2n 1)
6
= n2 =
5.
Sum of cubes of n natural numbers

= 13 + 23 + 33 + . + n3
= n3 =
n 2 ( n 1) 2 n ( n 1)
4
2
= (n)2
6.
Sum of cubes of natural numbers is divisible by sum of those numbers.
7.
If nth term of any series is (an3 + bn2 + cn + d), then the sum of series,
S = (an3 + bn2 + cn + d)
= an3 + bn2 + cn + dn
n ( n 1)
n (n 1)
n ( n 1)( 2n 1)
+c
+ dn
2
6
=a
Example:
Find the sum of n terms of the series 12 + 32 + 52 +. to n terms.
Solution:
tn = [1 + (n 1) 2]2
= (2n 1)2 = (4n2 4n + 1)
n
Sn =
(4k2 4k + 1)
k 1
k 2 4
k 1
= 4
k 1
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=4.
1
1
n (n + 1) (2n + 1) 4.
n (n + 1) + n
6
2
n
[2 (n + 1) (2n + 1) 6 (n + 1) + 3]
3
n
(4n2 1)
3
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Competitive Exams
Q1.
Q2.
If
EXERCISE
3 5 7 .... n
= 7 the value of n is
5 8 11 ...... 10terms
(a) 35
(b) 36
(c) 37
(d) 40
(a)
equal to
Q3.
(c)
(b) 200
(c) 150
(d) 250
Q9.
Q4.
(c) 8
(d) 10
(d) None of these
If S be the sum to infinity of a GP, whose first term is a,
a
(a) S 1
S
3 Sn, then the ratio S3n/Sn is equal to

(b) 6
120 60 40
,
,
23 11 7
then the sum of the first n terms is
Let Sn denotes the sum of first n terms of an AP, if S 2n =

(a) 4
(b)
110 60 40
,
,
23 11 7
If the sum of the series 2, 5, 8, 11,. Is 60100, then n is

(a) 100
120 50 40
,
,
23 11 7
(c) a 1 1
S
If sum of n terms of an AP is 3n 2 + 5n and Tm = 164, then
(b) S 1 1
S
Q5.
(b) 27
(c) 28
(d) None of these
The sum of the first n terms of the series

Q11.
1 3 7 15

+ . Is
2 4 8 16
Q6.
Q10.
a b
1
b2
(b) 4b2 c2
(c) 1/(c2 a2)
(d) 1/(b2 c2)
If the non-zero numbers a, b, c are in AP and tan -1 a, tan1
(b) b2 = 2ac
(c) n + 2n 1
(d) 2n 1
(c) a2 = bc
(d) c2 = ab
If x = 1 + a + a2 + a3 +. to (|a| < 1) and y = 1 + b + b2 Q12.
x y
(c)
x y 1
is equal to
(a) 1/(c2 b2)
(a) a = b = c
(b)
The geometric and harmonic means of two numbers x1

and x2 are 18 and 16
is equal to
x y
x y 1
8
, respectively. The value of |x 1
13
x2| is equal to
(d) None of these

Q13.
(a) 5
(b) 10
(c) 15
(d) 20
The value of x + y + z is 15, if a, x, y, z, b are in AP
In a GP, if the (m + n)th term be p and (m n)th term be

q, then its mth term is
Q8.
1
2
(b) 1 2n
xy
x y1
b, tan1 c are also in AP, then
+ b3 + .. to (|a| < 1), then 1 + ab + a2b2 + a3b3 + .
Q7.
If a, b, c are in GP, then
(a) 2n n 1
(a)
(d) None of these
m is equal to
(a) 26
while the value of
(a)
(pq)
(b)
(p / q)
(c)
(q / p)
(d)
pq
The three harmonic means between 5 and 6 are
1 1 1
5

is
, if a, x, y, z, b are
x y z
3
in HP. Then, a and b are

(a) 1, 9
(b) 3, 7
(c) 7, 3
(D) None of these
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Q14.
Q15.
If the harmonic
mean
between two positive numbers is S1 = 1 + 2 +4 + 8 + . to 100 terms
Competitive
Exams
to their GM as 12 : 13, the numbers are in the ratio
and S1 = 1 + 4 + 7 + 10 + to 100 terms
(a) 4, 9
(b) 7, 6
Q20.
(c) 6, 5
(d) None of these
Two AMs A1 and A2, two GMs. G1 and G2 and two

HMs H1 and H2 are inserted between any two numbers,
then H11 + H21 is equal to
(b) G11 + G21
(a) A1-1 + A2-1

(c)
Q16.
If
Q21.
G 1G 2
A1 A2
(d)
an 1 bn 1
A1 A2
G 1G 2
is the arithmetic mean between a and b,
an bn
Q18.
(b) 299
(c) 2100
(d)
2100
2
Find the number of common terms in both of the series

(a) 4
(b) 5
(c) 6
(d) 7
Find the sum of all the terms of series S2.

(a) 14450
(b) 14590
(c) 14950
(d) 19450
the question that follow:
(a) 1
(b) 2
Consider a sequence whose sum to n terms is given by quadratic
(c) 0
(d) 1
function, Sn= 3n2 + 5n.
The sum of 1 +
2 3
4
2 3 .....upto n terms is
5 5
5
(a)
25
4n 5
16 16 5n1
(b)
(c)
3 3n 5
7 5n1
(d) None of these
The harmonic mean of
25 4n 5
16
5n
Q23.
Q24.
Q25.
a
a
and
is equal
1 ab
1 ab
(a)
The nature of the given series is

(a) AP
(b) GP
(c) HP
(d) AGP
For the given sequence the number 5456 is the

(a) (153)th term
(b) (932) th term
(c) (707)th term
(d) (909) th term
Sum of the squares of the first 3 terms of the given series

is
(a) 1100
to
a
1 a2b2
(c) a
Q19.
(a) 298
Direction: Read the following information carefully and answer
then n is equal to
Q17.
Q22.
Find last terms of series S1
(b)
(d)
(b) 660
(c) 799
(d) 1000
1 a2b2
Directions: The following questions are Assertion Reason type
Questions. Each of these question contains two statements.
1 a2b2
Statement I (Assertion) and Statement II (Reason) Each of these
If (m + 1) th, (n +1 )th and (r + 1)th terms of an AP arein questions also has four alternative choices, only one of which is
GP and m, n, r are in HP, then the ratio of the first term the correct answer. You have to select the correct choice.
of the AP to its common difference in terms of n is equal
Statement I: If sum of n terms of a series is 5n 2 + 3n + 1,

then the series is an AP.
to
(a) n/2
(b) n/2
(c) n/3
(d) n/3
Direction: Given two series
Q26.
Statement II: Sum of n terms of an AP is always of the

form an2 + bn.
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(b) Statement
I is Exams
true, Statement II is true; Statement II
Competitive
Q27.
Statement I: If a, b, c are 3 positive numbers in GP. Then Q33.
(Geometric mean)2.
Q34.

Q35.

Q36.
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 1/2
If the positive integers a, b, c and d are in AP, then the

Q37.
(a) HP
(b) AP
(c) GP
(d) None of these
(d)
What is the geometric mean of the sequence

(a) 2n/2
(b) 2(n+1)/2
(c) 2(n+1) 1
(d) 2(n1)
What is the mean of first n odd natural numbers?

(a) n
(b) (n + 1)/2
(c) n(n + 1)/2
(d) n + 1
The mean of 10 observations is 5. If 2 is added to each
(a) 5
(b) 7
(c) 15
(d) 21
(a) 1
(b) 1.01
(c) 1.001
(d) 1.1
What does the series 1 + 3 1/2 + 3 +
1
3 3
+ .
(c)
85
128
(d) None of these
If the sequence {Sn} is a geometric progression and S1S11

(b) 3
(d) Cannot be determined
th
What is the 10 common term between the series 2 + 6 +

(a) 180
(b) 186
(c) 196
(d) 206
If a, b, c, d, e, f are in AP, then (e c) is equal to which

one of the following?
57
284
The angles of a triangle are in AP and the least angle is
(d) None of these
10 + and 1 + 6 + 11 + . ?
Q39.
(b)
(c) HP
(c) 5
What is the sum of first eight terms of the series 1
89
128
(b) GP
(a) 1
Q38.
(a)
(a) AP
= SPS8, then what is the value of p?
What is 0.9 + 0.09 + 0.009 + equal to?
1 1 1
...?
2 4 8
Q32.
represent?
numbers abc, abd, acd and bcd are in
Q31.
(c)
If the mth and nth term of a HP are n and m respectively,

then the mnth term is
Q30.
the new mean?
Q29.
(b)
observation and then multiplied by 3, then what will be
Q28.
1, 2, 4, 8, 2n?
3abc
a b c
2/ 3

(abc)
3
ab
bc
ca
Statement II: (Arithmetic mean) (Harmonic mean) =
(a)
Q40.
(a) 2(c a)
(b) 2(d c)
(c) 2(f d)
(d) (d c)
If the AM and GM between two numbers are in the ratio

m : n, then what is the ratio between the two numbers?
30o. What is the greatest angle (in radian)?
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(a)
(c)
Q41.
Q42.
m Competitive
m2 n 2Exams
m m2 n 2
m2 n 2
The geometric mean of three numbers was computed as

6. It was subsequently found that, in this computation, a
number 8 was wrongly read as 12. What is the correct
m2 n 2 mn
(d)
m2 n 2
Q45.
m n
m n
(b)
geometric mean?
m2 n 2 mn
(a) 4
(b)
square. Another square is drawn inside the second square
(c) 23 18
(d) None of these
in the same way and the process is continued Q46.
If x2, y2, z2 are in AP, then y + z, z + x, x + y are in
indefinitely. If, the side of the first square is 16 cm, then
(a) AP
(b) HP
what is the sum of the areas of all the squares?
(c) GP
(d) None of these
A square is drawn by joining mid-points of the sides of a
(a) 256 sq cm
(b) 512 sq cm
(c) 1024 sq cm
(d) 512/3 sq cm
th
Q47.
In an AP, the mth term 1/n and nth term is 1/m. What is
its (mn)th term?
th
The 59 term of an AP is 449 and the 449 term is 59.
(a) 1/(mn)
(b) m/n
Which term is equal to the 0 (zero)?
(c) n/m
(d) 1
st
nd
(a) 501 term
(b) 502 term
th
Q48.
th
(c) 508 term
(d) 509 term
Natural numbers are divided into groups as (1), (2, 3),

(4, 5, 6), (7, 8, 9, 10) and so on. What is the sum of the
numbers in the 11th group?
Q43.
Let a, b, c be in an AP
(a) 605
(b) 615
Consider the following statements
(c) 671
(d) 693
1.
1 1 1
,
,
are in an AP.
ab ca bc
II.
Q44.
1
b c
1
c a
Q49.
x equal to
1
a b
are in AP
(a) only I
(b) Only II
(c) Both I and II
(d) Neither I nor II
Q50.
(c) 1
(d) 0
(b) 8
(c) 4
(d) 2
If the number of terms of an AP is (2n + 1), then what is

terms?
then what is the (p + q)th term equal to?

(b) pq
(a) 9
the ratio of the sum of the odd terms to the sum of even
If p times the pth term of an AP is q times the qth term,

(a) p + q
If x > 1 and log 2 x, log3 x, logx 16 are in GP, then what is
(a)
n
n1
(b)
n2
n1
(c)
n1
n
(d)
n1
2n
ANSWERS
Q1.
(a)
Q2.
(b)
Q3.
(b)
Q4.
(b)
Q5.
(c)
Q6.
(a)
Q7.
(a)
Q8.
(c)
Q9.
(b)
Q10.
(d)
Q11.
(a)
Q12.
(c)
Q13.
(a)
Q14.
(a)
Q15.
(d)
Q16.
(c)
Q17.
(a)
Q18.
(c)
Q19.
(b)
Q20.
(b)
Q21.
(b)
Q22.
(c)
Q23.
(a)
Q24.
(d)
Q25.
(b)
Q26.
(d)
Q27.
(c)
Q28.
(a)
Q29.
(a)
Q30.
(a)
Q31.
(c)
Q32.
(a)
Q33.
(a)
Q34.
(a)
Q35.
(d)
Page No. 62
NDA MATHEMATICS

achieve..
Q36.
(d)
Q43.
(c)
Q50.
(c)

Competitive Exams
Q37.
(c)
Q38.
(b)
Q39.
(b)
Q40.
(a)
Q41.
(b)
Q42.
(c)
Q44.
(d)
Q45.
(c)
Q46.
(a)
Q47.
(d)
Q48.
(c)
Q49.
(a)
Page No. 63

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NDA MATHEMATICS

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SET, RELATION AND FUNCTION

A and read as x is an element of A or x belongs to

A and read as x is not an element of A or x does not belong to A.

Set builder Method

This method is known as Rule method or Property method

N and 3 < x < 4] =

N and 3 < x < 5]

N, x < 5 ] is a finite set.

Cardinal Number of a Finite Set

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A set in which the

B and read as A is subset of B

If A is not a subset of B, then we write as A

B and read as A is not a subset of B.

B and read as set is a proper subset of B

B and A B is a set contains all elements which are any of A

Indias Best Institute for

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B contains those elements which are in both A

SYMMETRIC DIFFERENCE OF SETS

(B A ) is known as symmetric difference of sets A and B and is denoted by A

U, then complement of A is denoted by A or U A.

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Solution A = 1,2,3, 4 and B = 4,5,6,7

LAWS OF ALGEBRA OF SETS

De- morgans laws

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(i) Number of students enrolled in:

offered any of these three subjects

(ii) (a, b) = (c, d) iff a = c, b = d

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e.g, Suppose A = (1,2,3) and B = (x , y)

C, then we form an ordered triplet (a,b,c). The set of all ordered

triplets (a,b,c) is called the Cartesian product of these sets A, B and C,

Facts Related to Cartesian product

Then we write aRb which is read as a is related to b by the relation R. If (a, b)

R, then we write aRb and we say that a is not

related to b by the relation R.

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R] is called an inverse relation to A.

Clearly , domain (R-1) = range (R)

e.g., Let A = (1,2,3) and let

e.g., Let A = (1,2,3), B = (a,b,c,d), C = ( , , )

Also (SoR)-1 = R-1oS-1, known as reversal rule.

R, a R,. It should be noted if any a A, such that (a, a) R is not is reflexive

e.g, Let A = [1,2,3] and R = [(1,1), (2,2)]

Anti symmetric Relations

R and (b, a) R a = b. Thus if a b, then a may be related to b or b may be

related to a, but never both.

N x N is defined by xRy. Iff x divides y

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In other words, if a is related to b, b is related to c, then a is related to c.

R, (1,2) R but (2,2) R.

The find R-1,

Dom (R) = [1,2,3,4]

Range (R) = [8,6,4,2]

R-1= [(8,1), (6,2), (4,3), (2,4)]

De-morgans Laws: If A and B are any two sets, then

The congruent solution of 8x = 6 (mod 14) is

Number of subsets of a set of n elements is 2n.

Number of proper subsets of a set of n elements is 2n -1.