MATTER

Matter is a substance that has inertia and occupies physical space. According
to modern physics, matter consists of various types of particles, each with
mass and size.
The most familiar examples of material particles are the electron,
the proton and theneutron. Combinations of these particles form atoms.
There are more than 100 different kinds of atoms, each kind constituting a
unique chemical element. A combination of atoms forms a molecule. Atoms
and/or molecules can join together to form a compound.
Matter can exist in several states, also called phases. The three most
common states are known as solid, liquid and gas. A single element or
compound of matter might exist in more than one of the three states,
depending on the temperature and pressure. Less familiar states of matter
include plasma, foam and Bose-Einstein condensate. These states occur
under special conditions.
Different kinds of matter can combine to form substances that may not
resemble any of the original ingredients. For example, hydrogen (a gaseous
element) and oxygen (another gaseous element) combine to form water (a
liquid compound at room temperature). The process of such combination is
called a chemical reaction. A chemical reaction involves interactions between
the electrons of the atoms, but does not affect the nuclei of the atoms.

SUBSTANCE
A substance is matter which has a specific composition and specific
properties.
Every pure element is a substance. Every pure compound is a substance.

ELEMENT
Elements are the simplest form of matter, which means they cannot be
broken down into smaller components physically or chemically. All elements
are listed on the periodic table, and there are at least 118 of them known to
man! Examples of elements include carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O),
and sodium (Na), just to name a few.

COMPOUND

Compounds, on the other hand, are made up of two or more different elements held together by
chemical bonds and functioning as a unit. While compounds are also pure substances, they differ
from elements because compounds can be broken down into simpler components (the elements that
make up the compound). Some examples of compounds are carbon dioxide (COsub2), rust
(Fesub2O3), and table salt (NaCl).

METAL
A metal (from Greek mtallon, "mine, quarry, metal"[1][2]) is a
material (an element, compound, or alloy) that is typically hard, opaque,
shiny, and has good electrical and thermal conductivity. Metals are
generally malleable that is, they can be hammered or pressed
permanently out of shape without breaking or cracking as well
as fusible (able to be fused or melted) andductile (able to be drawn out into
a thin wire).[3] About 91 of the 118 elements in the periodic table are metals
(some elements appear in both metallic and non-metallic forms).
Astrophysicists use the term "metal" to collectively describe all elements
other than hydrogen and helium. Thus, the metallicity of an object is the
proportion of its matter made up of chemical elements other than hydrogen
and helium.[4]
Many elements and compounds that are not normally classified as metals
become metallic under high pressures; these are formed as metallic
allotropes of non-metals.

NON-METAL
Nonmetal, substance that does not exhibit such characteristic properties
of metals as hardness, mechanical adaptability, or the ability to conduct
electricity. This classification is generally applied to the chemical elements
carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, sulfur, selenium, fluorine, chlorine,
bromine, iodine, and the noble-gas elements. These elements have few
physical properties in common; most are gases, one (bromine) is liquid, and
others are solids.

The atoms of nonmetals generally are small and contain relatively large
numbers of electrons in their outermost shells. In the noble-gas atoms, the
electron shells are completely filled; thus, the elements are almost
completely inert. The other nonmetals have nearly filled electron shells,
requiring only a few additional electrons to assume the stable, noble-gas
configuration. Therefore, in the presence of other atoms, these nonmetallic
atoms have pronounced tendencies to attract electrons to themselves (high
electronegativities). They form chemical compounds by attracting electrons
away from other atoms of lower electronegativities or by sharing electrons
with atoms of comparable electronegativities.
Although there are only a few nonmetallic elements, they constitute a large
portion of the Earths crust and are essential for the growth and existence of
living things.

METALLOID
Metalloid, a chemical element with properties intermediate between
those of typical metals and nonmetals. Usually considered under this
classification are the chemical elements boron, silicon, germanium,
arsenic, antimony, and tellurium. The rare elements polonium and
astatine are also sometimes included. Most of these elements are
important industrial materials, being used to make transistors and
othersemiconductor devices, ceramics, solar batteries, and certain
polymers.
Metalloids are usually brittle, somewhat shiny solids that behave as
electrical insulators at room temperature but become comparable to
metals as electrical conductors when heated or when small quantities
of certain elements are introduced into the lattices of their crystalline
structures.

Metalloids have electronic structures intermediate between the nearly

empty outer electron shells of the typical metals and the nearly filled
electron shells of the nonmetals. Thus, they have enough empty
electron orbitals (pathways within the shells) into which electrons can
be moved to conduct electric current. Their chemical properties are
intermediate between the behaviour of electropositive and
electronegative atoms.
ORGANIC
Organic chemistry is a chemistry subdiscipline involving
the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic
compounds andorganic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that
contain carbon atoms.[1][2] Study of structure includes many physical and
chemical methods to determine the chemical composition and the chemical
constitution of organic compounds and materials. Study of properties
includes both physical properties and chemical properties, and uses similar
methods as well as methods to evaluate chemical reactivity, with the aim to
understand the behavior of the organic matter in its pure form (when
possible), but also in solutions, mixtures, and fabricated forms. The study
of organic reactionsincludes probing their scope through use in preparation
of target compounds (e.g., natural products, drugs, polymers, etc.)
by chemical synthesis, as well as the focused study of the reactivities of
individual organic molecules, both in the laboratory and via theoretical (in
silico) study.
The range of chemicals studied in organic chemistry
include hydrocarbons (compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen), as
well as myriad compositions based always on carbon, but also containing
other elements,[1][3][4] especially oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus (these,
included in many organic chemicals in biology) and the radiostable elements
of the halogens.

INORGANIC
An organic compound is any member of a large class of gaseous, liquid,
or solid chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon. For historical
reasons discussed below, a few types of carbon-containing compounds, such
as carbides, carbonates, simple oxides of carbon (such as CO and CO2),
and cyanides are considered inorganic.[1] The distinction
between organic and inorganic carbon compounds, while "useful in
organizing the vast subject of chemistry... is somewhat arbitrary".[2]
Organic chemistry is the science concerned with all aspects of organic
compounds. Organic synthesis is the methodology of their preparation.

ACID
Acid, any substance that in water solution tastes sour, changes the colour
of certain indicators (e.g.,reddens blue litmus paper), reacts with some
metals (e.g., iron) to liberate hydrogen, reacts with bases to form salts, and
promotes certain chemical reactions (acid catalysis). Examples of acids
include the inorganic substances known as the mineral acidssulfuric, nitric,
hydrochloric, and phosphoric acidsand the organic compounds belonging
to the carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, and phenol groups. Such substances
contain one or more hydrogen atoms that, in solution, are released as
positively charged hydrogen ions (see Arrhenius theory).
Broader definitions of an acid, to include substances that exhibit typical
acidic behaviour as pure compounds or when dissolved in solvents other
than water, are given by the BrnstedLowry theoryand the Lewis theory.
Examples of nonaqueous acids are sulfur trioxide, aluminum chloride, and
boron trifluoride. Compare base.

BASE
Base, in chemistry, any substance that in water solution is slippery to the
touch, tastes bitter, changes the colour of indicators (e.g., turns red litmus
paper blue), reacts with acids to form salts, and promotes certain chemical
reactions (base catalysis). Examples of bases are the hydroxides of
the alkali and alkaline earth metals (sodium, calcium, etc.) and the water
solutions of ammonia or its organic derivatives (amines). Such substances
produce hydroxide ions (OH-) in water solutions (seeArrhenius theory).

SALT
Common salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl),
a chemical compound belonging to the larger class of salts; salt in its natural
form as a crystalline mineral is known as rock salt or halite. Salt is present in
vast quantities in seawater, where it is the main mineral constituent; the
open ocean has about 35 grams (1.2 oz) of solids per litre, a salinity of
3.5%. Salt is essential for animal life, and saltiness is one of the basic human
tastes. The tissues of animals contain larger quantities of salt than do plant
tissues; therefore the typical diets of nomads who subsist on their flocks and
herds require little or no added salt, whereas cereal-based diets require
supplementation. Salt is one of the oldest and most ubiquitous of food
seasonings, and salting is an important method of food preservation.

MIXTURE
In chemistry, a mixture is a material system made up of two or more
different substances which are mixed but are not combined chemically. A
mixture refers to the physical combination of two or more substances on
which the identities are retained and are mixed in the form
of solutions, suspensions, and colloids.
Mixtures are the one product of a mechanical blending or mixing of chemical
substances like elements and compounds, without chemical bonding or other
chemical change, so that each ingredient substance retains its own chemical

properties and makeup.[1] Despite that there are no chemical changes to its
constituents, the physical properties of a mixture, such as its melting point,
may differ from those of the components. Some mixtures can
be separated into their components by physical (mechanical or thermal)
means.Azeotropes are one kind of mixture that usually pose considerable
difficulties regarding the separation processes required to obtain their
constituents (physical or chemical processes or, even a blend of them).

HOMOGENEOUS
A homogeneous mixture is a type of mixture in which the composition is
uniform and every part of the solution has the same properties. A
heterogeneous mixture is a type of mixture in which the components can be
seen, as there are two or more phases present. One example of a mixture is
air. Air is a homogeneous mixture of the gaseous substances nitrogen,
oxygen, and smaller amounts of other substances. Salt, sugar, and many
other substances dissolve in water to form homogeneous mixtures. A
homogeneous mixture in which there is both a solute and solvent present is
also a solution. Mixtures can have any amounts of ingredients.

HETEROGENEOUS
A heterogeneous mixture is made of different substances that remain
physically separate. Heterogeneous mixtures always have more than one
phase (regions with uniform composition and properties).
A mixture of sand and sugar is a heterogeneous mixture. The grains can be
distinguished from each other with a magnifying glass. There are two solid
phases: the sand grains, and the sugar grains. The mixture can be separated
by washing the sugar out with water (a physical change).
A glass of iced tea is a heterogeneous mixture. The ice cubes have different
composition and properties than the tea. You can say that the ice cubes are a
solid phase, and the tea is a liquid phase.
Blood is a heterogeneous mixture because the blood cells are physically
separate from the blood plasma. The cells have different properties than the

plasma. The cells can be separated from the plasma by centrifuging, which is
a physical change.

SOLUTION
In chemistry, a solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or
more substances. In such a mixture, a solute is a substance dissolved in
another substance, known as a solvent. The solution more or less takes on
the characteristics of the solvent including its phase, and the solvent is
commonly the major fraction of the mixture. The concentration of a solute in
a solution is a measure of how much of that solute is dissolved in the solvent,
with regard to how much solvent is present.

SUSPENSION
In chemistry, a suspension is a heterogeneous mixture containing solid
particles that are sufficiently large for sedimentation. Usually they must be
larger than one micrometer.[1] The internal phase (solid) is dispersed
throughout the external phase (fluid) through mechanical agitation, with the
use of certain excipients or suspending agents. Unlike colloids, suspensions
will eventually settle. An example of a suspension would be sand in water.
The suspended particles are visible under a microscope and will settle over
time if left undisturbed. This distinguishes a suspension from a colloid, in
which the suspended particles are smaller and do not settle.[2] Colloids and
suspensions are different from solutions, in which the dissolved substance
(solute) does not exist as a solid, and solvent and solute are homogeneously
mixed.
A suspension of liquid droplets or fine solid particles in a gas is called
an aerosol or particulate. In the atmosphere these consist of fine dust
and soot particles, sea salt, biogenicand volcanogenic sulfates, nitrates,
and cloud droplets.

COLLOID
A colloid, in chemistry, is a substance in which one substance of
microscopically dispersed insoluble particles is suspended throughout
another substance. Sometimes the dispersed substance alone is called the
colloid;[1] the term colloidal suspensionrefers unambiguously to the overall

mixture (although a narrower sense of the word suspension is

contradistinguished from colloids by larger particle size). Unlike a solution,
whose solute and solvent constitute only one phase, a colloid has a
dispersed phase (the suspended particles) and a continuous phase (the
medium of suspension). To qualify as a colloid, the mixture must be one that
does not settle or would take a very long time to settle appreciably.
The dispersed-phase particles have a diameter of between approximately 1
and 1000 nanometers.[2] Such particles are normally easily visible in an
optical microscope, although at the smaller size range (r<250 nm),
an ultramicroscope or an electron microscopemay be
required. Homogeneous mixtures with a dispersed phase in this size range
may be called colloidal aerosols, colloidal emulsions, colloidal
foams, colloidal dispersions, or hydrosols. The dispersed-phase particles or
droplets are affected largely by thesurface chemistry present in the colloid.
Some colloids are translucent because of the Tyndall effect, which is the
scattering of light by particles in the colloid. Other colloids may be opaque or
have a slight color.