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Introduction
The loading on transmission lines and their supporting
towers due to wind is an extremely important factor in
their design. A more accurate knowledge of the oscillatory
behaviour of transmission lines in strong winds, and of the
loads transmitted to the towers, is very desirable to produce
more economical designs.
The traditional design method has been based on the use
of a peak gust wind speed, i.e. the largest recorded or predicted wind speed expected to occur once in a specified
return period. However, it was recognized many years ago
that to use the total drag force, calculated on the assumption that the design gust speed acted simultaneously along
a 300-500 m span, would be extremely conservative. 'Span
reduction factors' have been applied to allow for this effect.
The factors presently used have often been empirically
derived from the actual measurements on test lines usually, however, at wind speeds much lower than those
representative of design situations.
In recent years, a more rational approach, using random
vibration theory, has been advocated by several authors. 1-5
In this type of analysis, which has also been applied to other
structures, the reduction effect due to the tack of correlation
of wind gusts along the span, and the main features of the
dynamic response of the line, are taken account of in a
rational manner. However, the method involves linearization both in the aerodynamics and in the line dynamic
behaviour. A linear relationship between the fluctuating
drag forces applied to the line and the upwind velocity
fluctuations is assumed, and a linearization of the equations
of motion of the line, is also made. In order to achieve the
latter, it is assumed that the line tension remains constant
during the motion - this assumption avoids any consideration of the extensibility of the line. These assumptions have
been questioned particularly at high wind speeds.
In the present paper, a simulation procedure is described
in which representative wind velocities, forces, line response
and lateral tower loads are computed on a step by step
(1)
0141-0296[81/020105-06/$02.00
1981 IPC Business Press
In this case, the reference state was taken to be the horizontal straight line between the two supports.
Whe re:
e = strain relative to reference state
s = so(1 + e)
(5)
P = po/(l + e)
(6)
as
-- (1 + e)
(7)
3So
Equation (4) can be expanded into cartesian coordinates
x, y, z, as follows:
Po at z
(1 + e)
aZy a ( T ~ o ) + f ,
Peat 2-3s0 (l+e)
~So( (1 T+ e) 32o) +fz
Po32z
~at =
C o m p u t a t i o n o f line r e s p o n s e
e
as
+f
(3)
(1 + e) aso/
f(1 + e)
(10)
where d is the separation distance and c is the decay constant. For a full exposition of the simulation method, see
Holmes. 6
P 3t 2
(9)
(4)
5s - 5So
(11)
8So
by definition, and:
T =AE(e
eo)+Tl
(12)
32Y=H32Y+ f~
P ~at
~
ax
(13)
'
Numerical model
Lin~, element
z~Cz
Figure I
106
-x
L:
Xf + 1 + { [h(l + ein++,):)]2
_[y/n++, y?+I]2 _ [Z~++: _Zfl+t]2}u2
(14)
Implementation
+ (Fy)/n Ar 2
(15)
z/n +' = 2 z / n - Z / n - I
n
tl
l~
It
- [Ri+,/2 + R / _ ]Z) + R i _ Z ] _ 1}
+ (Fzff Ar 2
(16)
Rn+l
i+1/2_ { [X/n+1_ 2X/n + X/n-'](h[Ar) 2
-
+ [Xln + 1
re'n+llon--lltrvn+l
--Ai_IIIXj_SILAj+
vn+l]
1 --A i
(17)
cn+l
where:
l = span
X, Y, Z = x/l, y/l, z/l
Fy = dimensionless distribution wind force on an
element = f yl/Tl
Fz = dimensionless gravitational force = fzl/T1
h = dimensionless space step = Axfl
Az = dimensionless time step = At(Tl/p)t/2[l
R = T/[T,(1 + e)]
s.n = time n At, node j
The method outlined by Watts~has been adopted in
this study, due to its superior computational efficiency.
Testing
To clarify any doubts about the accuracy of the finite
difference algorithm, extensive tests were performed. Unfortunately, it is difficult to establish complete validity for
the finite difference equations. The partial differential
equations are nonlinear, and hence numerical stability
cannot be proved through analytical means alone. However,
by running the program and producing results for known
solutions, rigorous comparisons can be made.
Tensions and displacement along a particular line when
subjected to a constant load, e.g. a constant steady wind,
can be compared with exact solutions. A number of such
tests were undertaken and the results showed excellent
agreement with the exact solutions. An indication of the
performance and accuracy of the system in a dynamic
situation was achieved by a free vibration analysis. Natural
frequencies obtained from numerous tests were compared
with those predicted analytically by Irvine and Caughey 12
and again showed good agreement.
Roussel 9 conducted a number of tests to compare the
response given by his numerical model with those from
measurements. The agreement was good.
Further verification of the method outlined in this
paper was achieved by comparing some responses with
those calculated by Roussel's method; the computed
responses were essentially identical.
Table 1
Intensity of turbulence,/u
Decay constant, c
Peak wavelength, Ku
Mass density of line, p
Line diameter, D
Span, I
Horizontal tension (no wind), H
Young's modulus, E
0.15
10
700 m
1.69 kg/m
29.3 mm
300 m
27.5 kN
68 GPa
fr(t) = PairCaDu2(t)
(19)
|/
--<1
Ax
(Watts 1) (20)
20
o so~
a 40
Simulation
model DOi
l
v
c"
U3
o_ 0 2 0
20
--
O_
*j
o
010-
&
co
u~
0
0
50
100
Time, (s)
150
200
vibration theory
0 05 -
Table 2
0 (m/s)
/~ (kN)
,d~7~(kN)
6 (deg)
~ ' ~ 5 (deg)
10
20
30
0.261
1.04
2.35
0.0492
0.201
0.458
6.19
23.4
43.9
1.04
3.89
5.81
002
5
Figure 3
L___
10
20
Mean velocity, ( m / s )
r.m.s, support reaction
Jt . . . . .
30
50
3
7
z
~z
~
Sp ec tra
108
1st sway
mode
01
02
1st in-plane
mode
03
04
05
Frequency, ( Hz )
Figure 4 Spectral density of support reaction (O = 30 m/s).
(-- --G-- --), simulation (nonlinear); (
), random vibration theory
(linear)
Design factors
The span reduction factor tx, for support reaction is
defined as the ratio of the maximum expected reaction, R,
to the unmodified reaction calculated from the peak gust
velocity, i.e. :
Rmax
o~ = I
(21)
~PairCaDumaxl/2
0.15
I
% o~o
/
0051st swoy
mode
Simulation model
Random vibration
theory
0
(m/s)
10
20
30
0.662
0.665
0.685
1.55
1.57
1.62
0.626
0.628
0.630
1,46
1.48
1.49
01
0.2
91
03
04
05
Fnzquency, (Hz)
Figure 5 Spectral density of centre-span sway angle. (--o--),
simulation. 0 = 30 m/s
06
109
References
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
force/unit length
F
G
dimensionless force
gust factor
dimensionless space step = A x / l
horizontal tension in static state
longitudinal turbulence intensity
node n u m b e r
span
(1) frequency, (2) n u m b e r o f time step
total n u m b e r o f time steps per record
(1) dimensionless line tension, (2) lateral comp o n e n t o f support reaction
distance along line
spectral density
time
line tension
tension in static state
velocity
position vector
h
H
]u
/
l
n
N
R
s
S(n)
t
T
T~
u
x
X
Y
z
X, Y, Z
AT
AX
~ku
P
p(n)
Pair
0
Nomenclature
Subscripts:
A
c
C~
d
D
E
0
r
reference state
relative value
Superscripts:
'
mean value
fluctuating value