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AKUNTANSI MANAJEMEN
CHAPTER 9
INVENTORY COSTING AND CAPACITY ANALYSIS
Inventory Costing Choices: Overview
1. Absorption Costing product costs are capitalized;
period costs are expensed
2. Variable Costing variable product and period costs
are capitalized; fixed product and period costs are
expensed
3. Throughput Costing only Direct Materials are
capitalized; all other costs are expensed
Costing Comparison
Variable costing is a method of inventory costing in which
only variable manufacturing costs are included as
inventoriable costs
Absorption costing is a method of inventory costing in
which all variable manufacturing costs and all fixed
manufacturing costs are included as inventoriable costs
Differences in Income
Operating Income will differ between Absorption and
Variable Costing. The amount of the difference represents
the amount of Fixed Product Costs capitalized as Inventory
under Absorption costing, and expensed as a period costs
under Variable Costing
Comparative Income Statements
Absorption
Costing
No
Yes
Is there a production-volumevariance?
No
Yes
Yes
Infrequently
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Management
Countermeasures
for
Fixed
Cost
Manipulation Schemes
1. Careful budgeting and inventory planning
2. Incorporate an internal carrying charge for
inventory
3. Change (lengthen) the period used to evaluate
performance
4. Include nonfinancial as well as financial variables in
the measures to evaluate performance
Extreme Variable Costing:Throughput Costing
Throughput costing (super-variable costing) is a method of
inventory costing in which onlydirect material costs are
included as inventory costs. All other product costs are
treated as operating expenses
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EXERCISES
1.) Lohis Company manufactures metal cans used in foodprocessing industry. As Lohiss senior financial analyst, you
are asked to recommend a method of inventory costing.
The following data are for year 2009, 2010, and 2011 :
Year
Unit Sold
Unit
Produced
Sales Price
Direct Material
Direct Labor
V. FOH
F. FOH
V.SGA
F.SGA
2009
6.000
8.000
2010
10.000
10.000
2011
12.000
10.000
Rp90.000
Rp90.000
Rp90.000
Cost of Production
Rp 12.000 per unit
Rp 8.000 per unit
Rp 6.000 per unit
Rp200.000.000
Required :
Prepare Operating Income Statements using Absorption
costing, Variable costing !
Sales Price
DM/unit
DL/unit
V.FOH/unit
F.FOH
F.FOH/unit for 2009
F.FOH/unit for 2010 and 2011
Manufacturing Cost/unit for 2009
(Absorption Costing)
Manufacturing Cost/unit for 2010 and 2011
(Absorption Costing)
90,000
12,000
8,000
6,000
200,000,000
25,000
20,000
51,000
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26,000
10,000
80,000,000
2009
540,000,000
Beginning Inventory
DM
96,000,000
DL
64,000,000
V.FOH
48,000,000
Allocated F.FOH
Cost of Goods
Available for Sale
200,000,000
Ending Inventory
102,000,000
408,000,000
COGS :
306,000,000
Gross Margin
234,000,000
Fixed SGA
80,000,000
Variable SGA
60,000,000
Operating Income
94,000,000
DM
96,000,000
DL
64,000,000
V.FOH
Cost of Goods
Available for Sale
48,000,000
Ending Inventory
52,000,000
2009
540,000,000
208,000,000
Variable COGS
156,000,000
Variable SGA
60,000,000
Contribution Margin
324,000,000
Fixed Manufacturing
Cost
200,000,000
Fixed SGA
80,000,000
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OL = Contribution Margin
Operating Income
Notice these two items are identical, except for fixed costs
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EXERCISES
Wembley Travel Agency specializes in flights between Los
Angeles and London. It books passengers on United
Airlines at $900 per round-trip ticket. Until last month,
United paid Wembley a commission of 10% of the ticket
price paid by each passenger. This commission was
Wembleys only source of revenues. Wembleys fixed costs
are $14,000 per month (for salaries, rent, and so on), and
its variable costs are $20 per ticket purchased for a
passenger. This $20 includes a $15 per ticket delivery fee
paid to Federal Express. (To keep the analysis simple, we
assume each round-trip ticket purchased is delivered in a
separate package. Thus, the $15 delivery fee applies to
each ticket.)
b.
.
The $50 cap on the commission paid per ticket causes the
breakeven point to more than double (from 200 to 467
tickets) and the tickets required to be sold to earn $7,000
per month to also more than double (from 300 to 700
tickets). As would be expected, travel agents reacted very
negatively to the United Airlines announcement to change
commission payments. Unfortunately for travel agents,
other airlines also changed their commission structure in
similar ways.
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