Worksheet 1 Acids, Bases & Indicators

Acids and bases are chemical opposites. If you add one to the other, they
neutralize each other. Acidity is measured by the pH scale. On this scale, a
neutral substance has s value of 7. Values above this indicate basic
substances, while substances below indicate acidic substances.
Indicators are chemicals which change colour according to the pH of the
solution they are in. The original indicators where extracts from organic
substances.
Colour Changes
Indicator
Litmus
Phenolphthalein
Methyl orange
Bromothymol blue

Acid
Pink
Colourless
Red
Yellow

Neutral
Purple
Colourless
Yellow
Green/blue

Base
Blue
Pink
Yellow
Blue

In everyday situations, indicators are used for purposes such as

testing for soil acidity for farming and gardening, water testing for
pools and aquariums, and for monitoring effluents from industries.

Worksheet 2 Practice Questions & Test Questions

Each solution listed below has been tested with one or more indicators, and
the colour is given. For each, state if it is acidic, neutral or basic.
Solution A: Phenolphthalein is clear. Methyl orange is red. Acid
Solution B: Phenolphthalein is pink. Methyl orange is yellow. Basic
Solution C: Phenolphthalein is clear. Methyl orange is yellow. Neutral
Solution D: Bromothymol blue is blue. Methyl orange is yellow. Basic
Solution E: Phenolphthalein is clear. Litmus is pink. Acid
A household substance most likely to be very basic is soap.
3a) What is meant by an acid-base indicator? An indicator which is able to
differentiate between an acid and a base depending on the pH.
b) Identify an everyday use of an indicator. Soil testing for gardening
c) Describe how you could prepare a simple indicator from a natural
substance. Boil red cabbage in water to obtain the cabbage indicator (purple).
Then drop the solution into substances to test for pH.

Worksheet 3 Acids in the Environment

Acids and bases react with each other to form water and a salt and
neutralises each other.
The oxides of most metals act as bases, in that they will react with an acid to
form water and a metal salt.

Oxides of non-metals mostly act as acids, because they will either dissolve
in/react with water to form an acid solution and or they react with bases and
neutralise them.
Chemical equilibrium occurs when a reaction, and its opposite are occurring
at the same rate, so that the concentrations of reactants and products do not
change. The equilibrium is said to be dynamic.
An equilibrium can be upset by a change in concentration, temperature or
gas pressure. When a change occurs, it will shift to a new equilibrium
position according to Le Chateliers principle. This states that when an
equilibrium is disturbed, the system will shift in the direction which opposes
the change.
There are 3 acidic oxides which are of concern environmentally
Carbon dioxide is a natural part of the carbon-oxygen cycle in nature. Human
activities have increased the CO2 levels mainly from burning fossil fuels. The
major problem arising is global warming due to the greenhouse effect.
Sulfur dioxide occurs naturally in volcanic eruptions and hot springs/geysers.
Human activities that release SO2 include burning of fossil fuels and the
smelting of some metal ores. The main environmental problem is acid rain
which can cause serious ecological damage to lakes and forests.
Nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide (collectively known as NOx gases) are
produced naturally in very small amounts by lightning. Human activities which
produce them are high temperature combustion in power station & engines.
Environmentally NOx gases are the main cause of toxic smogs in large cities
but also can contribute to acid rain

Worksheet 4 Practice Questions Acid-Base Reactions

1) Name the salt formed in a reaction between
i)
hydrochloric acid and calcium hydroxide calcium chloride
ii)
sulfuric acid and magnesium hydroxide magnesium sulfate
iii)
nitric acid and barium hydroxide barium nitrate
b) Write a balanced equation for the reaction of
i) Hydrochloric acid and lithium hydroxide
HCl + LiOH H2O + LiCl
ii) sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide
H2SO4 + 2NaOH 2H2O + Na2SO4
iii) nitric acid and magnesium hydroxide
2HNO3 + Mg(OH)22H2O + Mg(NO3)2
2. Reactions with basic oxides
Write a balanced equation for the reaction of:
a) sulfuric acid and iron (II) oxide
H2SO4 + FeO H2O + FeSO4
b) hydrochloric acid and magnesium oxide

2HCl + MgO H2O + MgCl2

c) nitric acid and copper (II) oxide
2HNO3 + CuO H2O + Cu(NO3)2
2) Reactions of Acidic Oxides
a) carbon dioxide reacts with calcium hydroxide to form water and calcium
carbonate (This is the lime water reaction)
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O
b) P2O5 is an acidic oxide, it reacts with water to form phosphoric acid
(H3PO4)
P2O + 3H2O 2H3PO4
c) Sulfur trioxide reacts with water to form a strong acid
SO3 + H2O H2SO4

Worksheet 6 Molar Gas Volumes

1. Molar Gas Volumes
a) What is the volume of:
i)
2.59 x 24.79 =64.2 L
ii)
0.00453 x 22.71 = 1.029 L
iii)
120 x 22.71 = 2725.2 L
iv)
4.67 x 10-2 x 24.79 = 1.158 L
b) How many moles of gas is
i)
12.4/24.79 = 0.500 moles
ii)
0.250/22.71 = 0.011 moles
iii)
10000/24.79 = 403.39 moles
iv)
0.001/22.71 = 0.00004 moles
2. Mass Volume of Gases
a) What is the mass of
i) n= 5/24.79 = 0.2016 m = 0.2016 x (12.01 + 16x2) = 8.88g
ii) n = 5/24.79 = 0.2016... m = 0.2016 x (1.008 x 2 ) = 0.4066 g
iii) n = 100/22.71 = 4.4033 m = 4.4033 x 20.18 = 88.86g
iv) n = 0.025/22.71 = 0.0011 m = 0.0011 x 32 = 0.0352g
b) What is the volume (at SLC) of
i) n = 100/(12.01 + 32) = 2.27 v = 2.27 x 24.79 = 56.3 L
ii) n = 100/4.003 = 24.98.. v= 24.98.. x 24.79 = 619.29 L
iii) 1.5/(14.01x2) = 0.053 v= 0.053 x 24.79 = 1.33 L
iv) 1000/39.95 = 25.03 v = 25.03 x 24.79 = 620.53 L
3. Problems Involving Reactions
a) Carbon dioxide gas reacts with aqueous calcium hydroxide (limewater)
to form water and insoluble calcium carbonate.
i)
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O
ii)
n = 1/24.79 = 0.0403 m= 0.0403.. x (40.08 + 12.01 + 16 x 3) =
4.0375g
iii)
n = 1.75/(40.08 + 12.01 + 16 x 3) = 0.017 v(CO2) = 0.017 x
24.79 = 0.433 L
b) In the smelting of zinc, the crush concentrated ore is zinc sulfide. This
is roasted in a blast of air forming zinc oxide and sulfur dioxide gas.
i) 2ZnS + 3O2 2ZnO + 2SO2
ii) n=1000 x 1000/(65.55+32.07)/2x3 =......v=....x24.79 =381280.29L

iii)381280/21x100=1817049.0L
iv) n=1000 x 1000/(65.55+32.07)x24.79 = 16270183.36L
Worksheet 8 Acids and pH
Acids can be defines as species which donates protons. In water solution an
acid molecule donates a proton (which is a helium ion) to a water molecule,
forming a hydronium ion. Acids which donate one proton are called
monoprotic; those that donate 2 protons are diprotic, and those which donate
3 are called triprotic.
Two important "organic" naturally occuriding acids: ethanoic (CH3COOOH)
and citric acid; systematic chemical name is 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3tricarboxylic acid.
With acids, "strong" and "weak" do not refer to the concentration. A strong
acid is one which ionises completely in water, and weak refers to an acid
which only partially ionises.
Acidity is measured by the pH scale. The pH value is calculated from the
equation pH=-log10[H+]
pH values are powers of 10, so each 1 unit of pH actually means a change in
acidity of 10 times.
Acids are commonly added to foods, in order to:
Help preserve the food by making it more difficult for bacteria and fungi
to grow in the food and cause it to spoil. The acids most commonly
used this way are sulfur dioxide and ethanoic acid
Flavour the food, by giving it the sour taste that all acids have. Most
commonly used are ethanoic and citric acids
Improve the nutritional value. For example ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is
added to some foods.
A naturally occur acid is methanoic acid in an ant bite. A natural base is lime,
which is chemically calcium oxide.