Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Principles
This method has been widely used for decades. Equipotential boundaries are represented in the tank by
specially formed sheets of metal. For example, a single dielectric problem such as a three-core cable
may be represented using a flat tank different permittivities are represented by electrolytes of
different conductivities separated by special partitions. Otherwise, the tank base can be specially
shaped. The conductance of the entire model is a scale model of the capacitance of the system
being represented, care being taken to minimize the errors.
An electric field, E, exists anywhere a stationary test charge, qo, experiences an electric force, F. E and F
are vector quantities and the relationship between them is given by
E = F qo
qo is assumed to be positive and very small. E and F are always in the same direction. Electric field lines
are imaginary lines used to visualize electric fields. The lines always leave positive charges and enter
negative charges. They are closer together where the field is stronger and they never cross. The lines
indicated the direction of the force acting on a test charge placed at that point. If a positive test charge
is released in an electric field it will move away from the positive side of the field toward the negative
side. The field will do work on the charge as is moves from point A to point B according to
Since the electric force is a conservative force, there will also be a change in potential energy,
U = -W
The change in potential energy per unit charge is a scalar quantity called the electric potential, V. Electric
potential is always measured between two points. In any field there exists a set of points between which
there is no potential difference. A set of such points will make up an equipotential surface. This surface
is always perpendicular to the electric field. In other words, when F and ds are perpendicular, equals
/2 and cos equals zero. No work is done moving a charge along such a surface.
Electric potential, or voltage, is easily measured. This phenomenon can be used to map an electric field.
In this experiment, the analogy between static electric field and stationary current field is used.
Static electric field
If the environment between electrodes is isotropic, self-conductivity and dielectric coefficient are
constant, therefore current density, J (in stationary current field); and electric field, E and electric flux
density, D (in static electric field) will be in the same direction. Thus, current density and electric field
lines overlap. This means, in an electrode system, if a conducting material is placed instead of dielectric
between electrodes, equipotential lines will remain the same. For that reason, by electrolytic tank
method, equipotential lines are determined after that current density lines i.e. electric field lines can be
determined by using electric field lines and equipotential lines are orthogonal (always perpendicular).
Experimental setup
To voltage source
Model
electrodes
Electrolitic
liquid (?)
Principle: static electric field has an analogy with current field.
Current lines
Flux lines
analogy
Model
electrodes
R1
~
U
R2
Ammeter
Probe
Bridge measurement
R3
=
R1
VA
R2
rA
Current through
ampermeter
VB
In case of balance:
R4
= = 0
U
=
R1
1 + 2
A
R2
2 = 2 =
2
=
1 + 2
Experiment
1.
2.
3.
4.
Electric field and equipotential lines with two different electrodes configuration
+1
+1