Glossary

Adobe A mudbrick mixture.

Alien races People from foreign countries.
Amendments Changes.
Anthropologist A person who studies human
society and culture.
Armed insurrection Fighting authority using
weapons.
Assailed Assaulted or attacked.
Australian High Court The most powerful court
in Australia.
Autocratic Ruling with absolute power
Basic wage The minimum wage that could
be given to an adult male worker under an
agreement or award.
Bicameral parliament Parliament with two
housesan upper house and a lower house.
Bureaucracies Groups of officials who administer
government departments.
Capital Wealth used to produce more wealth.
Capitalism An economic system that allows
private ownership of property and a free
market to operate.

Covert Hidden or subtle.

Crown The power of the reigning British monarch.
Decolonisation The dismantling of colonial
governments and the return of autonomy to
Indigenous peoples.
Defecting Changing loyalty from one country to
another.
Deflationary policy A policy that attempts to
reduce prices.
Defoliant A chemical that causes leaves to fall
from trees.
Demography Basic make up or structure of a
population.
Diplomatic recognition Official acknowledgment
and relations with a country.
Double dissolution Ends the term of
parliamentarians in both the House of
Representatives and the Senate (the double)
and results in a new election.
Egalitarian society Society in which all people
are treated as equals.

Capitalist A business person who uses resources

to make profits.

Entrepreneur A person who organises and

manages enterprises or projects.

Chardonnay socialist A term used by

conservatives to mock middle-class people who
support social reform.

Epidemics Outbreaks of disease that affect a

large number of people.

Charter An agreed set of aims.

Civilian A person who is not involved with the
military.
Communism A system of society in which all
property is owned by the community.

Eugenicist Someone that believes in eugenics

[pronounced you-jen-ics]. Eugenics is the study
of selective breeding and improving races.
Exonerated Cleared from a charge; to have blame
removed.
Faction A small group within a large group.

Conscientious objection Refusal to take part

in military service based on moral or religious
beliefs.

Federation A system of government in which

several states form a unity but remain
independent in their own affairs

Conscientious objector A person whose beliefs

are opposed to serving in the military.

First-person accounts Accounts in which the

person telling the story is the person who lived
through it.

Conscription The compulsory enlistment and

service in the armed forces.
Conservative A person who does not like change
and prefers tradition.

370

Constitution A fundamental set of principles by

which a state or nation is governed.

Franchise The right to vote.

Freehold land Land that has passed into private
ownership.

Glossary
The Gap Treaty Full title is Treaty between
Australia and the Republic of Indonesia on the
Zone of Cooperation in an area between the
Indonesian province of East Timor and Northern
Australia. (Under the sea in this area are huge
reserves of oil and natural gas.)

Proclamation An order, decree or edict.

Garrison A fort, stronghold or barracks.

Propagandist A person who spreads a message

that is designed to persuade the audience to
believe a point of view.

Gentrification Occurs when wealthier people

move into areas and displace traditional, usually
poorer, residents.
Hostile Senate A Senate in which the
government does not have a majority.
Ideology A political or cultural plan or idea.
Informal vote An invalid vote because the ballot
paper is not filled out correctly.
Internment Placing in prison, detention or a
concentration camp.
Kanakas Pacific Islanders who were brought to
Australia as labourers in the 19th century.
Legends Stories, usually based on historical facts
passed down through generations, which tell of
heroic exploits.
Libel Use words that deliberately damage
someones reputation.
Liberalisation Freeing up or relaxing of rules.
Mandate Land or country administered by
another country.
Middle classes The social classes between the
working class and the upper class.
Militia A group of civilians, enrolled and trained
for military service, who are called on in times
of emergency. In non-emergency times, they
undertake drills and exercises.
Moratorium An agreed suspension of an activity.
Mores Customs or conventions accepted without
question that reflect the moral views of a
group.
Nationalise Government taking control of a
business or industry that is privately owned.

Progress The belief that social and political

reform will bring improvements for people.
Propaganda Information spread to persuade the
audience to believe a point of view.

Reformist view View that progressive change

is achieved by gradual legislative steps
(reformism).
Republic Political system in which the head of
state (often called a president) is elected or
appointed by the people.
Sapping Extending a trench or tunnel from within.
Sectarianism Rivalry or hatred between sects or
religions.
Segregation Separation of people on the basis of
race.
Self-determination System in which particular
groups of people choose their own destiny.
Stalemate Situation in which neither opponent
can advance or improve their position.
Statistician An expert in or compiler of statistics.
Subjective Biased, and involving personal feelings
and beliefs.
Suffrage The right to vote in political elections.
Supply Money that a government needs to carry
out its business.
Surveillance Observation.
Terra nullius The idea that a land was empty
and without legal owners when Europeans first
arrived.
Totem Something in nature that is seen as an
emblem of a family or clan.
Trading bloc Group of countries that give trade
advantages to each other.
Transcript Written copy of something spoken.

Objective Unbiased, and free from personal

feelings or beliefs.

UN convention An international rule or

agreement.

Paternalism Implementing regulations in order to

manage a group in the manner of a father.

Unsustainable Something that cannot be

continued.

Pise Material made from rammed earth.

Polarise To split into directly opposing groups.

Veteran pacifists Enlisted people who had served

in Vietnam but returned with anti-war attitudes.

Political asylum Protection granted to a defector.

Vetoing Cancelling or preventing action.

Populist Aimed at gaining public support; a person

who promotes such ideas is called a populist.

Vilify To speak evil of or defame someone.

Preamble Introductory statement.

Yellow peril The supposed danger that people

from Asia would over-run Australia.

Privatisation Transfer of the production of goods

and services from the public sector to the
private sector.
371

Index
Abo Call 133, 135
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
Commission (ATSIC) 243
Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern
Territory) Act 1976 251
Aboriginal Legal Service 242
Aboriginal Medical Service 242
Aboriginal peoples
in armed forces 3, 77, 240
assimilation policy 23740, 241
citizenship 239
Coniston massacre 113
Day of Mourning 1325, 246
deaths in custody 96, 243, 339
discrimination 41, 2467, 31821
Dreaming 233
equal opportunity 239
exemption certificates 238, 239
flag 252
Freedom Ride 31921
integration 241
and the land 233, 248
land rights and native title 242,
24855
Long Range Policy for Aborigines
1938 134
paternalism 2323, 234
pensions 3, 20
population 90, 108
protection 89, 2347, 238
reserves 232, 236, 238
self-determination 135, 2423
Stolen Generation 40, 77, 89, 90,
1078, 239, 2445
Tent Embassy 2523
voting rights 3, 356, 231, 308
during World War I 8990
and White Australia ideology 40, 41
Aborigines Act 1886 [Vic.] 235
Aborigines Progressive Association 95,
96
Aborigines Protection Act 1909 [NSW]
235, 237
Aborigines Protection Board 134, 234,
244
Accord 314
Agent Orange 21920
AIF (Australian Imperial Forces)
First 3, 45, 523, 55, 77
Second 147, 148
Antarctic Treaty 191
Anti Discrimination Act [NSW] 269
Anti-Communist Labor Party 308
Anzacs 60

372

legend 63, 723, 75, 95

spirit of 74
Anzac Day 60, 74, 75
ANZUS (Australia, New Zealand and
United States) treaty 191, 1967,
210, 226, 297
APEC (Asia Pacific Economic
Cooperation) 227, 284, 285, 2956
army
Aboriginal peoples in 3, 77, 240
AIF 45, 523, 55, 77, 147, 148
Duntroon Military College 3
Arthur, Dr Richard 98
ASEAN (Association of South-East Asian
Nations) 227, 284, 285, 294, 295
Ashmead-Barlett, Ellis 60, 72, 73
Asian immigrants
Chinese 25, 27, 36, 389
citizenship 36, 231
fear of 25, 27, 389, 41
AsiaPacific region
at Federation 27
imperialist interests before WWI 23,
27, 467
regional agreements 2936
relations with 2269, 2845
ASIO (Australian Security Intelligence
Organisation) 302
assimilation 23740, 241
asylum seekers 223
atomic tests (Maralinga) 191
Australia
coat of arms 1908 3
Federation 238
as global citizen 28597
interwar period 94144
politics post-war 299317
response to Communism 192205
a social laboratory 1415
Australian Aborigines League 95, 132,
236
Australian Aborigines Progressive
Association 132, 236
Australian Council of Trade Unions 120
Australian dream 344, 349
Australian Labor Party (ALP)
and Communism 192205
factions 1990 315
formed 9
light on the hill 302
splits 81, 84, 205, 3089
and unions 120
Australian National University 3023
Australian Natives Association 24, 27

Australian Republican Movement

32830, 333
Australian War Memorial 60, 63
Australians for a Constitutional
Monarchy 330, 334
aviation 353, 354
first flight SydneyMelb. 3
first flight UKAustralia 96
Qantas nationalised 303, 307
Baby Bonus 20
baby boomers 2245
banks
nationalising 202, 305
in wartime 72
Barton, Edmund 31
basic wage 3, 1517, 104, 120
Bates, Daisy 232
Bean, Charles Edwin 60, 62, 634, 72,
74, 75, 95
Beatles 360
Beazley, Kim 316, 331
bicameral parliament 28, 312
birth rate 4, 201
Blainey, Geoffrey 2678
Blamey, Brigadier Thomas 151, 154
boat people 2224, 264, 284
Boer War 3, 87
Bradman, Sir Donald 1223
Britain
Australia and empire 3, 27, 467,
4951, 53, 60, 78, 81
Australian loyalty in WWII 148, 149,
150, 1878
continued links with 285, 297
and defence of Australia 23, 27,
285, 297
supports Federation 27
bubonic plague 7
Bullwinkel, Vivian 1602
Burley Griffin, Walter 3
BurmaThailand railway 156
Calwell, Arthur 1801, 213, 217,
304, 308
Canberra
Burley Griffin design 3
construction 113
Parliament Houses 95, 96, 113
Canberra Pact 188
car industry 96, 231, 304, 339, 353
Casey, R.G. 147, 199
censorship 96, 175, 17981
Changi POW camp 155

Index
Chifley, Joseph Ben
background 3012
and Communist Party 201
fall of 305
and nationalisation 303, 305
prime minister 3025, 306, 307
China
immigrants 25, 27, 36, 389
recognising 227, 228
Chinese Immigration Restriction and
Regulation Act [1861] 39
CHOGM (Commonwealth Heads of
Government Meeting) 285
Churchill, Sir Winston 187, 188, 191
Citizens Military Force 175, 176
citizenship
for Aboriginal peoples 239
Nationality and Citizenship Act
[1948] 168
Clark, Geoff 243
clubs, licensed 352
Coalition of the Willing 197
coat of arms 3
Coe, Isobel 269
Coghlan, Timothy 10
Cold War 191, 1923
Colombo Plan 191, 227, 2934
Commonwealth Arbitration Court 3,
125, 120
Commonwealth Electoral Act 1902 35
Commonwealth of Australia
Constitution Act 1900 24, 31
communications
at Federation 27
post-war 355
communism
Chinese 198
Cold War 191, 1923
domino theory 21011
ideology 192
Korean War 191, 1946
Petrov Affair 2045
Communist Party of Australia 147
attempts to ban 199203
in Depression 144
founded 96, 115, 199
referendum 2023
splits 308
and trade unions 192, 200, 308
community housing 349
compulsory voting 96, 11516
Coniston massacre 113
Connor, Rex 323
conscientious objectors
Vietnam War 208, 21718
WWI 175
conscription
Vietnam War 208, 214, 215, 217
WWI debates 45, 77, 7884, 87
WWII 1756, 178
Constitution
changing 24, 26
creation 24, 31

High Court and 3

Houses of Parliament 312
sections 31
Constitutional Conventions
in 1890s 24, 31
in 1998 330, 331, 334
Cook, Joseph 49
Cooper, William 1323
Cootamundra Domestic Training Home
for Aboriginal Girls 237, 239, 244
Copeland, Douglas 142
Cosgrove, Major General Peter 290
Country Party 77, 95, 115, 11718, 308
Cowan, Edith 2778
Cowra break-out 169
cricket (bodyline) 1223
Curtin, John 147, 150, 163, 171, 172,
175, 176, 180, 1878, 300, 307
Darwin (bombing) 147, 1635
Darwin, Charles 41
Dawn Club 36
Day of Mourning 1325, 246
daylight saving 77
de Groot, Captain Francis 129
Deakin, Alfred 15, 31, 42
decimal currency 231
defence
ANZUS treaty 191, 1967, 210,
226, 297
Canberra Pact 188
under Chifley 302
at Federation 234, 27
relationship with Britain 23, 27,
285, 297
SEATO 1989, 210, 226, 227
ties with US 191, 284, 297
Defence (CMF) Act [1943] 176
deflationary policy 141
Democratic Labor Party (DLP) 205,
3089
Depression
1890s 4, 15, 117
1930s 95, 104, 141, 2712
characteristics 140
cycle of 140
government responses 1404
unemployment 95, 1046
women in 2712
deserving poor 1819
digital developments 351
Dili Massacre 227
discrimination 41, 2467, 31821
Dixon, Chicka 31920
dole 1056
domino theory 21011
Downer, Alexander 297
Draft Resistance Movement 208
Dreaming 233
Duntroon Military College 3
East Timor 227, 285, 287, 28992, 317
Economic Cabinet (WWI) 170, 171, 173

eight-hour day 120, 121

Electoral Act [1919] 115
enemy aliens 2602
enlistment
WWI 45, 523, 54, 66, 78
WWII 148
entertainment, post-war 3512, 362
equal opportunity for Aboriginal
peoples 239
equal pay for women 86, 87, 269,
27980
essential services 172
Evatt, Elizabeth 269
Evatt, Dr Herbert Vere 204, 205, 302
and ALP 284, 308
in United Nations 284, 2856, 287
exemption certificates 238, 239
Fadden, A.W. 300
Family Law Act 269
fashion in 1960s 3578
Federal Council for Aboriginal
Advancement (FCAA) 241, 246, 319
federal elections
first 24
voting rights at Federation 356
federal government
first parliament 24
parliamentary system 28
wartime powers 77
Federation
ceremony 24
definition 23
factors assisting 278
factors hindering 267
reasons for 238
timeline 234
feminist movement 36, 270, 2723
femocrats 273
film industry 3, 4, 95, 96
Financial Enforcement Act 1932 138
Fire Power Defence Agreement 297
Fisher, Andrew 45, 50
Flynn, Rev. John 112
food
daily rations for Anzacs 68
turn of the century 8
Forde, Francis 307
foreign relations
in AsiaPacific 2845, 2937
Australia as global citizen 28597
under Chifley 302
mandate for New Guinea 95
postwar trends 2845
United Nations member 28592
US alliance 191, 284, 297
Franchise Act 1902 3
Fraser, Malcolm 312, 323, 325
Fraser government 323, 325
relationship with China 284
successes 31213
free trade agreement 297
Freedom Ride 31921

373

Index

374

Gallipoli campaign 55, 56

Anzac legend 63, 723, 75, 95
background to 602
campaign 628
landings 60, 624
locations 61, 67
trench warfare 689
Gaudron, Mary 269
German Asiatic Squadron 47
Germany
interests in Pacific 23, 27, 47
in WWI 4951, 53, 148
in WWII 147, 148, 149, 1512, 1534
globalisation 368
Goldstein, Vida 37, 87, 2756
Gorton John 208, 308, 30910
Gove Land Rights case 253
governor-general
powers 32
and Whitlam dismissal 3237
Grassby, Al 266
great Australian dream 6, 244, 249
Green Bans 323
Greer, Germaine 231, 269, 322
Griffith, Samuel 24
Gurindji people 2501

hordes to the north 21

Horne, Donald 10, 11
House of Representatives 312, 307
Houses of Parliament (Federal) 28, 312
housework 350
housing
community housing 349
design 340, 341, 346, 347, 348
do-it-yourself 3412
first flats 4
great Australian dream 6, 344, 349
home ownership 3445, 349
influence of immigrants 346, 347
materials 3401
1940s and 1950s 3407
1960s and 1970s 348
1980s and 1990s 349
prefabricated houses 3434
Howard Government
and East Timor 317
economic policies 317
engagement with Asia 297
intervention in Iraq 317
middle class values 317
and United States 317
Hughes, W.M. (Billy) 45, 77, 78, 81

Hanson, Pauline 267, 337

Harvester Judgement 3, 1517
Hawke, Bob 313, 314, 315
Hawke government
and Accord 314
and APEC 295
economic problems 315
Keating challenge 315
links with Asia 293
health
Anzacs 69
bubonic plague 7
at turn of century 6
Hewson, John 316
Higgins, Justice Henry Bourne 15, 16
High Court 3, 31
Ho Chi Minh 209
Holt, Harold 208, 213, 300, 308, 309
home appliances 350
home front (WWI)
Aboriginal peoples 8990
conscription debate 45, 77, 7884,
87
internments 77, 913, 1689, 260
women 77, 82, 83, 868
home front (WWII)
censorship 175, 17981
Citizens Military Force 175, 176
conscription 1756, 178
Darwin bombed 1635, 175
government controls 17082
internments 1689
invasion threat 175, 187
submarine attacks 163, 1667, 175
womens roles 1835
home militia 147, 175
home ownership 3445, 349

immigrants
Asian 25, 27, 36, 389, 41, 231
countries of origin 256, 257
European 231, 260
impact on architecture 346, 347
Indian 2589
interned 77, 913, 1689, 2601
and multiculturalism 2668
rights and freedoms 25668
on Snowy Mountains Scheme 263
immigration
changing patterns 256
under Chifley 304
dictation test 38, 40, 231
and Federation 27
Immigration Restriction Act 1901 3, 4
3840, 42, 226
Indian immigrants 2589
Indonesia 227, 228, 285
Indonesian Security Agreement 297
industrial disputes 6, 9, 12, 39, 77, 95,
96, 147, 305
industry 3034, 305
inflationary policy 141, 142
Interfet (International Force East Timor)
287, 28992
internment
in WWI 77, 913, 1689, 260
in WWII 2601
invalid pension 3, 15, 1819
Isaacs, Sir Isaac 95, 126
Italian immigrants 2601
Jacka, Albert 66, 68
Japan
Australian POWs 1558
occupation post WWII 191

before WWI 148

in WWII 147, 1756
John, Cecilia 87, 88
Johnson, President Lyndon 208, 210,
213
Jones, Kerry 334, 335
Kanakas 27, 28, 38, 40
Keating, Paul 314, 315, 316, 328, 329
Keating government
and APEC 295
economic measures 316
and links with Asia 227, 228, 2845,
293, 316
and native title 255
Kemal, Mustafa 66
Kerr, Sir John 3237
Korean War 191, 1946
Lambing Flat riots 389
land rights and native title 242, 24851
Lane, William 12
Lang, John Thomas (Jack) 95, 129,
1379, 143, 144
Lang Plan 1378
Lawson, Henry 4, 5, 95
Lawson, Louisa 37
Lenin, Vladimir 192
Liberal Party of Australia 231, 307, 308
light on the hill 302
Lingiari, Vincent 250, 251
Long Range Policy for Aborigines 1938
134
the lucky country 10, 11
Lyons, Joseph 143, 144
Mabo decision 2545
MacArthur, General Douglas 188, 1956
McKay, Hugh Victor 15
McMahon, William 252, 310, 311
Malaysia 227, 228
Mannix, Archbishop Daniel 801, 82,
309
maternity allowances 3, 4, 15, 201,
104, 269
Matraville garden suburb 98101
Maynard, Fred 132
Melba, Dame Nellie 11011
members of parliament 312
Menzies, Sir Robert Gordon 150
and ANZUS 197
and Communist Party 199205
domino theory 21011
and Korean War 195, 196
and Liberal Party 307, 308
links with Asia 293
Pig Iron Bob 300
retires 309
and SEATO 198
and United Australia Party 299, 308
and Vietnam 213
wartime prime minister 147, 148,
149, 170, 171, 175, 299300
migrants see immigrants

Index
minimum wage 3
Modernist architecture 341, 348
moratorium (Vietnam War) 208, 215,
218
multiculturalism 2668
Mundey, Jack 323
music
in 1960s 35960
jazz 96
musical entertainments 3512
National Aboriginal Consultative
Committee (NACC) 242
National Labor Party 80, 81
National Security Act 1939 171, 172,
173, 179, 180
National Service Act 1964 217
nationalisation
banks 202
industry 303, 305
nationalism and federation 27
Nationalist Party 81, 118, 143
Nationality and Citizenship Act [1948]
168
native title 254, 255
Native Title Act 1993 (Cwlth) 255
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty
Organisation) 191
New Guinea 95
New Protection 1517
New Zealand 15, 18, 60, 74, 115
Niemeyer, Sir Otto 104, 141
Noonuccal, Oodgeroo 247, 319
nurses in wartime 87, 1602
old age pensions 3, 4, 15, 1819, 104
One Nation Party 267, 337
Packer Sir Frank 1801
Page, Earle 299, 300
Papua 3
Parkes, Henry 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28
Parliament
federal system 28
first 24
women in 37, 96, 231, 269, 2778
Parliament House
new 313
old 95, 96
parliamentary system (federal) 28
paternalism 2323, 234
Paterson, Banjo 5
PAYE system 171
peace-keeping 2858, 28992
Pearl Harbor 147, 150, 163
pensions 3, 4, 15, 1819, 20, 104
Perkins, Charles 31921
Petrov Affair 2045
Phar Lap 127
phoney war 148
populate or perish argument 21, 304
population
Aboriginal peoples 90, 108
composition at Federation 34

and fears of invasion 21

at turn of century 3
postcodes 231
poverty 231
prefabricated houses 3434
preferential voting 115, 116
Premiers Plan 141, 143
Preston, Margaret 95, 103, 1245
prisoners-of-war 152, 1558
protectionism 89, 2347, 238
public transport
at turn of century 4, 6
post-war 3534
racial determinism 41
racism 92
radio 3, 95, 96, 231
railways 27
rationing 147, 171
Rats of Tobruk 1534
referendums
on Aboriginal people in census 231
on communism 2023
on conscription 45, 77, 79, 814
over Federation 24, 26
in 1977 313
on social services 303
on republic 3306
on special powers post-war 1723
refugees 2224, 264, 284
Reid, George 24, 26
religion 6, 34, 123
republic debate
Australians for a Constitutional
Monarchy 330, 334
Australian Republican Movement
32830, 333
Constitutional Convention 1998
330, 331, 334
early organisations 328
No campaign 334
proposed model 332
public opinions on 328
referendum 3305, 336
Yes campaign 333
reserves 232, 236, 238
Returned Services League 214
returned soldiers
Vietnam 21921
WWI 77, 97101
RomeBerlinTokyo Axis 148
Rommel, Erwin 151, 152, 153, 154
Royal Australian Navy 3, 24, 27, 152
Royal Commissions
communism in Australia 200, 205
deaths in custody 243, 339
declining birth rate 4, 21
rugby league 3
rural life 45
Sandakan POW camp 1578
Santamaria, B.A. 308, 309
Save Our Sons 214, 217
Scullin, James 96, 115, 137, 1413, 172

SEATO (South-East Asian Treaty

Organisation) 191, 1989, 210, 227
sectarianism 6, 123
self-determination 135, 2423
Senate 28, 312, 142, 307
Sex Discrimination Act 269
sexual harassment 269, 273
Smith, Ross and Keith 96
Snowy Mountains Scheme 231, 263, 304
social laboratory 1415
social legislation (190114) 1421
social services
under Chifley 303
child endowment 147
maternity allowances 3, 4, 15, 201,
104, 269
pensions 3, 4, 15, 1819, 20, 104
society
egalitarian 10
entertainment post-war 3512, 36
home front (WWI) 7793
home front (WWII) 16385
interwar period 94144
life at turn of century 48
suburban expansion (1940s1960s)
3445
swinging sixties 35663
soldier settlers 97101
Soviet Union 148, 192
sport 224, 366
Stolen Generation 40, 77, 89, 90, 107
8, 239, 2445.
strikes 6, 9, 12, 39, 77, 95, 96, 147, 305
suburbs
expansion 344
turn of century 6
susso payments 104, 137, 144
swinging sixties
American influences 3678
Beatles 360
entertainment 362
fashion 3578
music 35960
sport 366
television 3624
Sydney Harbour Bridge 12930
Tampa incident 264
taxation 171
telegraph 4, 27
telephone 3, 4, 27, 95
television 231, 251, 362, 3634
Tenterfield Oration 24, 25
terra nullius 254
The Dawn 37
Theodore, Edward 142, 143
Theodore Plan 141, 142
Tobruk 1535
trade unions see unions
trade
with Asia Pacific 2279, 231
between states 27, 28
and Federation 27
trades and labor councils 9, 120, 121

375

Index
Tranby Aboriginal College 242
transport post-war 3534
trench warfare 689
Triple Alliance 49
Triple Entente 49, 60
Turnbull, Malcolm 333
Twopeny, Richard 9
UNAMET (United Nations Mission in
East Timor) 2901
Unemployed Girls Relief Movement
272
Unemployed Workers Movement 144
unemployment
insurance 96
in 1930s 95, 1046
in 1975 339
susso payments 104, 144
UNESCO (United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization)
288
unions
Accord 314
and ALP 120
and Chinese immigrants 39
and communism 192, 200, 308
and conscription 80, 82, 175
during Depression 105
in 1880s 9
and Federation 26
Green Bans 323
growth and legalisation 120
United Australia Party 141, 143, 144,
308
United Nations Organization
aims 287
collective security system 287
established 147, 191, 286
Evatts role 284, 2856, 287
peace-keeping 2858, 28992
UNESCO 288
United States of America
ANZUS treaty 191, 1967, 210, 226,
297
cultural influence 3678
Lend Lease 147
Pearl Harbor 147, 150, 163
postwar ally 284
products from 96
relationship with in WWII 147,
1878
Vietnam War 208, 209, 210, 211,
218
Wall Street crash 96, 141
Universal Services League 78
urban life 67
Victoria Cross 66, 68
Vietnam
Battle of Dien Bien Phu 209
Chinese Communism 198

376

chronology 208
divided into north and south 208
French colony 198, 208
Ho Chi Minh 209, 210
National Liberation Front 208
Vietnam Veterans Association of
Australia 21921
Vietnam War
American involvement 208, 209,
210, 211, 218
anti-war movement 21319
casualties 208, 211, 219
community responses 21319
conscription 208, 214, 215, 217
Indochinese refugees 2224
involvement, reasons for 21012
Saigon falls 219
troops withdrawn 208, 218
veterans 21921
Viet Cong 209, 210
Vietnamese refugees 2224
Voluntary Workers Association 98
voting rights
Aboriginal peoples 3, 356, 231, 308
compulsory 96, 11516
at Federation 356
Franchise Act 1902 3
preferential 115, 116
women 3, 35, 36, 2756
wages 3, 1517, 104, 120
war correspondents 60, 634, 72, 73,
74, 75
War Precautions Act [1914] 77, 91
Wave Hill walk-off 2501
White Australia ideology 40, 41, 42, 108
White Australia Policy 3, 4, 25, 28,
3940, 41, 231
Whitlam government 218, 264, 309
and Aboriginal peoples 242, 251
dismissal 3237
ends White Australia Policy 231
recognises China 227, 228, 284, 294
wins government 225, 308, 309,
31011
widows pension 96, 147
Womanhood Suffrage League 36
women 7
chronology of rights and freedoms
269
in the Depression 2712
equal pay 86, 87, 269, 27980
feminist movement 2723
maternity allowances 3, 4, 15, 201,
104, 269
in the 1920s 103
in parliament 37, 96, 231, 269,
2778
rights and freedoms post-war
26980
voting rights 3, 356, 2756

in WWI 77, 82, 83, 868

in WWII 1835
Womens Auxiliary Australian Air Force
147
Womens Christian Temperance Union
36, 82
Womens Electoral Lobby 269, 270
Womens Land Army 1835
Womens Legal Status Act 1918 77, 87,
278
womens liberation movement 2701,
322
Womens Peace Army 77, 86, 87
Womens Suffrage League 37
Woomera 302
work rationing 105
working conditions
Accord 314
basic wage 3, 1517
eight-hour day 120, 121
44-hour week 104, 120
at turn of the century 6, 913
workingmans paradise myth 913
World War I
casualties 45, 55, 56, 57
chronology 45
conscription debate 45, 77, 7884,
87
ends 77
enlistment 45, 523, 54, 66, 78
Gallipoli 45, 55, 56, 6075
home front 7793
involvement, reasons for 4654
in Middle East 45, 55, 56
outbreak 3, 45, 4951
in Pacific 55
participants 49
technology of 55
Western Front 45, 55, 56
World War II
background 14851
chronology 147
conscription 1756, 178
enlistment 148
in Greece and Crete 151, 152
home front 16381
involvement, reasons for 148,
149150
in Middle East 147, 1512, 1534
in North Africa 152
nurses 1602
Pacific War 152, 15562, 175
Pearl Harbor 150, 163
phoney war 148
prisoners-of-war 152, 1558
relationship with Britain and USA
1878
RomeBerlinTokyo Axis 148
yellow peril 25, 226