Eurocode 6 - Introduction

How to design masonry structures using Eurocode 6
1. Introduction to Eurocode 6
Eur Ing, Prof.
Revision 2
J J Roberts BSc(Eng), PhD, CEng, FIStructE, FICE, FIMS, FCMI, MICT O Brooker BEng, CEng, MICE, MIStructE
Introduction
This publication is part of a series of three
guides entitled How to design masonry structures
using Eurocode 6. The aim is to make the use of
Eurocode 6, Design of masonry structures as easy
as possible by drawing together in one place key
information and commentary required for the
design of typical masonry elements.
Guidance on Eurocode 6
The purpose of this series of guides is to introduce designers to the basic
approach adopted in Eurocode 6. This is the first guide in the series of three
and provides:
A brief outline of the scope of Eurocode 6.
An introduction to design, including fire resistance and movement.
Assessment of actions and combination of actions using Eurocode*.
How to specify mortar and masonry units.
Glossary of Eurocode 6 terms.
The Concrete Centre (and, originally, The Modern

Masonry Alliance) recognised that effective
guidance was required to ensure that the UK
design profession was able to use Eurocode 6
quickly, effectively, efficiently and with confidence.
Therefore a steering group, with members from
across the masonry industry (see back cover for a
list of members), was established to oversee the
development and publication of the original guides.
This second revision addresses the publication of
PD6697 in 2010 and revised National Annex to
BS EN 1996-1-1 in 2013. It was overseen by a
reconstituted steering group from industry (see
back cover).
The second guide in the series, Vertical resistance1, explains how to design
for vertical actions, whilst the third guide, Lateral resistance2, covers the
design of laterally loaded masonry panels. Further information on Eurocode 6
can be found at www.eurocode6.org.
Eurocode 6
Eurocode 6 comprises the following parts:
Part 11, General rules for reinforced and unreinforced masonry structures3.
Part 12, Structural fire design4.
Part 2, Design considerations, selection of materials and execution of masonry5.
Part 3, Simplified calculation methods for unreinforced masonry structures6.
Each part also has a National Annex (NA) which provides the Nationally
Determined Parameters (NDPs) to be used in the application of Eurocode 6 in
the UK. The UK NDPs have been used throughout this guide. In addition
PD 6697 contains useful guidance complementary to Eurocode 67.
This series concentrates on Eurocode 6, Part 11 but includes material from
Part 2 to explain the exposure and durability requirements. The scope and
content of Part 12 and Part 3 are also briefly explained.
Eurocode 6 is intended to be used with Eurocode*: Basis of structural design8,
Eurocode 1: Actions on structures9 and, where appropriate, the other Eurocodes
and relevant European Standards. The guide Introduction to Eurocodes10
provides more information on the Eurocode family.
Eurocode 6 has been developed to enable the designer to use the following
types of masonry unit: clay, calcium silicate, aggregate concrete, autoclaved
aerated concrete (aircrete), manufactured stone and natural stone. European
standards for these materials have been published by BSI and form part of an
array of standards relating to masonry produced under the auspices of the
European Committee for Standardisation (CEN), committee TC/125 (Masonry).
*BS EN 1990 is entitled Eurocode, but is often referred to as Eurocode 0.
Scope of Part 11 of Eurocode 6

Part 11 describes the principles and requirements for safety,
serviceability and durability of masonry structures. It is based on the
limit state concept used in conjunction with a partial factor method.
For the design of new structures, BS EN 199611 is intended to be
used together with the other relevant Eurocodes.

This part deals with the design of masonry structures for the
accidental situation of fire exposure and identifies differences from,
or supplements to, normal temperature design. Only passive methods
of fire protection are considered and active methods are not covered.
It addresses the need to avoid premature collapse of the structure
and to limit the spread of fire.

This part gives the basic rules for the selection and execution
of masonry to enable it to comply with the design assumptions
of the other parts of Eurocode 6. It includes guidance on factors
affecting performance and durability, storage and use of materials,
site erection and protection, and the assessment of the appearance
of masonry.

This part provides simplified calculation methods to facilitate the
design of a range of common wall types under certain conditions of
use. The methods are consistent with Part 11 but result in more
conservative designs, and other methods are available in the UK; see
'Simplified calculation methods' on page 7. The simplified methods
are not applicable to design for accidental situations, which should be
designed for in accordance with CI 5.2 of Part 11.
Basis of design
Masonry structures are required to be designed in accordance with the
general rules given in Eurocode, which requires that:
Ed Rd
where

Ed = design value of the effect of actions

Rd = design value of the resistance
The basic requirements of Section 2 of Eurocode are deemed to be
satisfied for masonry structures when the following are applied:
Limit state design in conjunction with the partial factor method
described in Eurocode.
Actions as given in Eurocode 1. (See Assessment of actions below.)
Combination rules as given in Eurocode.
The principles and application rules given in Eurocode 6.
Thus using the partial factor method, the design value for a material
property is obtained by dividing its characteristic value by the relevant
partial factor for materials as follows:
R
Rd = g k
where

Rd = design value of resistance

Rk = characteristic value of the resistance
gM = partial factor for a material property
Partial factors for materials
This Published Document contains non-contradictory complementary

information and additional guidance for use in the UK with Part 1-1
and Part 2 of Eurocode 6.
The partial factors for use with masonry are given in Table NA.1 of
the National Annex to Eurocode 6, Part 11 and shown here as Table
1. Two levels of attestation of conformity are recognized, Category I
and Category II and this will be declared by the manufacturer of the
masonry units. There are also two classes of execution control that are
recognized: 1 and 2.
Supporting standards
Assessment of actions
There are European Standards that support Eurocode 6, and

whilst they were developed within a common framework, it has
not proved possible to standardise all the test methods used for
the different materials. Words like brick and block have disappeared
from the European vocabulary and they are all referred to as masonry
units. Products should be specified by their performance requirements.
The Eurocodes use the term action to refer to a set of forces,

deformations or accelerations acting on the structure; this includes
horizontal and vertical loads. The guide How to design concrete
structures using Eurocode 2: Introduction to Eurocodes9 gives guidance
on determining the design value of actions and should ideally be
consulted. However, a brief explanation on how to determine the
partial factors for masonry design to Eurocode 6 is given below.
Scope of PD 6697
The Standards that support the use of masonry in Eurocode 6 are

published by BSI. Two key factors that changed from previous UK
practice are:
The six masonry unit standards introduced methods for
determining the compressive strength of masonry units11.

The method of determining characteristic compressive and shear
strengths of masonry changed.
2
There are a number of combinations of actions that are described

in Eurocode, but for masonry design (excluding retaining structures)
the ultimate limit state, STR (STR represents an internal failure or
excessive deformation of the structure or structural member) will
normally be used. For plain masonry, Eurocode 6 indicates that,
Table 1
Values of gM for ultimate limit state
Material
Class of execution
control gM
1a
2a
Masonry
When in a state of direct or flexural compression
Unreinforced masonry made with:
Units of category I
2.3 b
Units of category II
2.6 b
Reinforced masonry made with mortar M6 or M12:
Units of category I
2.0 b
Units of category II
2.3 b
When in a state of flexural tension

Units of category I and II but in
2.3 b

laterally loaded wall panels when

removal of the panel would not affect
2.0 b

the overall stability of the building
When in a state of shear
Unreinforced masonry made with:
Units of category I and II
2.5 b
Reinforced masonry made with mortar M6 or M12:
Units of category I and II
2.0 b
Steel and other components
Anchorage of reinforcing steel
1.5 d
Reinforcing steel and prestressing steel
1.15 d
Ancillary components wall ties
3.0 b
Ancillary components straps
1.5 e
Lintels in accordance with EN 845-212
See NA to
BS EN 8452f
2.7 b
3.0 b
c
c
2.7 b
2.4 b
2.5 b
c
c
c
3.0 b
1.5 e
See NA to
BS EN 8452f
Key
a
Class 1 of execution control should be assumed whenever the work is carried out
following the recommendations for workmanship in BS EN 19962, including
appropriate supervision and inspection, and in addition:
i the specification, supervision and control ensure that the construction is
compatible with the use of the appropriate partial safety factors given in
BS EN 199611;
ii the mortar conforms to BS EN 998-2, if it is factory made mortar. If the
mortar is site mixed, preliminary compressive strength tests, in accordance
with BS EN 1015-2 and 1015-11, are carried on the mixture of sand, lime (if
any) and cement that is intended to be used (the proportions given in Table
NA.2 may be used initially for the tests) in order to confirm that the strength
requirements of the specification can be met; the proportions may need to
be changed to achieve the required strengths and the new proportions are
then to be used for the work on site. Regular compressive strength testing
is carried out on samples from the site mortar to check that the required
strengths are being achieved.
Class 2 of execution control should be assumed whenever the work is carried out
following the recommendations for workmanship in BS EN 19962, including
appropriate supervision.
b When considering the effects of misuse or accident these values may be halved.
c
Class 2 of execution control is not considered appropriate for reinforced masonry

and should not be used. However, masonry wall panels reinforced with bed joint
reinforcement used:
provided the ultimate limit state is satisfied, no checks for the

serviceability limit states are required. This assumes compliance with
the limiting dimensions and ratios specified in Eurocode 6.
There are three combinations that can be used for the STR limit
state Expression (6.10), which is always conservative, or the most
onerous of Expressions (6.10a) or (6.10b) (see Table 2). For laterally
loaded masonry walls, where self-weight is usually beneficial, it will
be sufficient to use Expression (6.10) only. For vertically loaded
walls there will be some benefit in using Expression (6.10b), which,
for members supporting one variable action (except storage loads)
is the most economical of the three expressions, provided that the
permanent actions are not greater than 4.5 times the variable actions.
In Table 2 c0 is a factor that reduces the design value of a variable action
when it acts in combination with another variable action (i.e. when it is
an accompanying action). The value of c0 can be obtained from Table 3.
The UK NA to Eurocode values can be applied to Expression (6.10), and
this is shown in Table 4, which also shows the factors to be used when
wind loads act in combination with imposed loads. Note that wind
loads and imposed loads are both considered to be variable actions.
Table 2
Design values of actions, ULS (Table A1.2 (B) of Eurocode)
Combination Permanent actions
Expression
Unfavourable Favourable
reference
gG,j,inf Gk,j,inf
gG,j,sup Gk,j,sup
Exp. (6.10)
Accompanying
variable action
gQ,i c0,i Qk,i
Exp. (6.10a)
gG,j,sup Gk,j,sup
gG,j,inf Gk,j,inf
gQ,1 c0,1 Qk,1 gQ,i c0,i Qk,i
Exp. (6.10b)
jgG,j,sup Gk,j,sup
gG,j,inf Gk,j,inf
gQ,1 Qk,1
gQ,i c0,i Qk,i
Notes
Gk = characteristic value of a permanent load
Qk = characteristic value of the variable action
gG,sup = partial factor for permanent action upper design value
gG,inf = partial factor for permanent action lower design value
gQ = partial factor for variable actions
c0 = factor for combination value of a variable action
j = reduction factor/distribution coefficient
Where a variable action is favourable Qk should be taken as 0.
Table 3
Recommended combination values of variable actions (c0) buildings
(from UK National Annex to Eurocode)
Action
c0
Imposed loads in buildings (see BS EN 199111)

Category A: domestic, residential areas
0.7
Category B: office areas
0.7
Category C: congregation areas
0.7
i to enhance the lateral strength of the masonry panel,
Category D: shopping areas
0.7
ii to limit or control shrinkage or expansion of the masonry,
Category E: storage areas
1.0
Category F: traffic area, vehicle weight < 30 kN
0.7
Category G: traffic area, 30 kN < vehicle weight < 160 kN
0.7
Category H: roofs a
0.7
can be considered to be unreinforced masonry for the purpose of class of execution

control and the unreinforced masonry direct or flexural compression gM values are
appropriate for use.
d
When considering the effects of misuse or accident these values should be taken as 1.0.
For horizontal restraint straps, unless otherwise specified, the declared ultimate
load capacity depends on there being a design compressive stress in the masonry
of at least 0.4 N/mm2. When a lower stress due to design loads may be acting,
for example when autoclaved aerated concrete or lightweight aggregate concrete
masonry is used, the manufacturers advice should be sought and a partial safety
factor of 3 should be used.
Snow loads on buildings (see BS EN 19913)
Yet to be published.
Key
Leading
variable
action
gQ,1 Qk,1
For sites located at altitude H > 1000 m above sea level
0.7
For sites located at altitude H < 1000 m above sea level
0.5
Wind loads on buildings (see BS EN 199115)
0.6
a See also 199111: Cl 3.3.2
Imperfections
Eurocode 6 also recognizes that imperfections should be taken into
account in design and requires that, at the ultimate limit state, the
horizontal forces to be resisted at any level should be the sum of 1
and 2 below.
1. The horizontal load due to the vertical load being applied to a
structure with the following notional inclination angle v to the
vertical:
1
v=
radians
100 Rhtot
where
htot = the total height of the structure in metres.
Each vertical action therefore produces a horizontal action to
which the same load factor and combination factor as the vertical
load apply.
2. The wind load derived from Eurocode 1, Parts 14 multiplied by
its partial factor and distributed across the elements resisting the
load in proportion to their stiffness.
Mortar
The way in which mortar is specified is shown in Table 5. The primary
method of designation for mortar is the strength grade. Thus an M12
mortar should have a minimum compressive strength of 12 N/mm2
at 28 days. Eurocode 6 recognises three types of masonry mortar:
general purpose, thin layer and lightweight mortar, and they may all
be either designed or prescribed (see Glossary).
The use of mortars should be in accordance with the recommendations
given in Eurocode 6, Part 2. For site made mortars, the mixing of the
mortar should be in accordance with Part 2 (PD 66977 provides more
detailed information). For factory made, semi-finished factory made
and pre-batched masonry mortars, BS EN 998213 applies.
Table 4
Design values of actions derived for UK design, ultimate limit state
Combination Permanent actions
Leading
Accompanying
expression
variable action variable actions
Unfavourable Favourable (unfavourable) (unfavourable)
reference
Combination of permanent actions and one variable action
Exp. (6.10)
1.35 Gka
1.0 Gka
Exp. (6.10a)
1.35 Gka
1.0 Gka
Exp. (6.10b)
0.925 x 1.35 Gka 1.0 Gka
1.5 Qkb
For designed mortars, the compressive strength of the mortar provides

the control of the hardened mortar quality, whereas prescribed
mortars use set proportions. When samples are taken from a designed
mortar in accordance with BS EN 1015214, and tested in accordance
with BS EN 10151115, the compressive strength of the mortar
should not be less than the declared compressive strength.
Durability of materials
Eurocode 6, Part 2 gives the basic rules for selection of mortar
and masonry units for durability. Exposure conditions are defined in
CI 2.1.2(3) of Part 2, with further guidance given in Annexes A, B
and C. The UK NA to Part 2 advises that Annexes B and C should not
be used because the information is not as extensive as that given in
PD 6697; this advice is included in Table 6.
Structural fire design

Eurocode 6, Part 12 provides information on the passive fire
resistance of masonry walls so that the designer can ensure that the
loadbearing performance is maintained for the necessary period of
time and that the fire is appropriately contained.
Designers will find that the tabulated data covers most situations but there
is also the provision for testing and calculations. (Calculation methods
are excluded by the UK NA to Part 12.) The tables cover loadbearing
and non-loadbearing walls, single leaf, cavity and separating walls.
Table 5
Acceptable assumed equivalent mixes for prescribed masonry mortars
for use with Class 2 of Execution control
ComPrescribed mortars (traditional proportion Mortar
designpressive of materials by volume) (see Note)
ation
strength
b
b
Cement : Cement : Masonry Masonry
classa
c
d
lime: sand sand with cement : cement :
sand
with or
or without sand
without
air entrainair entrain- ment
ment
Suitable
for use in
environmental
condition
M12
1 : 0 to : 3 1 : 3
Not
suitable
Not
suitable
(i)
Severe(S)
M6
1 : : 4 to
4
1 : 3 to 4
1 : 2 to
3
1:3
(ii)
Severe(S)
M4
1 : 1: 5 to 6 1 : 5 to 6
1 : 4 to 5
1 : 3 to 4 (iii)
Moderate(M)
M2
1 : 2: 8 to 9 1 : 7 to 8
1 : 5 to
6
1 : 4
Passive(P)
1.5 c0-1 b Qk
1.5 Qk
Combination of permanent actions, wind load (Qk,W) and imposed load (Qk,I)
Exp. (6.10)
Case 1
1.35 Gka
1.0 Gka
1.5 Qk,W
1.05 c Qk,I
Exp. (6.10)
Case 2
1.35 Gka
1.0 Gka
1.5 Qk,I
0.75 d Qk,W
(iv)
Key
a The number following the M is the compressive strength for the class at 28 days
in N/mm2 that may be assumed for the proportions given in columns 2 to 4; site
compressive strength testing is not required for these traditional mixes. Checking of
prescribed mortars should only be done by testing the proportions of the constituents.
b Cement or combinations of cement (which include CEM I and many CEM IIs) in accordance
with NA.2.3.2, except masonry cements
c Masonry cement in accordance with NA.2.3.2, (inorganic filler other than lime)
d Masonry cement in accordance with NA.2.3.2 (lime)
Key
Notes
a Where the variation in permanent action is not considered significant Gk,j,sup and Gk,j,inf
may be taken as Gk
b Where a variable action is favourable Qk should be taken as 0
c The value of c0 has been taken as 0.7, for storage loads c0 = 1.0 and a factor of 1.5
must be used
d The value of c0 has been taken as 0.5
When the sand portion is given as, for example, 5 to 6, the lower figure should be used
with sands containing a higher proportion of fines whilst the higher figure should be used
with sands containing a lower proportion of fines.
For Class 2 of execution control site compressive strength testing is not required for these
traditional mixes and checking of prescribed mortars should only be done by testing the
proportions of the constituents.
Table 6
Durability of masonry in finished condition
Masonry condition
or situationa
Quality of masonry units and appropriate mortar designations

Clay unitsb
Calcium silicate units
Aggregate concrete bricks
Aggregate concrete
and autoclaved aerated
concrete blocks
Without or with freezing:
Compressive strength class 20

or above in M4 or M2
Compressive strength
16.5 N/mm2 or above in M4
As Notes 4A, 4B, 4C or 4Dc.

All in M4 or M2d
A Work below or near external ground level

A1 Low risk of saturation
Without freezing: LD F0 and S0 or HD: F0,

F1 or F2 and S0, S1 or S2 in M12, M6 or M4
With freezing: HD F1 or F2 and S0, S1 or
S2 in M12, M6 or M4 unless a manufacturer
advises against the use of HD-F1
A2 High risk of saturation

without freezinge
HD F1 or F2, and S1 and S2 in M12 or M6

Compressive strength 16.5 N/mm2

A3 High risk of saturation

with freezinge
HD F2 and S1 or S2 in M12 or M6

Compressive strength 22 N/mm2

As for A1 in M6
B1 In buildings
D.P.C units, max. water absorption 4.5% in M12fg
Not suitable
Not suitable
Not suitable
B2 In external works
D.P.C. units, max. water absorption 7 % in

M12fg
Not suitable
Not suitable
Not suitable
As for A1 in M6 or M4
B Masonry d.p.c.s
C Unrendered external walls (other than chimneys, cappings, copings, parapets and sills)h
C1 Low risk of saturation
HD F1 or F2 and S1 or S2 in M12, M6 or
M4

Any in M4 or M2
C2 High risk of saturation

or above in M4
18 N/mm2 or above in M4
Any in M4
Any in M4 or M2
D Rendered external walls (other than chimneys, cappings, copings, parapets, sills)ij
Rendered external walls
HD F1 or F2 and S1 or S2 in M12, M6 or M4

E Internal walls and inner leaves of cavity walls above d.p.c level
Internal walls and inner leaves
of cavity walls
LD F0 and S0 or HD: F0, F1 or F2 and S0, S1

or S2 in M12, M6, M4 or M2

Compressive strength 7.3 N/mm2

or above in M4 or iv
Any in M4 or M2
F Unrendered parapets (other than cappings and copings)klm

F1 Low risk of saturation e.g.
low parapets on some
single storey buildings
M4

or above in M4
As Notes 4A, 4B, 4C or 4Dc

in M4.
R2 High risk of saturation e.g.

where a capping only is provided
for the masonry

or above in M4
As for F1 in M6
HD F1 or F2 and S2 in M12, M6 or M4 or
HD F1 or F2 and S1 in M12 or M6

or above in M4
Any in M4
H1 Unrendered with low risk

of saturation
M4

or above in M4
Any in M4
H2 Unrendered with high risk

of saturation

or above in M4

in M6.
H3 Rendered
HD F1 or F2 and S2 in M12, M6 or M4 or
HD F1 or F2 and S1 in M12 or M6

or above in M4
Any in M4

or above in M6
As Notes 4A, 4B or 4C in M6.
G Rendered parapets (other than cappings and copings)jo

Rendered parapets
H Chimneysn
I Cappings, copings and sillskl

Cappings, copings and sills
HD F2 and S1 or S2 in M12
J Freestanding boundary and screen walls (other than cappings and copings)
J1 With coping
HD F1 or F2 and S1 in M12 or M6 or HD
F1 or F2 and S2 in M12, M6 or M4

or above in M4
Any in M4
J2 With capping

or above in M4
As Notes 5A, 5B, 5C or 5D

in M6.
K Earth-retaining walls (other than cappings and copings)p

K1 Waterproofing retaining
face and coping
HD F1 or F2 and S1 or S2 in M12 or M6
Compressive strength class 20 or

above in M6 or M4

in M4.
K2 With coping or capping

but no waterproofing on
retaining face
HD F2 and S1 or S2 in M12

above in M6
or M6
As for K1 but in M12 or M6q

above in M6 or M4
As Notes 5A, 5B or 5C in M4.
L Drainage and sewage, e.g. inspection chambers and manholes

L1 Surface water
Engineering bricks or F1 or F2 and S1 or S2

in M12
L2 Foul drainage (continuous

contact with masonry)

in M12

above in M6r

or above with cement content
350 kg/m3 in M12 or M6
Not suitable
L3 Foul drainage (occasional

contact with masonry)

in M12

above in M6 or M4r

or above with cement content
350 kg/m3 in M12 or M6
Not suitable
Table continues on page 6

5
Table 6 Continued from page 5

Notes
Key
1 Table 6 is a reduced version of the information provided in PD 6697

which should be consulted when detailed guidance is required.
a Refer to PD 6697 for guidance on sulfate

bearing ground.
i Rendered walls are suitable for most

wind driven rain conditions.
2 For designations (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) see Table 5.
b Consult masonry unit manufacturer for use

below or near ground level.
j For rendered walls follow guidance in

PD 6697.
c Consult masonry unit manufacturer.
k AAC blocks are not suitable for cappings,

copings and cills.
3

4

LD - clay masonry unit with a low gross dry density for use in protected masonry.
HD - clay masonry unit for unprotected masonry as well as clay masonry
unit with a high gross dry density for use in protected masonry.
Categories used for clay masonry for freeze/thaw
are as follows:
F0 Passive exposure
F1 Moderate exposure
F2 Severe exposure.
Categories used for clay masonry for active salt

content are as follows:
S0 No requirement for active salt content
S1 Limited active salt content (see BS EN 7711, Cl. 5.3.9)
S2 Limited active salt content (see BS EN 7711, Cl. 5.3.9).
Concrete block options:

A Of net density 1500 kg/m3
B
Made with dense aggregate conforming to BS EN 12620
C Having a compressive strength of 7.3 N/mm2
D Most types of autoclaved aerated block (consult manufacturer).
M2 mortar does not meet the minimum

requirements of Approved Document A
and if used refer to PD 6697 for limitations
and guidance.
Masonry is very vulnerable between 150mm

above and 150mm below finished
ground level. Refer to PD 6697 and consult
manufacturer as required.
f Masonry dpcs do not resist water

percolating downward.
g Dpcs of clay units are not normally suitable
for use with other types of unit.
h Protect with good roof overhang and
detailing.
Reinforced and
prestressed masonry
Eurocode 6, Part 11 contains information relating to the design of
reinforced masonry, but provides no application rules on the design of
prestressed masonry. Annex J of Part 1-1 provides additional guidance
for reinforced masonry when subjected to shear. PD 6697 extends the
information provided in Part 1-1 for both reinforced and prestressed
masonry as well giving guidance on the use of bed joint reinforcement
to enhance resistance to lateral loads.
Masonry movement
The potential for movement in completed masonry needs to be
allowed for in design, and Eurocode 6, Part 2 makes recommendations
for controlling differential movements; for example, the use of
movement tolerant ties between the leaves of a cavity wall.
Movement joints need to be provided to deal with the effects of
moisture, temperature and movement caused by other agents. The
position of movement joints needs to be considered with care to
ensure that the structural integrity of the wall is maintained. Factors
affecting the location of joints include:
The type and group of masonry unit.
The geometry of the structure.
The degree of restraint.
The effect of loading, thermal and climatic conditions.
Requirements for fire, sound and thermal performance.
The presence of reinforcement.
l Bed dpcs for cappings, copings and cills

in same mortar as the masonry units.
m Parapets are likely to be severely exposed coping and dpc should be provided.
n For chimneys follow guidance in PD 6697.
o Single leaf walls should be rendered only
on one face.
p Masonry in retaining walls particularly
prone to frost and sulfate attack.
Check with unit manufacturer.
q Some types of aggregate concrete units
are not suitable for capping and copings.
r Some types of calcium silicate units are
not suitable for foul drainage.
Movement joints that pass through the full thickness of the wall should
be provided. The maximum horizontal distance, lm, between vertical
movement joints for use for all walls in the UK (in the absence of other
guidance from the manufacturer) is shown in Table 7.
Execution of masonry
Eurocode 6, Part 2 gives guidance on the execution of masonry including:
Permissible deviations.
Jointing and pointing.
Storage, preparation and use of materials on site.
Masonry protection during execution.
Further detail on the first two points is given in the following paragraphs.
Permissible deviations
The permissible deviations of the constructed masonry from the
position in which it is intended to be built should form part of the
design specification. The permissible deviations should not normally be
greater than the values shown in Table 8 for structural imperfections.
Mortar pointing
Most masonry is constructed in such a way that the bedding mortar also
forms the tooled surface of the finished mortar joint. If it is necessary to
point the mortar joint the unhardened mortar should be raked out to a
depth not less than 15 mm, but no more than 15% of the wall thickness.
Simplified calculation
methods
historically, been used in the UK, unlike some European countries. In the
UK guidance on the Building Regulations1618 and BS 8103219 provide
a very effective and economic set of simple rules for low rise masonry
and it is anticipated that these will continue to be the primary method
of demonstrating compliance for many small buildings.
Eurocode 6, Part 3 contains simplified calculation methods for

unreinforced masonry structures. These methods are based on the
principles contained in Part 1 and should not be confused with simple
rules developed on the basis of experience. In general, these methods
are more conservative than design based on Part 1 and have not,
Table 8
Permissible deviations for structural design purposes
Table 7
Maximum horizontal distance between vertical movement joints in
walls (in the absence of other guidance from the manufacturer)
Type of masonry
lm (m)
Clay masonry unreinforced
15a
Calcium silicate masonry
9b
Aggregate concrete and manufactured stone masonry
9b
Autoclaved aerated concrete masonry
9b
Natural stone masonry
20 c
Position
Maximum deviation
Verticality
In any one storey
20 mm
In total height of building of three

storeys or more
50 mm
Vertical alignment
20 mm
Straightness a
In any one metre
10 mm
In 10 metres
50 mm
Thickness
Of wall leaf b
5 mm or 5 % of the leaf
thickness, whichever is the greater
Key
Of overall cavity wall
10 mm
The value for clay masonry walls containing bed joint reinforcement may be greater
a
than 15 m subject to expert advice.
This value applies when the ratio, length to height of panel, is 3 to 1 or less. It should
b
be reduced for long horizontal panels of masonry which lie outside this ratio.
When using this figure, movement joints should be located at not more than 8 m
c
from the corner.
Key
Deviation from straightness is measured from a straight reference line between any
a
two points.
Excluding leaves of single masonry unit width or length, where the dimensional
b
tolerances of the masonry units govern the leaf thickness.
References
1 ROBERTS, J J & Brooker, O How to design masonry structures using Eurocode 6: Vertical resistance (TCC/03/36). The Concrete Centre, 2013.
2 ROBERTS, J J & Brooker, O How to design masonry structures using Eurocode 6: Lateral resistance (TCC/03/37). The Concrete Centre, 2013.
3 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 199611: Eurocode 6 Design of masonry structures. General rules for reinforced and unreinforced masonry
structures. BSI, 2005. Including NA to BS EN 1996-1-1:2005+A1:2012.
4 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 199612: Eurocode 6 Design of masonry structures. General rules. Structural fire design. BSI, 2005.
Including NA to BS EN 1996-1-2:2005:2007.
5 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 19962: Eurocode 6 Design of masonry structures. Design considerations, selection of materials and
execution of masonry. BSI, 2006. Including NA to BS EN 1996-2:2006:2007.
6 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 19963: Eurocode 6 Design of masonry structures. Simplified calculation methods for unreinforced masonry
structures. BSI, 2006. Including NA to BS EN 1996-3:2006:2007.
7 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. PD 6697. Recommendations for the design of masonry structures to BS EN 1996-1-1 and BS EN 1996-2. BSI, 2010.
8 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 1990: Eurocode Basis of structural design. BSI, 2002. Including NA to BS EN 1990:2002+A1:2005:2004.
9 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 1991: Eurocode 1 Actions on structures. BSI (10 parts). Including their NAs.
10 NARAYAN, R S & BROOKER, O. How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2: Introduction to Eurocodes (TCC/03/16). The Concrete Centre, 2005.
11 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 771: Specification for masonry units. BSI, 2011 (6 Parts).
12 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 8452: Specification for ancillary components for masonry Lintels. BSI, 2013.
13 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 9982: Specification for mortar for masonry: Masonry mortar. BSI, 2013.
14 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 10152: Methods of test for mortar for masonry: Bulk sampling of mortars and preparation of test mortars. BSI, 1999.
15 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 101511: Methods of test for mortar for masonry: Determination of flexural and compressive strength of
hardened mortar. BSI, 1999.
16 DEPARTMENT FOR COMMUNITIES AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT, Building regulations (England and Wales) Approved Document A (2004). DCLG, revised 2006.
17 SCOTTISH BUILDING STANDARDS AGENCY. Scottish building standards technical handbooks: domestic for compliance with 'Building Scotland
regulations 2004'. SBSA, 2007.
18 THE STATIONERY OFFICE. The Building Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1994 Technical Booklet D: Structure. TSO, 2000.
19 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS 81032: Structural design of low-rise buildings Code of practice for masonry walls for housing. BSI, 2005.
20 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS 772: Methods of test for masonry units. BSI (20 parts).
Glossary of Eurocode 6 terminology

Term Definition
Adhesion
The effect of mortar developing a tensile or shear resistance at the contact surface of masonry units.
Category I masonry unit
Units with a declared compressive strength with a probability of failure to reach it not exceeding 5%.
This may be determined via the mean or characteristic value.
Category II masonry unit
Units not intended to comply with the level of confidence of Category 1 units.
Confined masonry
Masonry provided with reinforced concrete or reinforced masonry confining elements in the vertical and
horizontal direction. (Not usually used in the UK.)
Designed masonry mortar
A mortar whose composition and manufacturing method is chosen in order to achieve specified properties
(performance concept).
General purpose masonry mortar
Masonry mortar without special characteristics.
Griphole
A formed void in a masonry unit to enable it to be more readily grasped and lifted with one or both hands or
by machine.
Groups 1, 1s, 2, 3 and 4

masonry units
Group designations for masonry units, according to the percentage, size and orientation of holes in the units
when laid. Note: The group designation will normally be declared by the manufacturer. Historically only Groups
1, 1s and 2 units have been used in the UK. Group 1s is referred to in BS EN 199612.
Hole
A formed void which may or may not pass completely through a masonry unit.
Lightweight masonry mortar
Designed masonry mortar with a dry hardened density below a prescribed figure.
Normalized compressive
strength of masonry units
The compressive strength of masonry units converted to the air dried compressive strength of an equivalent
100 mm wide x 100 mm high masonry unit (see BS EN 772-120).
Orthogonal ratio, m
The ratio of the flexural strength of masonry when failure is parallel to the bed joints to that when failure is
perpendicular to the bed joints.
Prescribed masonry mortar
Mortar made in predetermined proportions, the properties of which are assumed from the stated proportions
of the constituents (recipe concept).
Shell
The peripheral material between a hole and the face of a masonry unit.
Shell bedded wall
A wall in which the masonry units are bedded on two or more strips of mortar, two of which are at the
outside edge of the bed face of the units.
Thin layer masonry mortar
Designed masonry mortar with a maximum aggregate size less than or equal to a prescribed figure.
Web
The solid material between the holes in a masonry unit.
Members of the steering group
Acknowledgements
Ali Arasteh, Brick Development Association; Owen Brooker, The

Concrete Centre; Ken Fisher, International Masonry Society; Cliff Fudge,
Aircrete Products Association; Charles Goodchild, The Concrete Centre;
Gerry Pettit, Concrete Block Association; John Roberts, Consultant.
This publication was jointly sponsored by the following organisations:
Members of the steering group for 2nd revision
Concrete Block Association - www.cba-blocks.org.uk
Cliff Fudge, Aircrete Products Association; Charles Goodchild, The

Concrete Centre; Simon Hay, Brick Development Association; Andy
Littler, Concrete Block Association; John Roberts, Consultant; Guy
Thompson, The Concrete Centre.
MPA - Mortar Industry Association - www.mortar.org.uk
For more information on Eurocode 6 and other questions

relating to the design, use and performance of concrete units,
visit www.eurocode6.org
Ref: TCC/03/35. ISBN 978-1-904818-56-4

First published November 2007
(in partnership with the Modern Masonry Alliance)
revised January 2009 and June 2013
Price Group M
MPA The Concrete Centre
Aircrete Products Association - www.aircrete.co.uk

Brick Development Association - www.brick.org.uk
MPA - The Concrete Centre - www.concretecentre.com
Published by The Concrete Centre

Gillingham House, 38-44 Gillingham Street, London, SW1V 1HU
Tel: +44 (0)207 963 8000 | www.concretecentre.com
All advice or information from MPA The Concrete Centre (TCC) et al is intended only for use in the UK by those who will evaluate the
significance and limitations of its contents and take responsibility for its use and application. No liability (including that for negligence) for
any loss resulting from such advice or information is accepted by TCC or their subcontractors, suppliers or advisors. Readers should note that
the publications from TCC et al are subject to revision from time to time and should therefore ensure that they are in possession of the
latest version.
2. Vertical resistance
Eur Ing, Prof.
Revision 2
Introduction
This publication is part of a series of three
guides entitled How to design masonry structures
using Eurocode 6. The aim is to make the use of
Eurocode 6, Design of masonry structures as easy
as possible by drawing together in one place key
back cover).
Guidance for vertical resistance

This guide is the second in a series of three giving guidance on the design of
masonry structures to Eurocode 61. The first guide, Introduction to Eurocode 62
gives an introduction to design and assessment of actions using Eurocode 6 and
also covers the specification and execution (workmanship) of masonry. This guide
explains how to design for vertical actions and determine vertical resistance. The
third guide in the series3 covers the design of laterally loaded masonry panels.
Throughout this guide the Nationally Determined Parameters (NDPs) from the UK
National Annexes (NAs) have been used. These enable Eurocode 6 to be applied in
the UK.
Design procedure
This guide explains how to determine the design resistance for a vertically loaded
wall. The first guide in the series, Introduction to Eurocode 6, should be referred to
so that the design load can be determined. In essence, when using the Eurocodes
the designer should check that the resistance is greater than or equal to the
effect of the actions. A flow chart for the design of masonry walls to resist vertical
actions is shown as Figure 1.
Eurocode 6 introduces some new concepts when dealing with the design of
masonry for vertical loads. The first of these relates to the way the compressive
strength of the masonry units is expressed. For design purposes the normalized
compressive strength, fb, of the masonry units is used. This is the compressive
strength of the units converted to the air-dried compressive strength of an
equivalent 100 mm wide by 100 mm high masonry unit. The detail is contained
in Part 1 of BS EN 772, Methods of test for masonry units4. The advantage to the
designer is that the normalized strength is independent of the size and shape of
the units used in the final construction.
Grouping of masonry units

The second change relates to the way in which masonry units are classified. This is
dealt with by grouping masonry into one of four groups as shown in Table 3.1 of
Eurocode 6. The group designation will normally be declared by the manufacturer.
The designation depends upon the volume and direction of holes in the unit and
the thickness of webs and shells. Historically only Group 1 and Group 2 units have
been used in the UK, so only values for these groups are given in the UK NAs.
How to design masonry

masonrystructures
structuresusing
usingEurocode
Eurocode66
The characteristic
compressive strength of
masonry
The characteristic compressive strength of masonry (other than
shell bedded masonry) is determined from the results of tests in
accordance with BS EN 105215. The tests are carried out on small
wallette specimens rather than the storey-height panels used in the past.
The designer has the option of either testing the units intended to be
used in a project or using the values determined from a database. Values
from a large database are provided in the UK NA to Eurocode 6, Part 11
in the form of the constants to be used in the following equation:
fk = K fba fmb
[Equation (3.1) of Eurocode 6, Part 11]
where
fk = characteristic compressive strength of the masonry, in N/mm2
K = constant see Table 1 and Figure 2
a, b = constants see Table 2
fb = normalized mean compressive strength of the units, in the

direction of the applied action effect, in N/mm2
fm = compressive strength of the mortar, in N/mm2
For blocks laid flat, Table 8 of the National Annex to Eurocode 6,

Part 11 contains a specific value for K to be used in Equation (3.1)
of Eurocode 6, Part 11.
The following limitations are placed on Equation (3.1):
The masonry is detailed and constructed in accordance with the
requirements of BS EN 199611, section 8.
fb is taken to be not greater than 110 N/mm2 when units are laid
in general purpose mortar and 50 N/mm2 when laid in thin layer
mortar (fb is determined in the normal direction of loading).
fm is taken to be not greater than fb nor greater than 12 N/mm2
when units are laid in general purpose mortar or 10 N/mm2 when
units are laid in lightweight mortar.
The coefficient of variation of the strength of the masonry unit is
not more than 25%.
For masonry made with general purpose mortar, adjustments are
made to the value of K as shown in Figure 2.
In addition the following points should be noted:
For masonry made of general purpose mortar where Group 2
and Group 3 aggregate concrete units are used with the vertical
cavities filled completely with concrete, the value of fb should
be obtained by considering the units to be Group 1 having a
compressive strength corresponding to the compressive strength of
the units or of the concrete infill, whichever is the lesser.
Figure 1
Flow chart for the design of masonry walls to resist vertical actions
Characteristic vertical actions
Masonry unit properties

Type and group
Dimensions
Strength
Determine requirements
for mortar strength and
durability. See tables 5
& 6 of Introduction to
Eurocode 6
Determine normalized
compressive strength, fb.
Determine characteristic compressive strength of masonry,

fk, from Equation (3.1) of Eurocode 6 and Tables 1 & 2
Determine effective height, hef,

of the wall (see page 4) .
Determine effective thickness, tef,

of the wall (see page 4)
Check area 0.04 m2
Check slenderness ratio hef /tef 27
Determine design value of

vertical actions (per unit
length), Ed, using Expression
(6.10), (6.10a) or (6.10b) of
Eurocode (see Introduction to
Eurocode 6)
Where cross-sectional area,

A < 0.1 m2, factor fk by (0.7 + 3A)
Calculate design resistance

(per unit length) from least
favourable of:
NRd = Fm t fk / gM
and
NRd = Fi t fk / gM
Check Ed NRd
Determine eccentricity (see page 5)
Determine capacity reduction factors, Fm and Fi from (see page 6)
Obtain gM from table 1 of

Introduction to Eurocode 6
Check complete
For collar jointed aggregate concrete masonry made with general
purpose mortar, with or without the collar filled with mortar, the unit
shape factor correction to obtain the normalized strength should use the
width of the wall as the unit width and the height of the masonry units.
Where action effects are parallel to the direction of the bed joints, the
characteristic compressive strength may be determined from
Equation (3.1) with fb derived from BS EN 7721, where the direction
of application of the load to the test specimens is in the same
direction as the direction of the action effect in the masonry, but with
the shape factor, d, as given in BS EN 7721 taken to be no greater
than 1.0. For Group 2 and 3 units, K should then be multiplied by 0.5.
Table 1
Values of K to be used with equation (3.1)
Masonry
unit
General
purpose
mortar
Thin layer
mortar
(bed joint
0.5 mm and
3 mm)
Lightweight mortar
of density (kg/m3)
800 < rd
600 rd
800
1300
Clay
Group 1
0.50
0.75
0.30
0.40
Group 2
0.40
0.70
0.25
0.30
Group 3 and 4 a
Calcium silicate
Group 1
0.50
0.80
Group 2
0.70
0.90
0.45
0.45
Group 1 c
0.50 d
(units laid flat)
Group 2
0.70
0.70d
0.40d
0.40d
0.76
0.45
0.45
Group 3 and 4 a
Autoclaved aerated concrete

Group 1
0.75
0.90
0.45
0.45
Manufactured stone
Group 1
0.75
0.40
Aggregate concrete
Group 1
0.75
0.90
Dimensioned natural stone

Group 1
0.45
b
When the perpendicular joints are unfilled, Equation (3.1) may be
used, with consideration of any horizontal actions that might be

applied to, or be transmitted by, the masonry. (See also CI. 3.6.2(4)
of BS EN 199611.)
The characteristic
compressive strength of
shell bedded masonry
Shell bedding provides two strips of mortar rather than a full mortar bed.
It serves to improve rain penetration resistance but reduces the strength
of the masonry. A typical shell bedded unit is shown in Figure 3.
For Group 1 and Group 4 units the procedure above may be used to
obtain the characteristic compressive strength of the masonry.
Figure 2
Modifications to K for units laid with general purpose mortar
Plan sections of bonded masonry

Masonry
thickness
a) K from Table 1
Masonry
thickness
b) K from Table 1
Masonry
thickness
Key
a Group 3 and 4 units have not traditionally been used in the UK, so no values are available.
b T hese masonry unit and mortar combinations have not traditionally been used in
the UK, so no values are available.
c) K from Table 1 multiplied by 0.8
c If Group 1 aggregate concrete units contain formed vertical voids in the normal direction,
multiply K by (100 n) /100, where n is the percentage of voids, maximum 25%.
Masonry
thickness
d W
hen aggregate concrete masonry units are to be used laid flat the normalised strength
of the unit should be calculated using the width and height of the unit in the upright
position along with the compressive strength of the unit tested in the upright position.
Note
Where a mortar joint is parallel to the face of the wall K should be modified (see Figure 2)
Figure 3
Table 2
Shell bedding
Values to be used in Equation (3.1)

Type of mortar
General purpose mortar
Lightweight mortar
Thin layer mortar in bed joints of thickness 0.5
to 3 mm (using clay units of Group 1, calcium
silicate units, aggregate concrete units and
autoclaved aerated concrete units)
Thin layer mortar in bed joints of thickness 0.5 to
3 mm (using clay units of Group 2)
d) K from Table 1 multiplied by 0.8
Values to be used
a = 0.7 and b = 0.3
a = 0.7 and b = 0.3
a = 0.85 and b = 0
a = 0.7and b = 0

masonrystructures
structuresusing
usingEurocode
Eurocode66
provided that:
The width of each strip of mortar is at least 30 mm.
The thickness of the masonry wall is equal to the width or length
of the masonry units so that there is no longitudinal mortar joint

through all or part of the length of the wall.
The ratio g/t is not less than 0.4
where
g = total width of the mortar strips
t = the thickness of the wall.
K is taken as above when g/t = 1.0 or half this value when g/t = 0.4.
Linear interpolation may be used for intermediate values.
Groups 2 and 3 may be designed as non-shell bedded masonry
provided that the normalized mean compressive strength of the units
used in Equation (3.1) is obtained from tests carried out in accordance
with BS EN 77214 for shell bedded units.
Effective height
The effective height of a masonry wall is obtained by applying a factor
to the clear height of the wall such that:
hef = rn h
where
hef = effective height of the wall
h = clear storey height of the wall
rn = reduction factor, where n = 2, 3 or 4, depending upon the
edge restraint or stiffening of the wall
The reduction factor to be applied depends upon the restraint offered
by adjoining elements. Masonry walls may be stiffened by a number
of rigid structural elements such as floors, roofs and other walls.
Stiffening walls should have a length of at least 1/5 of the clear height
and have a thickness of at least 0.3 times the effective thickness of

the wall to be stiffened. When the stiffening wall contains openings,
the minimum length of wall should be as shown in Figure 4 and the
stiffening wall should extend a distance of at least 1/5 of the storey
height beyond each opening.
Where a wall is restrained at the top and bottom by reinforced
concrete floors or roofs spanning from both sides at the same level or
by a reinforced concrete floor spanning from one side only and having
a bearing of at least 2/3 of the thickness of the wall then:
r2 = 0.75
unless the eccentricity of the load at the top of the wall is greater
than 0.25 times the thickness of the wall, in which case r2 = 1.0.
Where the wall is restrained by timber floors or roofs spanning from
both sides at the same level or by a timber floor spanning from one
side having a bearing of at least 2/3 the thickness of the wall but not
less than 85 mm, then:
r2 = 1.0.
For walls restrained at the top and bottom and stiffened on one
vertical edge, use rn = the value r3 from Figure 5 and where both
vertical edges are stiffened, use rn = the value r4 from Figure 6. Note
that Equations (5.6), (5.7) and (5.8) in Eurocode 6, Part 11 may be
used as an alternative to the use of the graphs.
Effective thickness
For a single-leaf wall, a double-leaf wall (with ties at a density of
2.5 per m2 or greater), a faced wall, a shell bedded wall and a grouted
cavity wall, the effective thickness, tef, is taken as the actual thickness
Figure 4
Figure 5
Minimum length of stiffening wall with openings
Graph showing values of r3
1.0
Stiffened wall
Stiffening wall
r2 = 1.0
0.9
>h/5
h1
h2 (window)
h2(door)
Reduction factor, r3
0.8
0.7
r2 = 0.75
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0
1 (h1+ h2)
5
>t
3
Ratio hef /tef
of the wall (t), provided this is greater than the minimum thickness,
tmin. The value of tmin for a loadbearing wall should be taken as 90 mm
for a single-leaf wall and 75 mm for the leaves of a cavity wall.
For a cavity wall the effective thickness is determined using the
following equation:
tef = 3R t13 + t23 t2
Assessment of eccentricity
When a wall is subjected to actions that result in an eccentricity at
right angles to the wall, Eurocode 6 requires the resistance of the wall
to be checked at the top, mid-height and bottom. The eccentricity at
top or bottom of the wall is:
Mid
ei =
where
t1 = actual thickness of the outer or unloaded leaf
t2 = actual thickness of the inner or loaded leaf
Note that the effective thickness of the unloaded leaf should not be
taken to be greater than the thickness of the loaded leaf and that ties
should be provided at a density of 2.5 per m2 or greater.
When a wall is stiffened by piers the effective thickness is enhanced by
using the following equation:
tef = rtt
where
tef = effective thickness
rt = coefficient obtained from Table 3
t = thickness of the wall
Nid
+ ehe + einit 0.05t
where
Mid = design value of the bending moment at the top or the
bottom of the wall resulting from eccentricity of the floor
load at the support
Nid = design value of the vertical load at the top or the bottom of
the wall
ehe = the eccentricity at the top or bottom of the wall resulting
from the horizontal loads
einit = initial eccentricity for construction imperfections, which
may be taken as hef/450, with a sign that increases the
absolute value of ei and em as appropriate
The mid-height eccentricity, emk, is:
emk = em + ek 0.05t
Slenderness ratio
The slenderness ratio of the wall is obtained by dividing the effective
height by the effective thickness and should not be greater than 27 for
walls subjected to mainly vertical loading. Note also that the effects of
creep may be ignored in walls with a slenderness ratio up to 27.
Figure 6
1.0
ek
Mmd = design value of the greatest moment at the mid-height

of the wall resulting from the moments at the top
and bottom of the wall, including any load applied
eccentrically to the face of the wall (see Figure 7)
Nmd = design value of the vertical load at the mid-height of the
wall, including any load applied eccentrically to the face
of the wall
ehm = the eccentricity at mid-height resulting from horizontal loads
r2 = 1.0
= 0, when the slenderness ratio 27 (ie. ignoring creep)
A sub-frame analysis may be used as a simplified method for

obtaining the moments at the top and bottom of vertically loaded
walls, as given in Annex C in Part 11 of Eurocode 6.
0.8
Reduction factor, r4
Graph showing values of the reduction factor, r4
0.9
where

Mmd
em =
+ ehm + einit

Nmd
0.7
0.6
Table 3
r2 = 0.75
Stiffness coefficient, rt, for walls stiffened by piers
0.5
Ratio of pier spacing

(centre to centre) to pier
width
0.4
0.3
0.2
0
3
Ratio h/l
Ratio of pier thickness to actual

thickness of wall to which it is bonded
1
1.0
1.4
2.0
10
1.0
1.2
1.4
20
1.0
1.0
1.0
Note
Linear interpolation is permitted in this Table.

masonrystructures
structuresusing
usingEurocode
Eurocode66
Capacity reduction factors

At the top or bottom of the wall, the reduction factor for slenderness
and eccentricity is given by:

e
Fi = 1 2 i
t
where

Fi = reduction factor at the top or bottom of the wall

ei = eccentricityat the top or bottom of the wall

A method for calculating a capacity reduction factor at the mid-height
of the wall, Fm, is given in Annex G of Eurocode 6, Part 11, which
simplifies the principles given in Cl. 6.1.1. This is shown graphically in
Figure 8, which shows the corresponding capacity reduction factors for
different values of slenderness and eccentricity for an elastic modulus
1000 fk , which is the value recommended in the UK NA.
The least favourable value of Fi and Fm should be used to calculate NRd.
Vertical load resistance of

solid walls and columns
The design resistance of a single-leaf wall per unit length, NRd, is given
by the following:

fd = design compressive strength of the masonry ( fk /gM)
For sections of small plan area, less than 0.1 m2, fd should be
multiplied by (0.7 + 3A)
where
A = loadbearing horizontal cross-sectional area of the wall in m2
In the case of a faced wall, the wall may be designed as a single-leaf
wall constructed entirely of the weaker material with a longitudinal
joint between leaves.
A double-leaf (collar-jointed) wall may also be designed as for a
single-leaf wall provided that the leaves are tied together adequately
and both leaves carry similar loads and the cavity does not exceed
25 mm, or it may be designed as a cavity wall with one leaf loaded.
In the case of cavity walls, check each leaf separately using a
slenderness ratio based on the effective thickness of the wall.
Concentrated loads
For a Group 1 unit (not shell bedded) the vertical load resistance is:
NRdc = b Ab fd
where
b
= 1 + 0.3
where
F = capacity reduction factor allowing for the effects of
slenderness and eccentricity of loading
1.5 1.1
Ab
hc
Aef
= e nhancement factor for load that should not be less
than 1.0 nor taken to be greater than:
a
1.25 + 1 or 1.5, whichever is the lesser
2hc
NRd = F tfd
a1

Figure 8
Capacity reduction factor, Fm at the mid-height of the wall
Figure 7
Moments from calculation of eccentricities
Eccentricity =
1.0
0.05t
0.9
N1d
h2
Nmd
Mmd
(at mid-height
of wall)
h
h2
N2d
M2d
(at top of floor)
0.10t
0.8
Capacity reduction factor, Fm
M1d
(at underside
of floor)
0.15t
0.7
0.20t
0.6
0.25t
0.5
0.30t
0.4
0.35t
0.3
0.40t
0.2
0.1
0.0
0
a) Section
b) Bending moment diagram
10
15
20
Ratio, hef /ltef
25
Values of Fm at the mid-height of the wall against slenderness ratio for different
eccentricities, based on E =1000 fk
30
a1
= distance from the end of the wall to the nearer edge of

the loaded area
hc
= height of the wall to the level of the load
Ab
= loaded area
Aef
= effective area of the bearing, lefm t
lefm = effective length of the bearing as determined at the
mid-height of the wall or pier
t
= thickness of the wall, taking into account the depth of
recesses in joints greater than 5 mm wide
Ab/Aef 0.45
The enhancement factor, b, is shown graphically in Figure 9.
For walls built with Groups 2, 3 and 4 masonry units and when shell
bedding is used, it is necessary to check that, locally under the bearing
of a concentrated load, the design compressive stress does not exceed
the design compressive strength of the masonry, fd (i.e. b is taken to
be 1.0).
In any case, the eccentricity of the load from the centre line of the
wall should not be greater than t/4 as shown in Figure 10.
In all cases where a concentrated load is applied, the requirements
for vertical load design should be met at the mid-height of the wall
below the bearings. Account should be taken of the effects of any
other superimposed vertical loading, particularly where concentrated
loads are sufficiently close together for their effective lengths
to overlap.
The concentrated load needs to bear on a Group 1 unit or other solid
material. The length of this unit or bearing should equal the required
bearing length plus a length on each side of the bearing based on
a 60 spread of load to the base of the solid material. For an end
bearing the extra length is required on one side only.
The concentrated load may be applied through a spreader beam of

adequate strength and stiffness that has a width the same as the wall
thickness, a height greater than 200 mm and a length greater than
three times the bearing length of the load. In this case the design value
of compressive strength beneath the concentrated load should not
exceed 1.5fd.
Walls subject to shear forces

The design value of shear resistance is given by:
VRd = f vd tl c
where
VRd = the design value of shear resistance of the wall
fvd = the design value of the shear strength of the masonry (the
characteristic shear strength divided by the partial factor
for masonry, gM) based on the average vertical stresses over
the compressed part of the wall that is providing the shear
resistance
t = the thickness of the wall resisting the shear
lc = the length of the compressed part of the wall, ignoring any
part of the wall that is in tension
In calculating lc assume a linear distribution of the compressive stress,
take into account openings, etc. and do not include any area of the
wall subjected to vertical tensile stresses.
Effect of chases
Eurocode 6 recognises that chases and recesses should not impair
the stability of a wall and provides appropriate guidance. Further
explanation is given in the third guide in this series, Lateral resistance3.
Figure 9
Figure 10
Enhancement factor, b, concentrated load under bearings
Walls subjected to concentrated load
NEdc
NEdc
NEdc
1.6
a1
60o
Enhancement factor, b
1.5
60o
60o
hc/2
1.4
2a1 = 1
hc
1.3
lefm
lefm
+ +
lefm
a1 = 0
a) Elevation
1.2
NEdc a
1
1.1
NEdc
Ab
60o
hc
1.0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4 0.45 0.5
t /4
t
lefm
Ratio, Ab / Aef
b) Section
c) Plan
d) Section
Selected symbols
Symbol Definition
Symbol Definition
Loadbearing horizontal cross-sectional area of the wall in m2
a1
Distance from the end of the wall to the nearer edge of the loaded area
Ab
Loaded area
Aef
Effective area of the bearing
ehe
Eccentricity of the top or bottom of the wall resulting from horizontal

loads
ehm
Eccentricity at the middle of a wall, resulting from horizontal loads
Nid
Design value of the vertical load at the top or the bottom of the wall
ei
Eccentricity of the wall
Nmd
einit
Initial eccentricity
Design value of the vertical load at the mid-height of the wall,

including any load applied eccentrically to the face of the wall.
em
Load eccentricity
NRd
Design resistance of a single-leaf wall per unit length
emk
Eccentricity at the mid-height of the wall
NRdc
Design vertical load resistance to a concentrated load
fb
Normalized mean compressive strength of a masonry unit
fd
Design compressive strength of the masonry in the direction being

considered
t2
Effective thickness of the of the inner or loaded leaf
fm
Compressive strength of the mortar
tef
Effective thickness
fk
Characteristic compressive strength of the masonry, in N/mm2
tmin
Minimum thickness of loadbearing wall
fvk
Characteristic shear strength of masonry
VRd
Design value of shear resistance of the wall
fvd
Design value of the shear strength of the masonry
Notional inclination angle to the vertical
Total of the widths of the mortar strips
a and b
Constants to be used with Equation (3.1) of Eurocode 6, Part 11
Clear storey height of the wall
An enhancement factor for concentrated load
hc
Height of the wall to the level of the load
hef
Effective height of the wall
Capacity reduction factor allowing for the effects of slenderness and

eccentricity of loading
htot
Total height of the structure
K
lc
lefm
Effective length of the bearing as determined at the mid-height of the

wall or pier
Mid
Design value of the bending moment at the top or the bottom of the
wall resulting from eccentricity of the floor load at the support
Mmd
Design value of the greatest moment at the mid-height of the wall

resulting from the moments at the top and bottom of the wall,
including any load applied eccentrically to the face of the wall
Thickness of the wall
t1
Effective thickness of the outer or unloaded leaf
gM
Partial factor for a material property
Constant to be used with Equation (3.1) of Eurocode 6, Part 11
rn
Reduction factor (depending upon the edge restraint or stiffening of

the wall, h/l and floor restraint)
Length of the compressed part of the wall, ignoring any part of the
wall that is in tension.
rt
Stiffness coefficient
References
1
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 1996: Eurocode 6 Design of masonry structures. BSI (4 parts). Including their NAs.
ROBERTS, JJ & Brooker, O. How to design masonry structures to Eurocode 6: Introduction to Eurocode 6. The Concrete Centre, 2013.
ROBERTS, JJ & Brooker, O. How to design masonry structures to Eurocode 6: Lateral resistance. The Concrete Centre. 2013.
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 7721: Methods of test for masonry units Determination of compressive strength. BSI, 2011.
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 10521: Methods of test for masonry Determination of compressive strength. BSI, 1999.
Acknowledgements



Ref: TCC/03/36. ISBN 978-1-904818-57-1

First published December 2007
8
Price Group M


latest version.
3. Lateral resistance
Eur Ing, Prof.
Revision 2
Introduction
This publication is part of a series of three guides
entitled How to design masonry structures using
Eurocode 6. The aim is to make the use of
Eurocode 6, Design of masonry structures as easy as
possible by drawing together in one place key
back cover).
Guidance for lateral resistance

This guide is the third in a series of three giving guidance on the design of
masonry structures to Eurocode 61. The first guide, Introduction to Eurocode 62
gives an introduction to design and assessment of actions using Eurocode 6
and also covers the specification and workmanship of masonry. The second
guide in the series3 covers the design of vertically loaded masonry. This guide
explains how to design for horizontal actions. Throughout this guide the
Nationally Determined Parameters (NDPs) from the UK National Annexes
(NAs) have been used. These enable Eurocode 6 to be applied in the UK.
Eurocode 6 methods for lateral

resistance
Eurocode 6 offers two approaches to the design of laterally loaded panels. The
first method relies on the flexural strength of the masonry and makes use of
yield line analysis to provide bending moment coefficients. The second method
is an approach based on arching and the assumption of a three-pinned arch
being formed within the wall. Both methods are presented in this guide.
The flexural strength approach is the most widely used and does not depend
upon rigid supports to resist arch thrust. In the UK, the reliance on the
development of tensile strength in the masonry has meant that this design
approach has usually been limited to transitory loads only. Eurocode 6 indicates
that the flexural strength of masonry should not be used in the design of walls
subjected to permanent lateral actions, e.g. gravity or reinforced retaining walls.
The assessment of the edge conditions is a requirement for the flexural strength
approach. A free edge is easily identified but some judgement on the part of the
engineer is necessary in deciding between simply supported or fixed conditions.
When considering the vertical support condition, attention also needs to be
paid to the potential position of movement joints and the changes the provision
of such joints make to the panel size and restraint conditions.
Where the walls are not rectangular, for instance a trapezoidal-shaped wall
to a mono-pitched structure, engineering judgement may be applied to
determine the effective wall height.
Wall panels with openings need to be treated with care and may typically be
sub-divided into smaller panels around the opening. It is beyond the scope of
this guide to deal with the topic in detail and reference should be made to
suitable handbooks4,5. Alternatively, a yield line analysis from first principles may
be used; the guidance in Practical yield line design6 can be applied to wall panels.
MEd2 = a
2 WEd l2 when the plane of failure is perpendicular to the bed
joints
where
a1 = bending moment coefficient parallel to the bed joints
(= a2, see Table 2)
a2 = bending moment coefficient perpendicular to the bed
joints (see Table 2)
WEd = design wind load per unit area (g Q Wk)
l = length of panel between supports
= orthogonal ratio (fxk1/fxk2)
If a damp proof course (dpc) is present in a wall subjected to flexure

then the degree of fixity may be altered. The bending moment
coefficient at a dpc may be taken as that for an edge over which full
continuity exists, provided that there is sufficient vertical load on the
dpc to ensure that the flexural strength capacity is not exceeded.
Walls may be either horizontally and/or vertically spanning and the
ultimate strength of the wall is governed by the capacity of the
masonry to resist flexural tension. This capacity is enhanced by the
presence of vertical load. Clearly the potential flexural strength is
greater if the potential plane of failure is perpendicular rather than
parallel to the bed joint.
Lateral resistance using flexural strength
Figure 1 shows a flow chart for lateral load design. The designer needs
to assess the panel support conditions (or assume a free edge) and
decide whether these provide simple or continuous (fully restrained)
support. Care also needs to be exercised in considering the effect of
dpcs, movement joints, openings in walls, etc. There are handbooks
that provide further guidance on these aspects4,5.
Bending moments using coefficients

For panels without openings, the bending moments per unit length
(MEd) are:
MEd1 = a1 WEdl2 when the plane of failure is parallel to the bed joints
The presence of a vertical load increases the flexural strength of a panel in

the direction parallel to the bed joints. The design moment of resistance
within the height of the wall is given by:
f
MRd = gxk1 + s d Z
where

fxk1 = characteristic flexural strength of masonry bending about an

axis parallel to bed joints (see Table 1)

gM = appropriate partial factor for materials
s d = design vertical load per unit area (< 0.2 fk /g M)
Z = section modulus of the plan shape of the wall
fk = characteristic compressive strength (see Vertical resistance3).
Figure 1
Flow chart for the design of masonry walls to resist lateral actions
Masonry unit properties

Type and group
Dimensions
Strength
h
Determine requirements
for mortar strength and
durability. See tables 5 & 6
of Introduction to Eurocode 6
Characteristic lateral actions
Obtain height, h
Determine design value of

lateral actions, WEd, using
Expressions (6.10), (6.10a) or
(6.10b) of Eurocode. (see
Introduction to Eurocode 6)
Obtain water absorption

for clay masonry unit or
declared compressive
strength from
manufacturer for other
masonry types
Obtain fxk1 and fxk2 from Table 1 and calculate

orthogonal ratio, m where: m = fxk1 / fxk2
Obtain thickness, t
Check slenderness ratio h/t 30 for walls

supported top and bottom only
Obtain a from Table 2 and calculate, MEd1 and MEd2, where:

MEd1 = a1 WEd l 2, parallel to the bed joints or
MEd2 = a2 WEd l 2, perpendicular to the bed joints
Check serviceability slenderness limits using Figures 2, 3 or 4 as appropriate
Characteristic vertical
actions
Obtain, gM from table 1

Introduction to Eurocode 6
Determine design value of vertical load, GEd, using

Expressions (6.10), (6.10a) or (6.10b) of Eurocode.
(see Introduction to Eurocode 6)
Obtain fxk1 from Table 1 and calculate design moment

of resistance parallel to the bed joints, MRd1, where:
Check MEd1 MRd1

and MEd2 MRd2
f
MRd1 = gxk1 + s d Z
M
Obtain fxk2 from Table 1 and calculate design moment

of resistance perpendicular to the bed joints, MRd2, where: z
MRd2 = gxk2 Z
M
Check shear
The design procedure is iterative and may be summarised as

follows:
1 Make initial assumption of support condition.
2 Make assumptions as to strength and thickness of masonry unit
required; the minimum wall thickness or thickness of one leaf of a
cavity wall is 100mm.
3 Check serviceability slenderness limits. For wall panels supported
top and bottom only, h should be limited to 30t. For other support
conditions use Figure 2 below or Figures 3 and 4 on page 6.
4 Determine orthogonal ratio, , and hence bending moment
coefficient appropriate to panel shape (Table 2).
5 Determine the design value of the applied moment, MEd.
6 Check the design value of the moment of resistance, MRd.
7 If MEd MRd then the wall is acceptable if not return to either
step 1 or 2 and modify.
8 Check shear.
Cavity walls
In a cavity wall, the design lateral load per unit area, WEd , may be
apportioned (either according to capacity or stiffness) between the
two leaves, provided that the wall ties are capable of transmitting the
actions that result from the apportionment.
Table 1
Characteristic flexural strength of masonry, fxk1 and fxk2, in N/mm2
Values of fxk1
Plane of failure parallel to
bed joints
Mortar strength class:

M12
M6 & M4 M2
Limiting height and length to thickness ratios of walls restrained on all

four edges
80
0.5
0.4
2.0
1.5
1.2
Between 7%
0.5
& 12%
0.4
0.35
1.5
1.1
1.0
Over 12%
0.3
0.25
1.1
0.9
0.8
0.4
Calcium silicate
brick-sizedb
0.3
Ratio h/t
50
0.9
0.6
masonry units
0.2
0.9
0.6
Aggregate concrete masonry units and manufactured stone of Groups

1 and 2 and AACc masonry units used in walls of thickness up to 100
mmd,e of declared compressive strength (N/mm2):
2.9
3.6
0.25
0.2
7.3
0.4
0.4
0.45
0.4
0.6
0.5

1 and 2 and AACc masonry units used in walls of thickness of 250 mm
or greaterd,e, of declared compressive strength (N/mm2):
2.9
0.25
0.2
3.6
0.25
0.2
0.35
0.3
10.4
40
17.5
0.15
0.1
0.25
0.2
0.75
0.6
0.9f
0.7f
Key
Permissible range
a Tests to determine the water absorption of clay masonry units are to be conducted in
accordance with BS EN 77277.
20
b Units not exceeding 337.5 mm 225 mm 112.5 mm.
10
0
0.2
brick-sizedb

1 and 2 and AACc masonry units used in walls of any thicknessd, of
declared compressive strength (N/mm2):
60
30
0.3
masonry units
7.3
70
M6 & M4 M 2
Less than 7% 0.7
Lateral resistance using arching
Figure 2
M12
Clay masonry units of Groups 1 and 2 having a water absorptiona of:
Aggregate concrete
Where a masonry wall is built between supports capable of resisting

an arch thrust, then it may be assumed that a horizontal or vertical
arch develops within the thickness of the wall in resisting a lateral
load. The analysis can be based upon a three-pin arch, and the bearing
of the arch thrust at the supports and at the central hinge should be
assumed to be 0.1 times the thickness of the wall.
Values of fxk2
Plane of failure
perpendicular to bed joints
c Autoclaved aerated concrete (aircrete).
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Ratio l/t
e Linear interpolation may be used to obtain the values of fxk1 and fxk2 for:
1) wall thicknesses greater than 100 mm and less than 250 mm;
2) compressive strengths between 2.9 N/mm2 and 7.3 N/mm2 in a wall of
given thickness.
l
Key
h
d The thickness should be taken as the thickness of the wall, for a single-leaf wall, or the
thickness of the leaf, for a cavity wall.
Simply supported
or with full continuity
f When used with flexural strength in the parallel direction, assume the orthogonal ratio
= 0.3.
Table 2
Bending moment coefficient, a2, in single-leaf laterally loaded wall panels of thickness 250 mm
Wall support conditions
a2
a2
a1 = ma2
a1 = ma2
Key
Free edge
Simply supported edge
Fully restrained continuous edge
Notes
1 m is the orthogonal ratio (fxk1/fxk2).
2 Linear interpolation may be used.
3 Walls having an h/l ratio of less than 0.3 will tend to span vertically.
Wall support condition A
h/l
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.30
0.031
0.032
0.034
0.035
0.038
0.040
0.043
0.045
0.048
0.050
0.054
0.060
0.069
0.082
0.50
0.045
0.047
0.049
0.051
0.053
0.056
0.061
0.064
0.067
0.071
0.075
0.080
0.087
0.097
Wall support condition C
h/l
0.75
0.059
0.061
0.064
0.066
0.069
0.073
0.077
0.080
0.082
0.085
0.089
0.093
0.098
0.105
1.00
0.071
0.073
0.075
0.077
0.080
0.083
0.087
0.089
0.091
0.094
0.097
0.100
0.104
0.110
1.25
0.079
0.081
0.083
0.085
0.088
0.090
0.093
0.095
0.097
0.099
0.102
0.104
0.108
0.113
1.50
0.085
0.087
0.089
0.091
0.093
0.095
0.098
0.100
0.101
0.103
0.105
0.108
0.111
0.115
1.75
0.090
0.092
0.093
0.095
0.097
0.099
0.101
0.103
0.104
0.106
0.108
0.110
0.113
0.116
2.00
0.094
0.095
0.097
0.098
0.100
0.102
0.104
0.105
0.107
0.109
0.111
0.113
0.115
0.117
Wall support condition B
h/l
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.30
0.024
0.025
0.027
0.028
0.030
0.031
0.034
0.035
0.037
0.039
0.043
0.047
0.052
0.060
0.50
0.035
0.036
0.037
0.039
0.042
0.044
0.047
0.049
0.051
0.053
0.056
0.059
0.063
0.069
4 Walls having an h/l ratio of more than 2.0 will tend to span horizontally.
5 Data based on tables presented in Concrete masonry designers handbook 4.
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.30
0.020
0.021
0.022
0.023
0.024
0.025
0.027
0.029
0.030
0.032
0.034
0.037
0.041
0.046
0.50
0.028
0.029
0.031
0.032
0.034
0.035
0.038
0.039
0.040
0.042
0.043
0.046
0.048
0.052
0.75
0.037
0.038
0.039
0.040
0.041
0.043
0.044
0.045
0.046
0.048
0.049
0.051
0.053
0.055
1.00
0.042
0.043
0.043
0.044
0.046
0.047
0.048
0.049
0.050
0.051
0.052
0.053
0.055
0.057
1.25
0.045
0.046
0.047
0.048
0.049
0.050
0.051
0.052
0.052
0.053
0.054
0.055
0.056
0.058
1.50
0.048
0.048
0.049
0.050
0.051
0.052
0.053
0.053
0.054
0.054
0.055
0.056
0.057
0.059
1.75
0.050
0.050
0.051
0.051
0.052
0.053
0.054
0.054
0.055
0.056
0.056
0.057
0.058
0.059
2.00
0.051
0.052
0.052
0.053
0.053
0.054
0.055
0.055
0.056
0.057
0.058
0.059
0.059
0.060
0.75
0.029
0.031
0.032
0.033
0.035
0.037
0.039
0.040
0.041
0.043
0.044
0.046
0.049
0.053
1.00
0.035
0.036
0.038
0.039
0.040
0.042
0.043
0.044
0.046
0.047
0.048
0.050
0.052
0.055
1.25
0.040
0.040
0.041
0.043
0.044
0.045
0.047
0.048
0.049
0.050
0.051
0.052
0.054
0.056
1.50
0.043
0.043
0.044
0.045
0.046
0.048
0.049
0.050
0.051
0.052
0.053
0.054
0.055
0.057
1.75
0.045
0.046
0.047
0.047
0.048
0.050
0.051
0.051
0.052
0.053
0.054
0.055
0.056
0.058
2.00
0.047
0.048
0.048
0.049
0.050
0.051
0.052
0.053
0.053
0.054
0.055
0.056
0.057
0.059
Wall support condition D
h/l
0.75
0.046
0.047
0.049
0.051
0.053
0.055
0.057
0.059
0.061
0.062
0.065
0.067
0.070
0.074
1.00
0.053
0.055
0.056
0.058
0.059
0.061
0.063
0.065
0.066
0.068
0.069
0.071
0.074
0.077
1.25
0.059
0.060
0.061
0.062
0.064
0.066
0.067
0.068
0.070
0.071
0.072
0.074
0.076
0.079
1.50
0.062
0.063
0.065
0.066
0.067
0.069
0.070
0.071
0.072
0.073
0.074
0.076
0.078
0.080
1.75
0.065
0.066
0.067
0.068
0.069
0.071
0.072
0.073
0.074
0.075
0.076
0.077
0.079
0.081
2.00
0.068
0.068
0.069
0.070
0.071
0.072
0.074
0.074
0.075
0.077
0.078
0.079
0.080
0.082
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.30
0.013
0.014
0.015
0.016
0.017
0.018
0.020
0.022
0.023
0.025
0.027
0.030
0.034
0.041
0.50
0.021
0.022
0.023
0.025
0.026
0.028
0.031
0.032
0.034
0.035
0.038
0.040
0.043
0.048
Wall support condition I
h/l
Wall support condition E
h/l
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.30
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
0.008
0.009
0.010
0.011
0.012
0.014
0.017
0.018
0.020
0.023
0.026
0.032
0.039
0.054
0.018
0.019
0.021
0.023
0.025
0.028
0.032
0.035
0.038
0.042
0.046
0.053
0.062
0.076
0.030
0.032
0.035
0.037
0.040
0.044
0.049
0.052
0.055
0.059
0.064
0.070
0.078
0.090
0.042
0.044
0.046
0.049
0.053
0.057
0.062
0.064
0.068
0.071
0.076
0.081
0.088
0.098
0.051
0.054
0.056
0.059
0.062
0.066
0.071
0.074
0.077
0.080
0.084
0.089
0.095
0.103
0.059
0.062
0.064
0.067
0.070
0.074
0.078
0.081
0.083
0.087
0.090
0.094
0.100
0.107
0.066
0.068
0.071
0.073
0.076
0.080
0.084
0.086
0.089
0.091
0.095
0.098
0.103
0.109
0.071
0.074
0.076
0.078
0.081
0.085
0.088
0.090
0.093
0.096
0.099
0.103
0.106
0.110
0.30
0.008
0.008
0.009
0.010
0.011
0.013
0.015
0.016
0.018
0.020
0.023
0.027
0.032
0.043
0.50
0.016
0.017
0.018
0.020
0.022
0.024
0.027
0.029
0.031
0.034
0.037
0.042
0.048
0.057
0.75
0.026
0.027
0.029
0.031
0.033
0.036
0.039
0.041
0.044
0.046
0.049
0.053
0.058
0.066
1.00
0.034
0.036
0.037
0.039
0.042
0.044
0.048
0.050
0.052
0.054
0.057
0.060
0.064
0.070
1.25
0.041
0.042
0.044
0.046
0.048
0.051
0.054
0.055
0.057
0.060
0.062
0.065
0.068
0.073
1.50
0.046
0.048
0.049
0.051
0.053
0.056
0.058
0.060
0.062
0.063
0.066
0.068
0.071
0.075
1.75
0.051
0.052
0.054
0.055
0.057
0.059
0.062
0.063
0.065
0.066
0.068
0.070
0.073
0.077
2.00
0.054
0.055
0.057
0.058
0.060
0.062
0.064
0.066
0.067
0.069
0.070
0.072
0.074
0.078
0.30
0.007
0.008
0.008
0.009
0.010
0.011
0.013
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.020
0.023
0.027
0.035
0.50
0.014
0.015
0.016
0.017
0.019
0.021
0.023
0.025
0.026
0.028
0.031
0.034
0.038
0.044
0.75
0.022
0.023
0.024
0.026
0.028
0.030
0.032
0.033
0.035
0.037
0.039
0.042
0.045
0.050
1.00
0.028
0.029
0.031
0.032
0.034
0.036
0.038
0.039
0.041
0.042
0.044
0.046
0.049
0.053
1.25
0.033
0.034
0.035
0.037
0.038
0.040
0.042
0.043
0.044
0.046
0.047
0.049
0.052
0.055
1.50
0.037
0.038
0.039
0.040
0.042
0.043
0.045
0.046
0.047
0.048
0.050
0.051
0.053
0.056
1.75
0.040
0.041
0.042
0.043
0.044
0.046
0.047
0.048
0.049
0.050
0.052
0.053
0.055
0.057
2.00
0.042
0.043
0.044
0.045
0.046
0.048
0.049
0.050
0.051
0.052
0.054
0.055
0.057
0.058
0.30
0.005
0.006
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.010
0.011
0.013
0.014
0.016
0.019
0.023
0.031
0.50
0.011
0.012
0.013
0.014
0.015
0.017
0.019
0.021
0.022
0.024
0.027
0.030
0.034
0.041
0.75
0.015
0.016
0.017
0.019
0.020
0.022
0.024
0.026
0.028
0.030
0.032
0.035
0.039
0.045
1.00
0.021
0.022
0.023
0.025
0.026
0.028
0.031
0.032
0.034
0.036
0.038
0.041
0.044
0.049
1.25
0.026
0.027
0.028
0.030
0.031
0.033
0.035
0.037
0.038
0.040
0.042
0.044
0.047
0.052
1.50
0.030
0.031
0.032
0.033
0.035
0.037
0.039
0.040
0.042
0.043
0.045
0.047
0.050
0.053
1.75
0.033
0.034
0.035
0.037
0.038
0.040
0.042
0.043
0.044
0.046
0.047
0.049
0.052
0.055
2.00
0.036
0.037
0.038
0.039
0.041
0.042
0.044
0.045
0.046
0.048
0.050
0.051
0.054
0.056
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.30
0.009
0.010
0.012
0.013
0.015
0.018
0.021
0.024
0.027
0.032
0.038
0.048
0.065
0.106
0.50
0.023
0.026
0.028
0.032
0.036
0.042
0.050
0.055
0.062
0.071
0.083
0.100
0.131
0.208
0.75
0.046
0.050
0.054
0.060
0.067
0.077
0.090
0.098
0.108
0.122
0.142
0.173
0.224
0.344
1.00
0.071
0.076
0.083
0.091
0.100
0.113
0.131
0.144
0.160
0.180
0.208
0.250
0.321
0.482
1.25
0.096
0.103
0.111
0.121
0.135
0.153
0.177
0.194
0.214
0.240
0.276
0.329
0.418
0.620
1.50
0.122
0.131
0.142
0.156
0.173
0.195
0.225
0.244
0.269
0.300
0.344
0.408
0.515
0.759
1.75
0.151
0.162
0.175
0.191
0.211
0.237
0.272
0.296
0.325
0.362
0.413
0.488
0.613
0.898
2.00
0.180
0.193
0.208
0.227
0.250
0.280
0.321
0.347
0.381
0.428
0.488
0.570
0.698
0.959
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.30
0.009
0.010
0.011
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.019
0.021
0.024
0.028
0.033
0.040
0.053
0.080
0.50
0.021
0.023
0.025
0.028
0.031
0.035
0.041
0.045
0.050
0.056
0.064
0.077
0.096
0.136
0.75
0.038
0.041
0.045
0.049
0.054
0.061
0.069
0.075
0.082
0.091
0.103
0.119
0.144
0.190
1.00
0.056
0.060
0.065
0.070
0.077
0.085
0.097
0.104
0.112
0.123
0.136
0.155
0.182
0.230
1.25
0.074
0.079
0.084
0.091
0.099
0.109
0.121
0.129
0.139
0.150
0.165
0.184
0.213
0.260
1.50
0.091
0.097
0.103
0.110
0.119
0.130
0.144
0.152
0.162
0.174
0.190
0.210
0.238
0.286
1.75
0.108
0.113
0.120
0.128
0.138
0.149
0.164
0.173
0.183
0.196
0.211
0.231
0.260
0.306
2.00
0.123
0.129
0.136
0.145
0.155
0.167
0.182
0.191
0.202
0.217
0.234
0.253
0.279
0.317
0.75
0.029
0.032
0.034
0.038
0.042
0.048
0.055
0.060
0.066
0.073
0.084
0.098
0.121
0.164
1.00
0.044
0.047
0.051
0.056
0.061
0.068
0.078
0.084
0.092
0.101
0.114
0.131
0.156
0.204
1.25
0.059
0.063
0.067
0.073
0.080
0.089
0.100
0.108
0.116
0.127
0.141
0.159
0.186
0.235
1.50
0.073
0.078
0.084
0.090
0.098
0.108
0.121
0.129
0.138
0.150
0.165
0.184
0.212
0.260
1.75
0.088
0.093
0.099
0.106
0.115
0.126
0.139
0.148
0.158
0.170
0.185
0.205
0.233
0.281
2.00
0.102
0.107
0.114
0.122
0.131
0.142
0.157
0.165
0.176
0.190
0.206
0.226
0.252
0.292
Wall support condition L
h/l
Wall support condition H
h/l
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.50
0.009
0.010
0.010
0.011
0.013
0.014
0.016
0.017
0.019
0.021
0.023
0.026
0.031
0.038
Wall support condition K
h/l
Wall support condition G
h/l
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.30
0.004
0.004
0.005
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.010
0.011
0.013
0.016
0.020
0.027
Wall support condition J
h/l
Wall support condition F
h/l
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.75
0.018
0.019
0.020
0.022
0.024
0.025
0.028
0.029
0.031
0.033
0.035
0.038
0.042
0.047
1.00
0.024
0.025
0.027
0.028
0.030
0.032
0.034
0.036
0.037
0.039
0.041
0.043
0.047
0.051
1.25
0.029
0.030
0.032
0.033
0.035
0.036
0.039
0.040
0.041
0.043
0.045
0.047
0.050
0.053
1.50
0.033
0.034
0.035
0.037
0.038
0.040
0.042
0.043
0.044
0.046
0.047
0.049
0.052
0.055
1.75
0.036
0.037
0.038
0.040
0.041
0.043
0.045
0.046
0.047
0.048
0.049
0.051
0.053
0.056
2.00
0.039
0.040
0.041
0.042
0.043
0.045
0.047
0.047
0.049
0.051
0.052
0.053
0.054
0.056
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.30
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.010
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.021
0.025
0.031
0.041
0.064
0.50
0.015
0.017
0.018
0.021
0.023
0.027
0.032
0.035
0.039
0.044
0.052
0.061
0.078
0.114
The arch rise, r, is given by:

r = 0.9t da
where
da = deflection of the arch under design load
If the length to thickness ratio is 25 or less, da may be taken as zero.
The maximum design arch thrust per unit length of wall, Nad, may be
determined from:
t
Nad = 1.5fd
10
Figure 3
Limiting height and length to thickness ratios of walls restrained at
the bottom, the top and one vertical edge
80
70
qlat,d = fd
( lt )
where
fd = design compressive strength of the masonry in the direction
of the arch thrust (BS EN 199611 Cl. 3.6.1)
la = length or height of wall between supports capable of
resisting the arch thrust
Note the following:
The slenderness ratio should not exceed 20.
The design value of vertical stress should not be less than 0.1 N/mm2.
Any dpc must be capable of transmitting the horizontal forces.
Shear strength of masonry
60
Ratio h/t
Where the deflection is small the lateral strength, qlat,d, is given by the
following:
50
The characteristic shear strength of masonry is a function of the

characteristic initial shear strength of the masonry and the design
compressive stress orthogonal to the shear plane being considered.
The values of the initial shear strength of masonry are given in table
NA.6 and shown in Table 3.
40
30
Permissible range
20
10
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Ratio l/t
Key
Simply supported
Figure 4
Limiting height and length to thickness ratios of walls restrained at
the vertical edges and at the bottom edge, but not the top edge
80
fvk = 0.5fvko + 0.4 sd 0.045fb

where
fvk = characteristic shear strength of masonry
fvko = characteristic initial shear strength of masonry, under zero
compressive stress
sd = design compressive stress perpendicular to the shear in
the member at the level under consideration, using the
appropriate load combination based on the average
Table 3
70
Values of the initial shear strength of masonry, fvko
60
Ratio h/t
The characteristic shear strength is given by the following

relationships:
For fully filled mortar joints: fvk = fvko + 0.4 sd 0.065fb
For unfilled perpend joints, units abutting:
Masonry units
50
40
30
Permissible range
Clay
20
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Ratio l/t
M12
0.30
General
purpose
mortar
Calcium silicate
M2
0.10
M12
0.20
M4 & M6 0.15
M2
Key
Initial shear strength fvko (N /mm2)
M4 & M6 0.20
10
0
Strength
class of
general
purpose
mortar
Simply supported
Thin layer
Lightmortar (bed
weight
joint 0.5 mm mortar
and 3 mm)
0.30
0.15
0.40
0.15
0.30
0.15
0.10
Aggregate concrete,
M12
0.20
autoclaved aerated
concrete, manufactured M4 & M6 0.15
stone and dimensioned
M2
0.10
natural stone
vertical stress over the compressed part of the wall that is

providing shear resistance
fb = normalized compressive strength of the masonry units
(as described in Cl.3.1.2.1 of BS EN 199611) for the
direction of application of the load on the test specimens
being perpendicular to the bed face
For shell bedded masonry in which two or more equal strips of general
purpose mortar are used, each at least 30 mm wide, the following
relationship may be used:
g
fvk =
f + 0.4sd
t vko
but not greater than the value above for unfilled perpends.
where
g = total of the widths of the mortar strips
t = the thickness of the wall
The applied shear force, VEd, should be less than the shear resistance
of the wall, VRd, where
VRd = fvd t lc
Table 4
Value of tch,v, the maximum depth of a vertical chase or recess allowed
without calculation calculation
Thickness
of singleleaf wall or
loaded leaf
of a cavity
wall (mm)
Chases and recesses

formed after construction
of masonry
Chases and recesses formed

during construction of
masonry
tch,v (mm)
Min. wall
thickness
after chase
formed (mm)
Maximum
width (mm)
Maximum
width (mm)
75 89
30
75
60
300
90 115
30
100
70
300
116 175
30
125
90
300
176 225
30
150
140
300
226 300
30
175
175
300
30
200
215
300
> 300
Notes
1 T he maximum depth of the recess or chase should include the depth of any hole
reached when forming the recess or chase.
2 V
ertical chases which do not extend more than one third of the storey height
above floor level may have a depth up to 80 mm and a width up to 120 mm, if
the thickness of the wall is 225 mm or more.
3 T he horizontal distance between adjacent chases or between a chase and a
recess or an opening should not be less than 225 mm.
4 T he horizontal distance between any two adjacent recesses, whether they occur
on the same side or on opposite sides of the wall, or between a recess and an
opening, should not be less than twice the width of the wider of the two
recesses.
where
fvd = design value of the shear strength ( fvk /gM)
lc = length of wall under compression
Effect of chases
Eurocode 6 requires that chases and recesses should not impair the
stability of all walls, whether designed for vertical or lateral actions, and
provides guidance on the value of the depth of a vertical chase, tch,v , at
which the reduction in performance (vertical, shear and flexural) may
be neglected. Similarly, limits for horizontal and inclined chases, tch,h , are
also provided, but there is an overriding requirement that such chases
should be positioned above or below a floor within of the clear height
of the wall. It is also a requirement for horizontal and inclined chases that
the eccentricity in the region of the chase is less than t/3, where t is the
thickness of the wall.
The values for the maximum depth of vertical chases and recesses
allowed without calculation, tch,v , are given in table NA.11 and shown
in Table 4.
The values for the maximum depth of a horizontal or inclined chase
allowed without calculation, tch,h, are given in table NA.12 and shown
in Table 5.
Table 5
Value of tch,h , the maximum depth of a horizontal or inclined chase
allowed without calculation
Thickness of singleleaf wall or loaded
leaf of a cavity wall
(mm)
Unlimited chase
length (mm)
Limited chase length

1250 (mm)
75 115
116 175
15
176 225
10
20
226 300
15
25
20
30
> 300
tch,h
Notes
1 T he maximum depth of the chase should include the depth of any hole reached
when forming the chase.
2 T he horizontal distance between the end of a chase and an opening should not
be less than 500 mm.
3 T he horizontal distance between adjacent chases of limited length, whether they
occur on the same side or on opposite sides of the wall, should be not less than
twice the length of the longest chase.
5 T he cumulative width of vertical chases and recesses should not exceed 0.13
times the length of the wall.
4 In walls of thickness greater than 175 mm, the permitted depth of the chase
may be increased by 10 mm if the chase is machine cut accurately to the
required depth. If machine cuts are used, chases up to 10 mm deep may be cut
in both sides of walls of thickness not less than 225 mm.
6 The minimum thickness of load bearing masonry is 90 mm.
5 The width of chase should not exceed half the residual thickness of the wall.
Selected symbols
Symbol Definition
Symbol Definition
da
Deflection of an arch under design load
lc
Length of the compressed part of a wall
fb
Normalised mean compressive strength of a masonry unit.
MEd
Design value of moment applied
fd
Design compressive strength of masonry in the direction being

considered
MRd
Design value of moment of resistance
fvd
Design shear strength of masonry
Nad
The maximum design arch thrust per unit length of wall
fk
Characteristic compressive strength of masonry
q lat,d
Design lateral strength per unit area of wall
fvk
Characteristic shear strength of masonry
Arch rise
fvko
Characteristic initial shear strength of masonry, under zero

compressive stress
Thickness of the wall
tch,v
Maximum depth of vertical chases or recesses without calculation
fxk1
Characteristic flexural strength of masonry having the plane of

failure parallel to the bed joints
tch,h
Maximum depth of a horizontal or inclined chase
fxk2
Characteristic flexural strength of masonry having the plane of

failure perpendicular to the bed joints
WEd
Design lateral load per unit area
Elastic section modulus of a unit height or length of the wall
Total of the widths of the mortar strips
a1, 2
Bending moment coefficients
Clear height of a masonry wall

gM
Length of a wall (between other walls, between a wall and an

opening, or between openings)
Partial factor for materials, including uncertainties about geometry

and modelling
Length or height of wall between supports capable of resisting the

arch thrust
sd
Design compressive strength
la
Orthogonal ratio of the flexural strengths of masonry
References
1
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 1996: Eurocode 6 Design of masonry structures. BSI (4 parts). Including their NAs.
ROBERTS, J J. & BROOKER, O. How to design masonry structures to Eurocode 6: Introduction to Eurocode 6. The Concrete Centre, 2013.
ROBERTS, J J. & BROOKER, O. How to design masonry structures to Eurocode 6: Vertical resistance. The Concrete Centre, 2013.
ROBERTS, J J, Tovey, A K & Fried, A. Concrete masonry designer's handbook. Taylor & Francis, 2001.
MCKENZIE, W M C. Design of structural masonry. Palgrave Macmillan, 2001.
KENNEDY, G & GOODCHILD, C. Practical yield line design. The Concrete Centre, 2004.
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 7727: Methods of test for masonry units Determination of water absorption of clay masonry damp proof
course units by boiling in water. BSI, 1999.
Acknowledgements



Ref: TCC/03/37. ISBN 978-1-904818-58-8

First published December 2007
Price Group M


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Eurocode 6 - Introduction

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Eurocode 6 - Introduction

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How to design masonry structures using Eurocode 6

The Concrete Centre (and, originally, The Modern

How to design masonry structures using Eurocode 6

Scope of Part 11 of Eurocode 6

Scope of Part 12 of Eurocode 6

Scope of Part 2 of Eurocode 6

Scope of Part 3 of Eurocode 6

Partial factors for materials

This Published Document contains non-contradictory complementary

There are European Standards that support Eurocode 6, and

The Eurocodes use the term action to refer to a set of forces,

The Standards that support the use of masonry in Eurocode 6 are

determining the compressive strength of masonry units11.

There are a number of combinations of actions that are described

Class 2 of execution control is not considered appropriate for reinforced masonry

provided the ultimate limit state is satisfied, no checks for the

gQ,1 c0,1 Qk,1 gQ,i c0,i Qk,i

gQ,i c0,i Qk,i

Imposed loads in buildings (see BS EN 199111)

Category B: office areas

Category C: congregation areas

i to enhance the lateral strength of the masonry panel,

Category D: shopping areas

ii to limit or control shrinkage or expansion of the masonry,

Category E: storage areas

Category F: traffic area, vehicle weight < 30 kN

Category G: traffic area, 30 kN < vehicle weight < 160 kN

can be considered to be unreinforced masonry for the purpose of class of execution

Snow loads on buildings (see BS EN 19913)

For sites located at altitude H > 1000 m above sea level

For sites located at altitude H < 1000 m above sea level

Wind loads on buildings (see BS EN 199115)

a See also 199111: Cl 3.3.2

How to design masonry structures using Eurocode 6

0.925 x 1.35 Gka 1.0 Gka

For designed mortars, the compressive strength of the mortar provides

Structural fire design

Quality of masonry units and appropriate mortar designations

Calcium silicate units

Aggregate concrete bricks

Without or with freezing:

Without or with freezing:

Without or with freezing:

Compressive strength class 20

As Notes 4A, 4B, 4C or 4Dc.

A Work below or near external ground level

Without freezing: LD F0 and S0 or HD: F0,

A2 High risk of saturation

HD F1 or F2, and S1 and S2 in M12 or M6

Compressive strength class 20

Compressive strength 16.5 N/mm2

A3 High risk of saturation

Compressive strength class 20

Compressive strength 22 N/mm2

D.P.C units, max. water absorption 4.5% in M12fg

B2 In external works

D.P.C. units, max. water absorption 7 % in

Compressive strength class 20

C2 High risk of saturation

Compressive strength class 20

Compressive strength class 20

LD F0 and S0 or HD: F0, F1 or F2 and S0, S1

Compressive strength class 20

Compressive strength 7.3 N/mm2

A2 High risk of saturation

A3 High risk of saturation

B2 In external works

C2 High risk of saturation

H1 Unrendered with low risk

H2 Unrendered with high risk