Chapter 1

Introduction
Raspberry Pi is a credit-card sized PC fabricated and planned in the United Kingdom by
the Raspberry Pi establishment with the aim of showing essential software engineering to
class understudies and each other individual keen on PC equipment, programming and
DIY-Do-it Yourself ventures.
These organizations offer the Raspberry Pi on the web. Egoman produces a variant for
dispersion exclusively in China and Taiwan, which can be recognized from different Pis
by their red shading and absence of FCC/CE stamps. The equipment is the same over all
producers.
The Raspberry Pi has a Broadcom BCM2835 framework on a chip (SoC), which
incorporates an ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz processor, VideoCore IV GPU and was
initially dispatched with 256 megabytes of RAM, later overhauled (Model B and Model
B+) to 512 MB. It does exclude an implicit hard plate or strong state drive, however it
utilizes a SD card for booting and constant stockpiling, with the Model B+ utilizing a
MicroSD.
The Foundation gives Debian and Arch Linux ARM appropriations for download.
Devices are accessible for Python as the fundamental programming dialect, with backing
for BBC BASIC (by means of the RISC OS picture or the Brandy Basic clone for Linux),
C, Java and Perl.

Chapter 2
History of Computers
2.1 A brief history of ultra-cheap and small computers:

PCs were exceptionally costly amid the 1950's. PCs of that time were utilized as a part of
climate anticipating, plotting estimations of logarithmic capacities and other complex
counts. They were tremendous machines with practically zero working frameworks. They
required devoted aerated and cooled rooms and extraordinary prepared administrators.
Illustrations of these incorporate the ENIAC, the ZUSE Z3 and so on. At that point
vacuum tubes were supplanted by bipolar transistors, which made those tremendous
machines somewhat littler. The innovation of Integrated Circuit(IC) gave PCs a
tremendous jump as far as figuring force and a premise for PCs.
In those days compact PCs were accessible which were basically finance machines or had
other committed applications. The greater part of them was utilized for single reason, for
example, printing bills, as mini-computers, advanced journals and so forth.
Mac discharged Lisa in 1983 and denoted another point ever. Interestingly a Graphical
User Interface (GUI) was presented in a PC that was modest and most little organizations
could bear. Microsoft attempted the same thing and discharged DOS which was a gigantic
accomplishment for the IBM PC. Presently individuals could bear the cost of their own
PC for their home. IBM PC started a huge blast of PCs. Individuals began purchasing PCs
for their homes and workplaces more than ever. Presently children could play
amusements on them; grown-ups could do their spreadsheets and so forth. Raspberry pi
2 is the latest version of raspberry pi
Amid the decade of 80's, the coming of portable workstations or scratch pad PCs began.
Numerous organizations and merchants discharged the then compact PCs which were the
premise for the cutting edge portable PCs. The main mass-created chip based compact PC
was the Osborne 1 in 1981, which utilized the CP/M working framework. At that point
inside of a couple of years, in 1986, Toshiba discharged the T1100, which they depicted
as the "world's first mass-market Tablet".

Figure 1: Osborne 1 Computer

Figure 2: Toshiba T1100

As innovation enhanced amid the 1990s, the handiness and ubiquity of portable PCs
expanded. Correspondingly costs went down. A few advancements particular to portable
workstations such as enhanced battery innovation, power sparing processors, enhanced
Liquid Crystal Displays, enhanced capacity and so forth were immediately actualized,
enhancing ease of use and execution.

2.2 History of Embedded Devices

In the soonest years of PCs in the 193040s, PCs were now and then devoted to a solitary
undertaking, yet were very substantial and costly for most sorts of errands performed by
installed PCs of today. After some time in any case, the idea of programmable controllers
advanced from conventional electromechanical sequencers, through strong state gadgets,
to the utilization of PC innovation.
One of the primary conspicuously cutting edge installed frameworks was the Apollo
Guidance Computer, created by Charles Stark Draper at the MIT Instrumentation
Laboratory. At the undertaking's origin, the Apollo direction PC was viewed as the most
dangerous thing in the Apollo venture as it utilized the then recently created solid
coordinated circuits to lessen the size and weight. An early mass-delivered implanted
framework was the Autonetics D-17 direction PC for the Minuteman rocket, discharged
in 1961. It was worked from transistor rationale and had a hard plate for primary memory.
At the point when the Minuteman II went into generation in 1966, the D-17 was
supplanted with another PC that was the primary high-volume utilization of coordinated
3

circuits. This system alone lessened costs on quad NAND door ICs from $1000/each to
$3/each, allowing their utilization in business items.
Subsequent to these early applications in the 1960s, installed frameworks have descended
in cost and there has been an emotional ascent in handling force and usefulness. The
primary microchip for instance, the Intel 4004, was intended for number crunchers and
other little frameworks yet required numerous outer memory and bolster chips. In 1978
National

Engineering

Manufacturers

Association

discharged

"standard"

for

programmable microcontrollers, including any PC based controllers, for example, single

board PCs, numerical, and occasion based controllers.
As the expense of microchips and microcontrollers fell it got to be plausible to supplant
costly handle based simple parts, for example, potentiometers and variable capacitors
with up/down catches or handles read out by a chip even in some customer items. By the
mid-1980s, a large portion of the regular already outside framework segments had been
incorporated into the same chip as the processor and this cutting edge type of the
microcontroller permitted a considerably more far reaching use, which before the
decade's over were the standard as opposed to the special case for all hardware gadgets.
The mix of microcontrollers has further expanded the applications for which inserted
frameworks are utilized into territories where customarily a PC would not have been
considered. A broadly useful and relatively minimal effort microcontroller might
frequently be modified to satisfy the same part as an extensive number of discrete
segments. In spite of the fact that in this connection an installed framework is typically
more perplexing than a conventional arrangement, a large portion of the unpredictability
is contained inside of the microcontroller itself. Not very many extra parts might be
required and the vast majority of the configuration exertion is in the product. The
impalpable way of programming makes it much less demanding to model and test new
updates contrasted and the configuration and development of another circuit not utilizing
an installed processor.

Chapter 3
Inception of Raspberry Pi
3.1 The Idea to create the Raspberry Pi
The thought behind a small and reasonable PC for children came in 2006, when Eben
Upton, Rob Mullins, Jack Lang and Alan Mycroft, based at the University of Cambridge's
Computer Laboratory, got to be worried about the year-on-year decrease in the numbers
and abilities levels of the A Level understudies applying to peruse Computer Science.
From a circumstance in the 1990s where the vast majority of the children applying were
coming to meet as experienced specialist software engineers, the scene in the 2000s was
altogether different; an ordinary candidate may just have done a little web plan.
Something had changed the way children were associating with PCs. Various issues were
recognized: greater part of educational programs with lessons on utilizing Word and
Excel, or composing site pages; the end of the website blast; and the ascent of the home
PC and diversions console to supplant the Amigas, BBC Micros, Spectrum ZX and
Commodore 64 machines that individuals of a prior era figured out how to program on.

Figure 3: A complete Commodore 64 System

There isn't much any little gathering of individuals can do to address issues like a lacking
school educational programs or the end of a money related air pocket. However, those
understudies felt that they could attempt to take care of the circumstance where PCs had
turned out to be so costly and arcane that programming experimentation on them must be
taboo by folks; and to discover a stage that, similar to those old home PCs, could boot
into a programming situation. In this manner came the thought of making the gadget
which children could purchase and learn programming or equipment on The Raspberry
Pi.

3.2 Initial Design Considerations

From 2006 to 2008 they made numerous plans and models of what we now know as the
Raspberry Pi. One of the most punctual models is demonstrated as follows:

Figure 4: One of the earliest prototype of the Pi

These loads up utilize an Atmel ATmega644 microcontroller timed at 22.1MHz, and a

512K SRAM for information and casing cushion stockpiling.
By 2008, processors intended for cell phones were turning out to be more reasonable, and
sufficiently effective to give fabulous sight and sound, an element which would make the
board alluring to children who wouldn't at first be occupied with a simply programmingfocused gadget. The undertaking began to look extremely feasible and attainable. Eben
(now a chip draftsman at Broadcom), Rob, Jack and Alan, collaborated with Pete Lomas,
MD of equipment outline and fabricate organization Norcott Technologies, and David
Braben, co-creator of the BBC Micro amusement Elite, to frame the Raspberry Pi
Foundation to make it a reality. After three years, the Raspberry Pi Model B entered large
scale manufacturing through authorized production manages Element 14/Premier Farnell
and RS Electronics, and inside of two years it had sold more than two million units

Chapter 4
Hardware
4.1 Hardware Layout

Figure 5: Block Diagram of Raspberry Pi

4.2 A brief description of the components on the Pi.

1) Processor / SoC (System on Chip)
The Raspberry Pi has a Broadcom BCM2835 System on Chip module. It has an
ARM1176JZF-S processor
The Broadcom SoC utilized as a part of the Raspberry Pi is equal to a chip utilized as a
part of an old cell phone (Android or iPhone). While working at 700 MHz naturally, the
Raspberry Pi gives a certifiable execution generally equal to the 0.041 GFLOPS. On the
CPU level the execution is like a 300 MHz Pentium II of 1997-1999, yet the GPU, in any
case, gives 1 Gpixel/s, 1.5 Gtexel/s or 24 GFLOPS of universally useful process and the
design abilities of the Raspberry Pi are generally identical to the level of execution of the
Xbox of 2001. The Raspberry Pi chip working at 700 MHz as a matter of course, won't
get to be sufficiently hot to require a heat sink or uncommon cooling.
2) Power source
The Pi is a device which consumes 700mA or 3W or power. It is powered by a
MicroUSB charger or the GPIO header. Any good smartphone charger will do the
work of powering the Pi.
3) SD Card
The Raspberry Pi does not have any onboard storage available. The operating
system is loaded on a SD card which is inserted on the SD card slot on the
Raspberry Pi. The operating system can be loaded on the card using a card reader
on any computer.
4) GPIO
GPIO General Purpose Input Output
General-purpose input/output (GPIO) is a generic pin on an integrated circuit
whose behaviour, including whether it is an input or output pin, can be controlled
by the user at run time.
GPIO pins have no special purpose defined, and go unused by default. The idea is
that sometimes the system designer building a full system that uses the chip might
find it useful to have a handful of additional digital control lines, and having these

1raspberry-pi-2-india

5) RCA Video
RCA Video outputs (PAL and NTSC) are available on all models of Raspberry Pi.
Any television or screen with a RCA jack can be connected with the RPi.

Memory

256 MB

(shared 512 MB (shared with GPU) as of 15 October

10

(SDRAM):

with GPU)

USB 2.0 ports:

(direct

2012
from 2 (via the on-board 4 (via the on-board 5-

BCM2835 chip)
Video input:

3-port USB hub)

port USB hub)

15-pin MIPIcamera interface (CSI) connector, used with the

Raspberry Pi Camera Addon.

Video outputs:

Composite RCA (PAL and NTSC) in model B+ via 4-pole 3.5 mm

jack, HDMI (rev 1.3 & 1.4), raw LCD Panels via DS
Table 1 Specifications

11