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DEEP GRAMMAR AND SURFACE GRAMMAR

NAME: IRAM SHEHZADI

ROLL NO: 12081502-005

Systemic functional linguistics


Systemic functional linguistics (SFL) is an approach to linguistics that
considers language as a social semiotic system. It was developed by Michael
Halliday, who took the notion of system from his teacher, J. R. Firth.
SFL is a theory of language centered around the notion of language function.
(what language does ,and how it does it)
Words can be arranged in many ways as
there are many ways to arrange words.

Introduction of transformational generative grammar


In linguistics, a transformational grammar, or transformational-generative
grammar (TGG), is a generative grammar, especially of a natural language, that
has been developed in a Chomsky tradition. Additionally, transformational
grammar is the Chomsky tradition that gives rise to specific transformational
grammars. Much current research in transformational grammar is inspired by
Chomskys. In 1957 Chomsky developed transformational generative grammar to
replace linear finite state grammar (left to right grammar).A system of language
analysis that recognizes the relationship among the various elements of a sentence
and among the possible sentences of a language and uses processes or rules to
express this relationship.
Transformational grammar or transformational generative grammar, a generative
grammar, especially of a natural language, that has been developed in the Chomsky
a tradition of phrase structure grammars. Chomsky grammar is a generative
grammar of the transformational type. He means that among the rule s are those for
transforming one type of sentence into another (affirmative into negative, simple
into compound or complex, and so forth).

DEEP GRAMMAR AND SURFACE GRAMMAR

TRANSFORMATIONAL GENERATIVE GRAMMAR


PHARASE STRUCTURE

Lexical component Deep structure

Transformations

Surface structure Morphological rules

Sentence

It is a theory of grammar that accounts for the construction of a language by


linguistics transformations and phrase structure.in transformational grammar, the
term rule is used not for a precept set down by an external authority but for a
principle that is unconsciously yet regularly followed in the production and
interpretation of sentences. A rule is a direction for forming a sentence or a part of
a sentence, which has been internalized by the native speaker.
Halliday concepts
Systemic functional grammar (SF grammar) or systemic functional linguistics
(SFL) is a grammatical description developed by M. A. K. Halliday (1925 - ). It
was developed as the result of inheritance and borrowing of predecessors
achievements, such as Saussure, Malinowski, J.R. Firth and the American
anthropological linguists Boas, Sapir and Whorf. Systemic functional grammar is

DEEP GRAMMAR AND SURFACE GRAMMAR

concerned with how people use language and how language is structured for use.
That is to say, functional grammar is based on a view of how language functions as
a system of human communication, but not as rules. It sets out to investigate what
the range of relevant choices are, both in the kinds of meaning that we want to
express (or functions that we might want to perform) and in the kinds of wordings
that we can use to express these meanings; and to match these two sets of choices.

NAME: FATIMA IQBAL

ROLL NO: 12081502-015

DEEP GRAMMAR AND SURFACE GRAMMAR

Introduction of Deep grammar and surface grammar


Deep structure and surface structure are concepts used in linguistics, specifically
in the study of syntax in the Chomskyian tradition of transformational generative
grammar.
The deep structure of a linguistic expression is a theoretical construct that seeks to
unify several related structures. For example, the sentences "Pat loves Chris" and
"Chris is loved by Pat" mean roughly the same thing and use similar words. Some
linguists, Chomsky in particular, have tried to account for this similarity by
positing that these two sentences are distinct surface forms that derive from a
common deep structure.
In 1957, Noam Chomsky published Syntactic Structures, in which he developed
the idea that each sentence in a language has two levels of representation
a structure and a structure. The deep structure represented the core semantic
relations of a sentence, and was mapped on to the surface structure (which
followed the phonological form of the sentence very closely) via transformations.
Chomsky believed that there would be considerable similarities between languages'
deep structures, and that these structures would reveal properties, common to all
languages, which were concealed by their surface structures.
Deep and surface structure
D-structure is an abstract representation of a sentence.It can represented in
the form of a hierarchical tree diagram, or phrase structure tree, depicting the
abstract grammatical relationships between the words and the phrases within
a sentence.
S-structure corresponds to the version of a sentence that can be spoken and
heard.
Surface structure are derived from deep structures by a series of transformations
Example:
The dog bit the cat. (D-structure)
The cat was bitten by the dog. (S-structure)
Where an optional transformation called passive" had applied

DEEP GRAMMAR AND SURFACE GRAMMAR

In TGG, sentences are generated by a (subconscious) set of procedures.it is part of


the mind ability.
The goal is To figure out what we (subconsciously) know..A theory of the
linguistic intuition (unconscious knowledge) of a native speaker.
The rules in TG do not tell us how to produce language > they tell us the
ORDER in which to put words and phrases.
TGG allows us to generate an infinite number of sentences via transformations.

NAME: ASNA ZAFAR

ROLL NO: 12081502-013

DEEP GRAMMAR AND SURFACE GRAMMAR

Difference between deep and surface grammar


Syntactic structure
Deep structure and Surface structure
Deep structure
Ds is the basic structure of sentences.it is specified by the phrase structure rules.it
create the initial syntactic trees.
PS: S N VP
VP- V NP
NP-DET N
E.g of deep structure
S
NP
JOHN

VP
V

NP

LOVES MARY

TRANSFORMATIONAL RULES
TR is a syntactic rule that applies to an underlying phrase structure tree of
sentence. It derives a new structure by moving or inserting elements.
It is a way to capture the relationship between a declaration and question.
Surface structure
Surface structure is actual form a sentence.it is a form of sentences resulted
from modification / transformation. Surface structure is form of language
that is based on deep structure.
Examples

DEEP GRAMMAR AND SURFACE GRAMMAR

Same deep structure and different surface structure


you push the chair (active sentence)
The chair is pushed by you.(passive sentence)
Push the chair.(imperative sentence)
Structural vs. lexical ambiguities
John is sitting near the bank.
Meaning 1: bank=financial institution
Meaning 2: bank=slope at the side of a river
It has two meaning, which appear to be reducible to the two meaning of the word
bank.
TRANSOMATIONS Passive agent deletion
[Someone] ate the cake.
When the subject agent is not identified. We use an indefinite pronoun to fill the
slot where it would appear in the deep structure.
The cake was eaten.
In many instances. We delete the agent in passive sentences.
The cake was eaten [by someone].
T-G grammar proposes a deletion rule that eliminates the prepositional phrase
containing the subject agent. We can say, therefore, that sentence has undergone
two transformations, passive and passive agent deletion.

DEEP GRAMMAR AND SURFACE GRAMMAR

NAME: HAJRA NAZAM

ROLL NO: 12081502-010

Extrapositon
A construction (or transformation) in which a clause that acts as a subject is
moved to the end of the sentence and replaced by it in the initial position.
Example: its no use crying over spilt milk
rather then
crying over spilt milk is no use.
It has a grammatical meaning but no lexical meaning.
End-focus
It is the principle that state that the most important information in a clause or
sentence is placed at the end.
To be technically accurate, End focus is given to the last open class item or
proper noun in a clause.
Example: in a sentence, Sean Connery was born in Scotland, 'the last open
class item is the noun Scotland .by default, and it is the focus, the new piece
of information in this sentence.
Reversed wh-clefts
Reversed wh clefts have the main focus at the beginning of the first units not
at the end after be, as in regular wh clefts. Some combinations (thats
what/why/how/the way) are stereotyped.
Example: All you need is LOVE (regular wh cleft)
LOVE is all you need.(reserved wh-cleft)
Wh-movement
S-Structure
Who will john see?

D-Structure

DEEP GRAMMAR AND SURFACE GRAMMAR

John will see who.

Sentence transformation
Grammaticality-correctness in terms of grammar. It is possible for a sentence
to be both grammatical and meaningless
Colorless green ideas sleep furiously (Chomsky)
Man the bit sandwich the.
The meaning of which is fairly clear. But no native speaker would accept
as well formed.

Chomsky is clear that a generative grammar


models only the knowledge that underlies the
human ability to speak and understand.
Conclusion
We can conclude that systematic functional linguistics the approach of language
teaching consists of two grammars. There are systematic grammar and functional
grammar in systematic grammar. Language is a part of a system of society. We
cannot separate between language and society. D-structure is an abstract
representation of a sentence.It can represented in the form of a hierarchical tree
diagram, or phrase structure tree, depicting the abstract grammatical relationships
between the words and the phrases within a sentence.S-structure corresponds to the
version of a sentence that can be spoken and heard.

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DEEP GRAMMAR AND SURFACE GRAMMAR

REFERENCES

http://awinlanguage.blogspot.com/
http://www.britannica.com/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_functional_linguistics
www.isfla.org/Systemics/Bibliographies/HallidayBibilography.d
http://www.slideshare.net/

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