Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Transformations
Sentence
concerned with how people use language and how language is structured for use.
That is to say, functional grammar is based on a view of how language functions as
a system of human communication, but not as rules. It sets out to investigate what
the range of relevant choices are, both in the kinds of meaning that we want to
express (or functions that we might want to perform) and in the kinds of wordings
that we can use to express these meanings; and to match these two sets of choices.
VP
V
NP
LOVES MARY
TRANSFORMATIONAL RULES
TR is a syntactic rule that applies to an underlying phrase structure tree of
sentence. It derives a new structure by moving or inserting elements.
It is a way to capture the relationship between a declaration and question.
Surface structure
Surface structure is actual form a sentence.it is a form of sentences resulted
from modification / transformation. Surface structure is form of language
that is based on deep structure.
Examples
Extrapositon
A construction (or transformation) in which a clause that acts as a subject is
moved to the end of the sentence and replaced by it in the initial position.
Example: its no use crying over spilt milk
rather then
crying over spilt milk is no use.
It has a grammatical meaning but no lexical meaning.
End-focus
It is the principle that state that the most important information in a clause or
sentence is placed at the end.
To be technically accurate, End focus is given to the last open class item or
proper noun in a clause.
Example: in a sentence, Sean Connery was born in Scotland, 'the last open
class item is the noun Scotland .by default, and it is the focus, the new piece
of information in this sentence.
Reversed wh-clefts
Reversed wh clefts have the main focus at the beginning of the first units not
at the end after be, as in regular wh clefts. Some combinations (thats
what/why/how/the way) are stereotyped.
Example: All you need is LOVE (regular wh cleft)
LOVE is all you need.(reserved wh-cleft)
Wh-movement
S-Structure
Who will john see?
D-Structure
Sentence transformation
Grammaticality-correctness in terms of grammar. It is possible for a sentence
to be both grammatical and meaningless
Colorless green ideas sleep furiously (Chomsky)
Man the bit sandwich the.
The meaning of which is fairly clear. But no native speaker would accept
as well formed.
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REFERENCES
http://awinlanguage.blogspot.com/
http://www.britannica.com/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_functional_linguistics
www.isfla.org/Systemics/Bibliographies/HallidayBibilography.d
http://www.slideshare.net/