WATER ANALYSIS:

If water is badly polluted-- like raw sewage--- it might be obvious from its
appearance or odor.
It might be colored or turbid (cloudy), or have solids, oil or foam floating on it.
It might have a rotten odor, or smell like industrial chemicals.
A lot of dead fish floating on the surface of a lake would be a clear sign that
something was wrong.
But many harmful-- and beneficial-- materials in water are invisible and odorless.
In order to go beyond the obvious, to determine what materials are in the water,
and how much, we need to be able to conduct chemical or microbiological
analyses.
On the other hand in various kinds of industries & in our household activities we
need water always. In different types of industries need water of different
properties. These qualities are not generally visible in naked eyes. These have to
determine in analytical method. The properties are# Hardness of water
# Dissolved Oxygen in water
# Acidity & Alkalinity of water.
Water analyses are done by several methods. The most common types of
measurements are gravimetric (weighing), electrochemical (using meters with
electrodes) , optical (including visual) and using titration. Here we will use the
simplest & most common way of analytical chemistry- titration.
In the purpose of determination of the properties of different types of water we
used to do this experiments DETEREMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS OF WATER USING EBT AS
INDICATOR.
DETERMINATION OF CALCIUM IN PRESENCE OF MAGNESSUIUM
(REMOVABLE HARDNESS).
DETERMINATION OF DISSOLVE OXYGEN IN WATER.
DETERMINATION OF ACIDITY OF WATER.
DETERMINATION OF ALKALINITY OF WATER.

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT:

DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS OF WATER USING EBT (Eriochrome
Black T) AS INDICATOR
OBJECTIVE:
The main objective of this experiment is to determine the total hardness of water.
In this experiment we can also know about the EBT indicator, which is usually
used in the complex metric titration as an indicator while EDTA is used as a
titrant. Complexes are formed with the metal ions related to the hardness of
water by reacting with EDTA in the experiment. So it will help us to study about
complex ions reactions. Moreover we will use to determine hardness of water
collected from two sources. So the experiment is necessary to know about the
hardness of water of different sources & compare it scientifically.
THEORY OF THIS EXPERIMENT:
Hardness of water: Hard water is water that has a high mineral content
(water with a low mineral content is known as soft water). This content usually
consists of high levels of metal ions, mainly calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in
the form of carbonates, but may include several other metals as well as
bicarbonates and sulfates. It is not generally dangerous. The simplest way to
determine if water is hard or soft is the lather/froth test. If the water is very soft,
soap will tend to lather up easily when agitated, whereas with hard water it will
not. Toothpaste will also not froth well in hard water. More exact methods of
'hardness' detection use a wet titration method to determine hardness. Water
hardness is not an important consideration for many uses of water, like putting
out fires or watering the lawn.
Total water 'hardness' (including both Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions) is reported as
ppm w/v (or mg/L) of CaCO 3. Water hardness usually measures the total
concentration of Ca and Mg, the two most prevalent divalent metal ions, although
in some geographical locations iron, aluminium, and manganese may also be
present at elevated levels. Calcium usually enters the water from either CaCO 3,
as limestone or chalk or from mineral deposits of CaSO 4. The predominant
source of magnesium is dolomite, CaMg(CO3)2.
The deposit of calcium carbonate (also called lime, limescale, etc.) left
after hard water has evaporated from a surface is often referred to as 'hard water'
even though no water is present.
Types of hard water:
A common distinction is made between 'temporary' and 'permanent'
hardness. There are also common types of hard water depending on the ion (eg.
Mg or Ca) found in the water.
Temporary hardness
Temporary hardness is hardness that can be removed by boiling or by the
addition of lime (calcium hydroxide). It is caused by a combination of calcium
ions and bicarbonate ions in the water. Boiling, which promotes the formation of
carbonate from the bicarbonate, will precipitate calcium carbonate out of solution,
leaving water that is less hard on cooling.

It should be noted that the above explanation is an oversimplification of

the process that is occurring. The following equilibrium reaction actually happens
when calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is "dissolved" in water:
CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) = Ca2+(aq) + HCO3(aq)
Upon heating, less CO2 is able to dissolve into the water. Since there is not
enough CO2 around, the reaction cannot proceed from left to right, and therefore
the CaCO3 will not "dissolve" as readily. Instead, the reaction is forced to go from
right to left (i.e. products to reactants) to reestablish equilibrium, and solid CaCO 3
is formed. Heating water will remove hardness as long as the solid CaCO 3 that
precipitates out is removed. After cooling, if enough time passes the water will
pick up CO2 from the air and the reaction will again proceed from left to right,
allowing the CaCO3 to "redissolve" in the water.
For considerably more detail on the solubility of calcium carbonate in
water, and how it is affected by atmospheric carbon dioxide, please see the
calcium carbonate article.
Permanent hardness
Permanent hardness is hardness (mineral content) that cannot be removed by
boiling. It is usually caused by the presence of calcium and magnesium sulfates
and/or chlorides in the water, which become more soluble as the temperature
rises. Despite the name this can be removed using a water softener, or ion
exchange column.
Complexometric Titration: Total hardness is usually determined by
titrating it with a standard solution of ethylene-diammine-tetra-acetic acid, EDTA.
The EDTA is a complexion, or chelating agent used to capture the metal ions.
This causes the water to become softened, but the metal ions are not removed
from the water. EDTA simply binds the metal ions to it very tightly.
EDTA has four carboxyl groups and two amine groups that can act as
electron pair donors, or Lewis bases. The ability of EDTA to potentially donate its
six lone pairs of electrons for the formation of coordinate covalent bonds to metal
cations makes EDTA a hexadentate ligand. However, in practice EDTA is usually
only partially ionized, and thus forms fewer than six coordinate covalent bonds
with metal cations.EDTA, commonly used in the standardization of aqueous
solutions of transition metal cations, only forms four coordinate covalent bonds to
metal cations at pH values less than or equal to 12 as in this range of pH values
the amine groups remain protonated and thus unable to donate electrons to the
formation of coordinate covalent bonds.

HOO-CH2-C

CH2-COOH
:N-CH2-CH2-N:

HOO-CH2-C

CH2-COOH

In analytical chemistry the shorthand H 4Y is typically used to designate

disodium EDTA. This shorthand can be used to designate any species of EDTA.
The Y stands for the EDTA molecule and the H n designates the number of
acidic protons bonded to the EDTA molecule.
EDTA forms an octahedral complex with most 2+ metal cations in aqueous
solution. The main reason that EDTA is used so extensively in the
standardization of metal cation solutions is that the formation constant for most
metal cation-EDTA complexes is very high, meaning that the equilibrium for the
reaction:
M2+ + H4Y

MH2Y + 2H+

Lies far to the right. Carrying out the in a basic buffer solution removes H +
as it is formed, which also drives the reaction to the right. For most purposes it
can be considered that the formation of the metal cation-EDTA complex goes to
completion and this is chiefly why EDTA is used in titrations or standardizations
of this type.
To carry out metal cation titration using EDTA it is almost always
necessary to use a complexometric indicator, usually an organic dye such as
Fast Sulphon Black, Eriochrome Black T(EBT), Eriochrome Red B or Murexide,
to determine when the end point has been reached. These dyes bind to the metal
cations in solution to form colored complexes. However, since EDTA binds to
metal cations much more strongly than does the dye used as an indicator the
EDTA will displace the dye from the metal cations as it is added to the solution of
analyte. A color change in the solution being titrated indicates that all of the dye
has been displaced from the metal cations in solution, and that the endpoint has
been reached.
Eriochrome Black T(EBT) is a complexometric indicator which is used in
this titration.

Eriochrome Black T(EBT)

EBT is blue and it turns red when it forms complex with calcium,
magnesium or other metals. When it is used as an indicator in an EDTA titration
the characteristics blue end point is reached when sufficient EDTA is added and
metal ions form complexes with the EDTA instead of the eriochrome.
Buffer solutions: Buffer solutions are solutions which resist change in
hydronium ion and the hydroxide ion concentration (and consequent pH) upon
addition of small amounts of acid or base, or upon dilution. Buffer solutions
consist of a weak acid and its conjugate base (more common) or a weak base
and its conjugate acid (less common). The resistive action is the result of the
equilibrium between the weak acid (HA) and its conjugate base (A -):
HA(aq) + H2O(l) H3O(aq) + A-(aq)
APPARATUS:
Conical Flask
Pipette(50 mL)
Burette with stand
CHEMICALS:
Standard EDTA solution
Sample water(pond water & tap water)
EBT solution
Buffer solution
EXPERIMENTAL DATA:
Sample: Pond Water
No. of
Volume of
Obs.
sample
water(ml)
1
50
2
50
3
50
Sample: Tap Water
No. of Obs.
Vol. of
sample
water(ml)
1
50
2
50
3
50

Burette reading
Initial(ml) Final(ml)
0.10
6.0
12.0

6.0
12.0
17.9

Burette reading
Initial(ml) Final(ml)
0.0
16.8
33.5

CALCULATIONS:
Strength of EDTA solution= 0.01M

16.8
33.5
50.3

Volume of
EDTA(ml)

Average vol.
of EDTA(ml)

5.9
6.0
5.9

5.933

Volume of
EDTA(ml)

Average vol.
of EDTA(ml)

16.8
16.7
16.8

16.767

Sample: Pond Water

1ml 0.01M EDTA 1.00mg CaCO3

5.933ml 0.01M EDTA 1.00 15.933 mg CaCO3

= 5.933 mg CaCO3
50 ml water contains 5.933 mg CaCO3

1000 ml water contains

5.933 1000
mg CaCO3
50

=118.67 mg CaCO3
CaCO3, hardness of Pond Water in ppm =
= 118.67 ppm

5.933 1000000
mg CaCO3
50 1000

Sample: Tap Water

1ml 0.01M EDTA 1.00mg CaCO3

16.767ml 0.01M EDTA

1.00 16.767
mg CaCO3
1

=16.767 mg CaCO3
50 ml water contains 16.767 mg CaCO3

1000 ml water contains

16.767 1000
mg CaCO3
50

= 335.34 mg CaCO3
= 335.34 ppm
RESULTS:
Total hardness in sample pond water= 118.67 ppm
Total hardness in sample tap water= 335.34 ppm
DISSCUSSION:
From the above experimental evidence we can see that the hardness of
the pond water is less than that of tap water. Lakes, rivers, reservoirs,
ponds, etc., are termed surface waters. They receive water directly from
precipitation and surface run-off. These various bodies of water also
receive a portion of their total amount from underwater springs connected
with the groundwater supply. As we have seen, surface waters are
generally lower in mineral content. So it have less hardness. On the other
hand the tap water is ground water. It is full of minerals & metal ions, so
that it is too hard.
This indicator EBT is not suitable for strongly acidic solutions. So, to
maintain the condition of pH a buffer solution was added at a pH of 10
to 10.2. In this pH range the dye tends to polymerize to a red brown
product. So we must have to add a buffer solution of which is alkaline in
nature.
Hard water is not a health hazard, but it causes various problems.
For the homemaker water hardness makes home cleaning operations
more difficult.

In the laundry, hard water leaves soap curd and detergent deposits on
fabrics. This dulls colors and gives a grey or yellow appearance to white
fabrics. Also hard water soap curd clings to fabric fibers, causing threads
to become brittle and shortening the life of the material.
Hard water wastes soap and synthetic detergents.
Hard water leaves unsightly soap scum rings in the bathtub.
Hard water spots and streaks glassware and dishes.
Hard water builds up scale deposits in all water-using appliances clogs hot
water pipes.
Water hardness can be managed with powdered or liquid water softeners
or with an ion exchange softening unit.

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT:

DETERMINATION OF CALCIUM IN PRESENCE OF MAGNESIUM
OBJECTIVE:
The main objective of this experiment is to determine the amount of calcium ion
in presence of magnesium ion in water. This value is called the removable
hardness of water. In this experiment we will use Calcon indicator, which is
usually used in the complexometric titration as an indicator while EDTA is used
as a titrant. So it will help us to study about complex ions reactions and the
forming of complex may vary even for same ligand and same matel in case of
different pH.. Moreover we will use to determine removable hardness of water
collected from two sources. So the experiment is necessary to know about the
hardness of water of different sources & compare it scientifically.
THEORY OF THE EXPERIMENT:
When calcium ion is titrated with EDTA, a relatively stable calcium complex is
formed
Ca2+ + H2Y2- =

CaY2-

2H+

With calcium ion alone, no sharp end point can be obtained with solochrome
black indicator and transition form red to blue is not observed. With magnesium
ion a some what less stable complex is formed:
Mg2+ + H2Y2-

MgY2-

2H+

And the magnesium indicator complex is more stable than the calcium indicator
complex but fewer stables than magnesium EDTA complex. Consequently
during the titration of a sample of Ca 2+ and Mg2+ mixture with EDTA solution in
presence solochrome black, the EDTA reacts first with the free calcium ions, then
with the free magnesium ions, then calcium indicator complex and finally with the
magnesium indicator complex. Since the magnesium indicator complex is wine
red in color and the free indicator is blue between pH 7 to 11, the color of the
solution changes from wine red to blue at the end point.
MgD-(red)

H2Y2-

MgY2- +

HD2-(blue)

H+

If magnesium ions are not present in the solution containing calcium ions they
must require be added since they are required for the color change of the
indicator.
To determine the individual element, calcium may be evaluated by titration
using a suitable indicator as Patton and Reeders or calcon or by titration with
EGTA using Zincon as indicator. The calcon indicator with calcium form complex

with EDTA at a pH 12 and wine red in color. But magnesium colcon complex is
more stable then calcium complex at pH 12. Approximately nothing happens
when to magnesium calcon complex when EDTA is added to the solution
relatively of calcium. And the end point comes when the color is pure blue. The
chemical formula of calcon is :1-(2-Hydroxy-1-naphthylazo)-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic
acid Sodium salt.
APPARATUS:
Conical Flask
Pipette(50 mL)
Burette with stand
CHEMICALS:
Standard EDTA solution
Sample water ( Pond & Tap water)
Calcon indicator
Di-ethyl-amine as buffer
EXPERIMENTAL DATA:
Sample: Pond Water
No. of
Volume of
obs.
sample
water(ml)
1
50
2
50
3
50
Sample: Tap Water
No. of
Volume of
obs.
sample
water(ml)
1
50
2
50
3
50

Burette reading
Initial(ml) Final(ml)
0.1
4.7
9.2

4.7
9.2
13.7

Burette reading
Initial(ml) Final(ml)
0.5
10.9
21.2

10.9
21.2
31.5

Vol. of
EDTA(ml)

Avg. vol. of
EDTA(ml)

4.6
4.5
4.5

4.533

Vol. of
EDTA(ml)

Avg. vol. of
EDTA(ml)

10.4
10.3
10.3

10.333

CALCULATION:
Strength of EDTA solution= 0.01M
Sample: Pond water
1 ml 0.01M EDTA 0.4008 mg Ca2+

4.533 ml 0.01M EDTA 0.40081 4.533

= 1.817 mg Ca2+

mg Ca2+

50 ml water contains 1.817 mg Ca2+

1000 ml water remains

1.817 1000
mg Ca2+
50

= 36.34 mg Ca2+
= 36.34 ppm
Sample: Tap water
1 ml 0.01M EDTA 0.4008 mg Ca2+

10.333 ml 0.01M EDTA= 0.40081 10.33

mg Ca2+

=4.1414 mg Ca2+
50 ml water contains =4.1414 mg Ca2+

1000 ml water contains = 4.141450 1000

mg Ca2+

=82.828 mg Ca2+
= 82.828 ppm
RESULTS:
Ca2+ present in sample pond water= 36.34 ppm
Ca2+ present in sample tap water= 82.828 ppm
DISCUSSIONS:
From the above experimental evidence we can see that the hardness of
the pond water is less than that of tap water. Lakes, rivers, reservoirs,
ponds, etc., are termed surface waters. They receive water directly from
precipitation and surface run-off. These various bodies of water also
receive a portion of their total amount from underwater springs connected
with the groundwater supply. As we have seen, surface waters are
generally lower in mineral content. So it have less hardness. On the other
hand the tap water is ground water. It is full of minerals & metal ions, so
that it is too hard.
This calcon indicator is used at pH at 12 it is reasonable to recognize
properly. Here both calcium and magnesium makes a complex with the
indicator & in this pH range the complex of magnesium is more stable than
the calcium. So only calcium reacts with EDTA to form complex. This
method of making magnesium inert is called masking.
Here access indicator was added to mask the total magnesium ion.
In this experiment the pH is maintained using Di-ethyl-amine.

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT:

DETERMINATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN WATER

OBJECTIVE:
The main objective of this experiment is to determine the amount of
dissolved oxygen in water. To analysis the amount of dissolved oxygen in an
aqueous solution we should follow iodometric titration method.
THEORY OF THE EXPERIMENT:
The dissolved oxygen (DO) is oxygen that is dissolved in water. Dissolved
oxygen analysis measures the amount of gaseous oxygen (O 2) dissolved in an
aqueous solution. It helps to know about the application iodometric titration
through this analysis.
In this process oxygen is stripped out of water by reaction with excess
hydroxide (OH-) and manganese ion (Mn+2). The reaction reduces oxygen (from
0 to -2), oxidizes Mn (from +2 to +3) and forms a precipitate, Mn(OH) 3:
4Mn+2(aq) + 8OH-(aq) + O2(aq) + 2H2O(l) 4Mn(OH)3(s)
Mn in the precipitate is later reduced (from +3 to +2) in the presence of acid and
excess iodide (I-); the iodide is oxidized to iodine (I2):
4Mn(OH)3(s) + 2I-(aq) + 6H+ 2Mn+2(aq) + I2(aq) + 6H2O(l)
There is still excess iodide in the sample, and it combines with the iodine to form
tri-iodide ( I-3):
I2(aq) + I-(aq) I-3(aq)
Finally, the tri-iodide is reacted in yet another oxidation-reduction step back to
iodide, in the presence of thiosulfate ion (S 2O3-2), with the formation of
tetrathionate ion (S4O6-2):
I-3(aq) + S2O3-2(aq) 3I-(aq) + S4O6-2(aq)
The amount of oxygen in a water sample can be determined when the amount of
thiosulfate necessary to completely react all tri-iodide is known precisely. The
amount of thiosulfate is directly related to the amount of oxygen initially present;
no additional thiosulfate is added.
4 mole Na2S2O3

1 O2
41000cm3 1M Na2S2O3

1mole O2
3
1.000cm 1N Na2S2O3

0.250.00132g O2
x cm3 y N Na2S2O3

8xy mg O2
Dissolved oxygen in terms of ppm =[ amount of oxygen x Sample vol. of water
(ml)]/ sample vol. of water

CHEMICALS:
Manganous Sulphate
Alkaline Potassium Iodide
Starch
Standard Sodium Thiosulphate solution (0.01N)
EXPERIMENTAL DATA:
Sample: Pond Water
No. of
Quantity of
Burette Reading
Obs
sample
Initial (ml) Final (ml)
water(ml)
1
282
6.60
9.80
2
282
9.80
13.20
3

282

13.20

Sample: Tap Water

No. of Obs Quantity of
sample
water(ml)
1
282
2
282
3
282

Volume of
Na2S2O3 (ml)
3.20
3.40

16.50

Burette Reading
Initial (ml)

Final (ml)

15.80
17.40
19.10

17.40
19.10
20.60

Volume of
Na2S2O3
(ml)
1.6
1.7
1.5

32
mg O2
4
3.30ml 0.009N Na2S2O3 32 3.304 0.009 mg O2

= 0.2376mg O2
282ml water has 0.2376 mg O2

1000 ml water has

0.2376 1000
mg O2
282

= 0.8425 mg O2
= 0.8425ppm
For Tap Water:
32
mg O2
4
1.6ml 0.01 N Na2S2O3 32 1.64 0.009 mg O2

1 ml 1 N Na2S2O3

= 0.1152 mg O2
282ml water has 0.1152 mg O2

3.33

3.30

CALCULATION:
For Pond Water:
1 ml 1 N Na2S2O3

Avg.Vol. of
Na2S2O3
(ml)

Avg.Vol. of
Na2S2O3
(ml)
1.60

 1000 ml water has

0.1152 1000
mg O2
282

= 0.4085mg O2
= 0.4085ppm
RESULT:
The amount of dissolved oxygen in pond water = 0.8425 ppm
The amount of dissolved oxygen in tap water = 0.4085pm
DISCUSSION:
The dissolved oxygen content of the water being tested can be expected
to change with depth, turbulence, temperature, sludge deposits, light,
microbial action, mixing, travel time, and other factors. A single dissolved
oxygen test does not reflect the accurate overall condition of a body of
water. Several samples taken at different times, locations, and depths are
recommended for most reliable results. Samples must be fixed
immediately upon collection.
The nitrite ion frequently interferes with the dissolved oxygen
determination. Nitrites occur primarily in effluents from sewage treatment
plants, which use biological processes, in river waters, and in incubated
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) samples. Nitrite interference may be
easily overcome by the use of sodium azide. It is most convenient to
incorporate the azide in an alkali-KI reagent. When sulfuric acid is added,
the nitrite is destroyed. In this way, nitrite interference is eliminated.
We have to very careful about that in the flask there is not entered any
oxygen after starting the experiment.
In this experiment while titration is going on more oxygen dissolve with the
sample time to time. If there is access Mn+2 in solution there will be more
points after the first end points. So the titration should be done quickly &
the first end point should be taken for calculation

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT:

DETERMINATION OF ACIDITY AND ALKALINITY OF WATER
OBJECTIVES:
The objective of this experiment is to estimate acidity and alkalinity of
water. We can also know through the experiment how to choose a indicator in the
case of acid base neutralization reaction at different circumstances. We will use

two types of water in the experiment, which will help us to compare acidity or
alkalinity of water of different sources.
THEORY OF THE EXPERIMENT:
The alkalinity of water may be defined as its capacity to neutralize acid.
Alkali substances in water include hydroxides or bases. They can be detected by
their acrid taste and by the fact that they cause red litmus paper to turn blue.
Alkalinity of water may be due to the presence of one or more of a number of
ions. These include hydroxides, carbonates and bicarbonates. As discussed in
previous articles, hydroxide ions are always present in water, even if the
concentration is extremely small. However, significant concentrations of
hydroxides are unusual in natural water supplies, but may be present after
certain types of treatment.
The term acidity means that the moles of a mono protic acid need to
neutralize a base of 1M 1000cm3 are the acidity of that base.
In the process of neutralizing an acid by adding a base, like sodium
hydroxide, the amount you would need to neutralize a strong acid could be
calculated directly from the pH of the acid solution. But for a weak acid, the pH
does not tell the whole story; the total amount of base needed would be a lot
more. This is because as the OH- from the base reacts with the H+ in solution to
form water, more H+ will break loose from the undissociated portion of the acid to
take its place. The neutralization will not be complete until all of the weak acid
has dissociated. To measure the total acidity, also called base-neutralizing
capacity (BNC) of a water sample, it has to be titrated with base. That is, a
solution of a base whose concentration is known must be added to the water
sample slowly until the neutralization is complete. By measuring the volume of
the base added, you can figure out the original concentration of acid.
In a similar way, the acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC), or alkalinity of a
water sample has to be determined by titrating it with a solution of a strong acid
of known concentration. . And from that value we can estimate the acidity and
alkalinity of the water solution. The total acidity is calculated in terms of CaCO 3.
When we have to determine the acidity of water we will use a acid to
neutralize the weak base (water). To easy the calculation and to do perfect the
experiment we chose a mono protic strong acid such as HCl. For such case the
neutralization point found at PH above 7. So we chose a indicator that changes its
color at PH above 7. Such as phenolphthalein.
H+ + NaOH H2O + Na+
Similarly, when we have to determine the alkalinity of water we will use a
base to neutralize the weak acid (water). To easy the calculation and to do
perfect the experiment we chose a mono hydroxyl strong base such as NaOH.
For such case the neutralization point found at P H bellow 7. So we chose a
indicator that changes its color at PH bellow 7. Such as methyl orange.
OH- + HCl H2O + ClpH curves:

12
10

08
H

06

04

02
00
NaOH used in ml
pH curve in case of strong base-week acid neutralization reaction

12
10

pH

08
06

04

02
00
HCl used in ml
pH curve in case of strong acid-week base neutralization reaction

CHEMICALS:
HCl 0.02N

NaOH 0.02N
Phenolphthalein and
Methyl Orange

EXPERIMENTAL DATA:
Acidity:
Sample: Pond Water
No. of Obs.
Vol. of
Sample
(ml)
1
50
2
50
3
50
Sample: Tap Water
No. of Obs.
Vol. of
Sample
(ml)
1
50
2
50
3
50

Burette Reading
Initial(ml)
Final(ml)
0.30
8.50
16.60

8.50
16.60
24.60

Burette Reading
Initial(ml)
Final(ml)
0.10
13.30
26.40

13.30
26.40
39.80

Vol. pf HCl
(ml)

Avg. Vol. of
HCl (ml)

8.20
8.10
8.00

8.10

Vol. pf HCl
(ml)

Avg. Vol. of
HCl (ml)

13.20
13.20
13.40

13.267

Vol. pf
NaOH (ml)

Avg. Vol. of
NaOH (ml)

1.10
1.20
1.20

1.167

Vol. pf
NaOH (ml)

Avg. Vol. of
NaOH (ml)

3.50
3.60
3.50

3.533

Alkalinity:
Sample: Pond Water
No. of Obs.
Vol. of
Sample
(ml)
1
50
2
50
3
50
Sample: Tap Water
No. of Obs.
Vol. of
Sample
(ml)
1
50
2
50
3
50

Burette Reading
Initial(ml)
Final(ml)
0.10
1.20
2.40

1.20
2.40
3.60

Burette Reading
Initial(ml)
Final(ml)
0.1
3.60
7.20

3.60
7.20
10.70

Standardization of NaOH with HCl:

No. of Obs Vol. of HCl
Burette Reading
(ml)
Initial(ml)
Final(ml)
1
10
0.2
13.8
2
10
13.8
27.4

Vol. pf
NaOH(ml)
13.6
13.6

Avg. Vol. of
NaOH (ml)
13.60

Standardization of HCl with Na2CO3:

No. of Obs
Vol. of
Burette Reading
Na2CO3
Initial(ml)
Final(ml)
(ml)
1
10
0.20
7.50

Vol. pf HCl
(ml)

Avg. Vol. of
HCl (ml)

7.30

7.30

Weight of Na2CO3 = (34.002-33.44) = 0.562 gm Na2CO3

CALCULATION:
Here, NHCl =

V Na2CO3 N Na2CO3

V HCl
10 0.011
N
7.30

= 0.015 N
VHCl N HCl
NNaOH =
V HCl
=

10 0.015
N
13.6

= 0.011 N
Acidity:
Sample: Pond Water
1 ml 0.02N HCl 1 mg CaCO3

8.41 ml 0.015 N HCl

1 8.1 0.015
mg CaCO3
0.02

= 6.075mg CaCO3
50 ml water contains 6.075 mg CaCO3

1000 ml water contains

6.075 1000
mg CaCO3
50

= 121.50 mg CaCO3
Sample: Tap Water
1 ml 0.02N HCl 1 mg CaCO3

13.267 ml 0.015 N HCl

1 13.267 0.015
mg CaCO3
0.02

= 9.95 mg CaCO3
50 ml water contains 9.95 mg CaCO3

1000 ml water contains

9.95 1000
mg CaCO3
50

= 199 mg CaCO3
Alkalinity:
Sample: Pond Water
1 ml 0.02N NaOH 1 mg CaCO3

 1.167 ml 0.01 N NaOH

1 1.167 0.011
mg CaCO3
0.02

= 0.6418 mg CaCO3
50 ml water contains 0.6418 mg CaCO3

1000 ml water contains

0.6418 1000
mg CaCO3
50

= 12.836 mg CaCO3
Sample: Tap Water
1 ml 0.02N NaOH 1 mg CaCO3

3.55 ml 0.01 N NaOH

1 3.55 0.011
mg CaCO3
0.02

= 1.943 mg CaCO3
50 ml water contains 1.943 mg CaCO3

1000 ml water contains

1.943 1000
mg CaCO3
50

= 38.86 mg CaCO3
RESULT:
For Pond Water
Alkalinity in terms of CaCO3 = 12.836 mg CaCO3 per liter
Acidity in terms of CaCO3 = 121.50 mg CaCO3 per liter
For Tap Water
Alkalinity in terms of CaCO3 = 38.86mg CaCO3 per liter
Acidity in terms of CaCO3 = 199 mg CaCO3 per liter
DISCUSSIONS:
The acidity of water is acid neutralizing capacity of water and this is
produced for the presence of anions of salts which is produced by
neutralization reaction of strong acid and week base.
The alkalinity of water is base neutralizing capacity of and this is produced
for the presence of cataion of salts which is produced by neutralization
reaction of week acid and strong base.
The acidity and alkalinity may also vary for variation of source of water as
the anions and cataions may vary from source to source.
In the experiment the main thing that must be known to a student is the
different types of indicator used according acid base strengths point of
view.
From the experimental evidence we can see that the alkalinity of water is
greater than the acidity. Moreover tap water is more alkaline than pond
water.