Bio-Diesel As A Alternative Fuel in Automobiles

Bio-Diesel as a Alternative fuel in Automobiles
BIO-DIESEL AS A ALTERNATIVE FUEL IN

AUTOMOBILES
Submitted by
MADHURA.S
VI Semester IPE
contact: madhu_stnl@yahoo.co.in
PRABHA RANI.N
VI Semester IPE
contact: prabha_nsn@yahoo.co.in
P.E.S.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
INDUSTRIAL & PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT
MANDYA, KARNATAKA.
TO
MECHTRIX-007
STATE LEVEL PAPER PRESENTATION
B. V. BOOMARADDI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
HUBLI, KARNATAKA.
PESCE, Mandya

Abstract
Energy plays an important role in the development of the economy
&elevation of living standards. About 90% of the world crude oil supplies come
from the Arab countries in the middle east and due to the political situation there,
the oil prices keeps fluctuating and supply lines are untrustworthy. This has lead
to countries searching for an alternative fuels. This paper discusses the one of
the major alternative fuel i.e.., BIO DIESEL. Alternative fuel helps our country to
grow economically, increasing employment and alleviation of poverty.
INTRODUCTION
The fast depleting fossil fuels are causing a great concern worldwide for a
developing country like India where a major part of its fuel demands are met
through imports and with the energy import bill rising all the time, and enormous
energy needs still to be met, the government as well as private players are
looking at bio fuels as an alternative to traditional petroleum.
There are many alternate fuels that can be used instead of traditional
petroleum and they are CNG, Ethanol (E85), Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG),
Methanol (M85) etc but very few alternative fuels have gained so much attention
as quickly as biodiesel.
Because of its Economical and Environmental
advantages over other sources.

India produces only 22% of its diesel requirement and 78% is imported at
a huge cost in foreign currency and our expenditure and outlay for the import of
Petroleum fuel is second to our Defence budget. With the introduction of
compulsory use of 10-20% biodiesel in UK, USA, FRANCE, Germany, Japan and
other countries who specifies a 40-50% mix by 2010, India has a huge
requirement by 2010 to meet the world norms and emission standards and a
national policy has already been given a green signal by the GOI in the year
PESCE, Mandya

2003. Indian Railways have already completed a trial run on AMRITSARSHATABDI EXPRESS.
Biodiesel is methyl or ethyl ester of fatty acid made from virgin or used
vegetable oils (both edible & non-edible) and animal fats. The main commodity
sources for biodiesel in India can be non-edible oils obtained from plant species
such as Jatropha Curcas (Ratanjyot), Pongamia Pinnata (Karanj), Calophyllum
inophyllum (Nagchampa), Hevca brasiliensis (Rubber) etc.
Biodiesel contains no petroleum, but it can be blended at any level with
petroleum diesel to create a biodiesel blend or can be used in its pure form. Just
like petroleum diesel, biodiesel operates in compression ignition (diesel) engine,
which essentially require very little or no engine modifications because biodiesel
has properties similar to petroleum diesel fuels. It can be stored just like the
petroleum diesel fuel and hence does not require separate infrastructure.
The use of biodiesel in conventional diesel engines results in substantial
reduction of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and particulate matters.
Biodiesel is considered clean fuel since it has no sulphur, no aromatics and has
about 10 % built-in oxygen, which helps it to burn fully. Its higher cetane number
improves the ignition quality even when blended in the petroleum diesel.
Hence this work presents in depth information about Bio Diesel as an
alternative fuel for the future.
PESCE, Mandya

BIO DIESEL: CLEAN ALTERNATIVE FUEL
Bio-diesel is an eco-friendly, alternative diesel fuel prepared from domestic

renewable resources i.e. vegetable oils (edible or non- edible oil) and animal fats.
These natural oils and fats are made up mainly of triglycerides. These
triglycerides when reach-striking similarity to petroleum derived diesel and are
called "Bio-diesel". As India is deficient in edible oils, non-edible oil may be
material of choice for producing bio diesel. For this purpose Jatropha curcas
considered as most potential source for it. Bio diesel is produced by
transesterification of oil obtains from the plant.
PROCESS OF PRODUCING BIO-DIESEL:

Bio-diesel can be produced from any type of vegetable oils and also from
greasy
materials
by
simple
chemical
process
called
esterification
(transesterification). This can be used either directly by completely replacing the

HSD oil or by mixing it in any proportion with the HSD oil. In either case it has
tangible benefits over HSD oil which is basically an exhaustible fossil fuel
JATROPHA
Esterification occurs when carboxylic (fatty) acids react with alcohol in the
presence of catalytic amount of mineral acids yielding compounds called esters.
Transesterification is a process of exchanging the alkoxy group of an ester with
another alcohol, often catalyzed by addition of an acid or base. One outcome of
this process is that triglyceride can be converted into biodiesel.
PESCE, Mandya
This plant can survive on any soil type found in the country and needs
minimal inputs or management. As much as 25% oil can be derived from seeds
by expelling; 30% by solvent extraction. The reminder is excellent organic
manure with 38% protein and the remainder is excellent organic manure with
sufficient quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, all vital plant
nutrients. Bio diesel obtained from Jatropha can be used for transport vehicles,
generators, railway engines, and irrigation pumps. Large volume of these oils can
also be used for manufacturing soap.
Biodiesel sample
It yields up to five tones per hectares oil seeds and produces two tones of
bio-diesel. Presently, the cost of bio-diesel through the plant is approximately Rs.
17 to Rs. 19 per litre, which can be substantially reduced through choice of right
size of the plant and using high yield variety plantation which has already been
established by the researchers. Bio-diesel plants grown in one million hectares of
land can yield a revenue of approximately Rs. 2,000 crore a year and provide
employment to over one million people both for plantation and running of the
extraction plants. This is a sustainable development process leading to large4
PESCE, Mandya

scale employment of rural manpower. Also, it will reduce the foreign exchange
outflow paid for importing crude oil. Use of Bio-diesel is carbon neutral. This oil
can also be used for soap and candle industries. De-oiled cake is a raw material
for composting and plantation is good for honey production
How is biodiesel used?

Biodiesel is commonly mixed with ordinary petroleum diesel to make bio
blends like B5 or B20. B5 is a blend of 5% pure biodiesel and 95% petroleum
diesel while B20 is a blend of 20% pure biodiesel and 80% petroleum diesel.
Straight, non-mixed niodiesel (B100 or neat biodiesel) can also be burned as
fuel in diesel engines, but greater precautions must be taken to ensure that the fuel is
suitable for use. There are no approved specifications for 100% biodiesel blends and
OEMs generally do not recommend its use in existing engine.
CHARACTERISTICS AND REQUIREMENT OF BIO DIESEL

S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Characteristics
Density at 15C, kg/m3
Kinematic Viscosity at 40C, cSt
Flash point (PMCC) C, min
Sulphur, mg/kg max.
Water content, mg/kg, max
Cetane No., min
Acid value, mg KOH/g, max
Methanol @, % by mass, max
Ethanol, @@ % by mass, max
Ester content, % by mass, min
Total Glycerol, % by mass, max
Phosphorous, mg/kg, max
Requirement
860-900
2.5-6.0
120
50.0
500
51
0.50
0.20
0.20
96.5
0.25
10.0
Biodiesel has physical properties very similar to conventional diesel
Specific gravity
0.87 to 0.89
5
PESCE, Mandya

Kinematic viscosity @ 40C
Cetane number
Higher heating value (btu/lb)
Sulfur, wt%
Cloud point C
Pour point C
Iodine number
Lower heating value (btu/lb)
3.7 to 5.8
46 to 70
16,928 to 17,996
0.0 to 0.0024
-11 to 16
-15 to 13
60 to 135
15,700 to 16,735
Biodiesel Physical Characteristics
Biodiesel Vs Straight Vegetable Oil (SVO)

Vegetable oil seems to be the perfect replacement for petro-based diesel,
except for the fact that it has too high a viscosity for use in most existing diesel
engines as a straight replacement fuel oil. This means you can either modify the
engine to deal with high viscosity oil or process the oil to reduce its viscosity and
we discuss the two options below:
Straight Vegetable Oil

One way to use vegetable oil, as a fuel is to modify the vehicle so
that it heats up the oil before it is used in the fuel system. Heating
vegetable oil to 150F will reduce the oil's viscosity sufficiently for use in a
diesel engine.
It is possible to use Straight Vegetable Oil (SVO) by mixing the oil in with
petroleum diesel so the vegetable oil acts as a fuel "extender", but this is not
recommended for long-term use.
Biodiesel
The other way to fuel a diesel engine with vegetable oil is to reduce
the oil's viscosity before it gets into the tank and in this way; neither the
engine nor vehicle needs modification. Biodiesel is the name of a variety
of ester-based oxygenated fuels made from vegetable oils or animal fats.
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PESCE, Mandya

A Methyl ester of vegetable oil or what we now call Biodiesel is very
similar to normal petrochemical based diesel fuel.
Its viscosity is only twice that of diesel fuel and its molecular weight
is roughly 1/3 of vegetable oil, hence it can be used as a straight petrodiesel replacement. This reduced viscosity vegetable oil is now called
Biodiesel with a number of standards like the European EN 14214
standard and American ASTM standard defining exactly what the
properties of that oil should be.
How can you reduce vegetable oil viscosity?

There are a number of ways to reduce vegetable oil's viscosity. These
methods include; Transesterification, Pyrolysis, Micro Emulsion, blending and
thermal depolymerization. One of the most common methods used to reduce oil
viscosity in the Biodiesel industry is called transester
ENGINE DEVELOPMENT & MODIFICATIONS:

Flash point of biodiesel is high (> 100oC). Its blending with diesel fuel can be
utilized to increase the flash point of diesel particularly in India where flash point
is 35oC, well below the world average of 55oC.
The viscosity of biodiesel is higher (1.9 to 6.0 cSt) and reported to result into gum
formation on injector, cylinder liner etc. This needs to be studied on various
engine designs. 5-10% biodiesel can be used with HSD without any engine
modifications.
PESCE, Mandya
The use of unrefined vegetable oil leads to poor fuel atomization due to high
viscosity resulting in poor combustion and also more gum formation in fuel
injector, liner etc. Apart from benefit in terms of emissions, the use of biodiesel is
also reported to give excess carbon deposit on injector, liner etc and the results
in various studies had also confirmed this problem. The salient features of
recommendations are
Biodiesel provides approximately 5-7% less energy than distillate fuels. One
should not change the engine rating to compensate for the power loss in
order to avoid engine problems.
At low ambient temperatures, the fuel system may require heated fuel lines,
filters and tanks. Biodiesel has poor oxidation stability, which may
accelerate fuel oxidation in the fuel system. Oxidation stability additive has
to be used to avoid long-term storage problem.
They have set the Caterpillar biodiesel specification standards. In that, they
mentioned the fuel quality on use in Caterpillars engine should be sulfur
content maximum of 0.01% by weight, cetane number minimum of 45, flash
point minimum of 100oC etc.
Use of bio-fuels and their effect on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to
atmosphere is well updated in a Concave report. They calculated net
greenhouse gas in view of emissions from bio-fuels production process and
burning, and these were compared with fossil fuel at same energy content.
PESCE, Mandya
Indian & European Vehicle Emission Norms
Emissions
Euro-I
(1993) Euro-II (1996) Bharat
Euro-III
Bharat
(2000)
Stage-III Euro-IV
India 2000
Stage-II (2000)
2.72
1.0
0.64
0.50
HC+Nox(g/km) 0.97
0.7
0.56
0.3
PM(g/km)
0.08
0.05
0.025
CO (g/km)
0.14
(2005)
Indian & European Vehicle Emission Norms Diesel Heavy Duty vehicles
Emissions
CO
(g/kWh)
HC
(g/kWh)
PM
(g/kWh)
Nox
(g/kWh)
Euro-I (1993)
India 2000
Euro-II
(1996)
Bharat
Stage-II
(2000)
Euro-III (2000) Bharat EuroStage-III (2005)
IV
4.5
2.1
1.5
1.1
1.1
0.66
0.02
0.36
0.15
0.10
0.025
8.0
7.0
5.0
3.5
BIODIESEL MYTHS AND FACTS

Myth: Biodiesel is an experimental fuel and has not been thoroughly tested.
Fact: Biodiesel is one of the most thoroughly tested alternative fuels on the
market. A Numbers of independent studies have been completed with the results
showing Biodiesel performs similar to petroleum diesel while benefiting the
environment and Human health compared to diesel.
Myth: Biodiesel does not perform as well as diesel.
Fact: One of the major advantages of biodiesel is the fact that it can be used in
Existing engines and fuel injection equipment with little impact to operating
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PESCE, Mandya

Performance. Biodiesel has a higher cetane number than diesel fuel. In more
than 50 million miles of in-field demonstrations, B20 showed similar fuel
consumption, Horsepower, torque, and haulage rates as conventional diesel fuel.
Myth: Biodiesel doesn't perform well in cold weather.
Fact: Biodiesel will gel in very cold temperatures, just as the common #2 diesel
does. Although pure biodiesel has a higher cloud point than #2 diesel fuel, typical
blends of 20% biodiesel are managed with the same fuel management
techniques as #2 diesel. Blends of 5% biodiesel and less have virtually no impact
on cold flow.
Myth: Biodiesel causes filters to plug.
Fact: Biodiesel can be operated in any diesel engine with little or no modification
to the engine or the fuel system. Pure biodiesel (B100) has a solvent effect,
which may release deposits accumulated on tank walls and pipes from previous
diesel fuel use. With high blends of biodiesel, the release of deposits may clog
filters initially and precautions should be taken to replace fuel filters until the
petroleum build-up is eliminated. This issue is less prevalent with B20 blends,
and there is no evidence that lower-blend levels such as B2 have caused filters
to plug.
Myth: Biodiesel causes degradation of engine gaskets and seals.
Fact: The recent switch to low-sulfur diesel fuel has caused most Original
Equipment
Manufacturers (OEMs) to switch to components that are also suitable for use
with biodiesel. In general, biodiesel used in pure form can soften and degrade
certain types of elastomers and natural rubber compounds over time. Using high
percent blends can impact fuel system components (primarily fuel hoses and fuel
pump seals) that contain elastomer compounds incompatible with biodiesel,
although the effect is lessened as the biodiesel blend level is decreased.
Experience with B20 has found that no changes to gaskets or hoses are
necessary.
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PESCE, Mandya

ADVANTAGES OF BIO DIESEL
For Point No 1
1. Jatropha and other plants that produce oil used for cooking or making
biodiesel draw CO2 from the atm. And at the end of the year the oil used for
biodiesel is burned plant material decomposes, returning the carbon from the fuel
and plant matter to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. This recycling of CO2
results in no accumulation of CO2 In the atmosphere. Therefore it does not
contribute to global climate change (green house effect)
2. Biodiesel fuel burns up to 75% cleaner than conventional diesel fuel made
from fossil fuels
3. Biodiesel reduces emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) by approximately 50%
and carbon dioxide by 78.45% on a net lifecycle basis.
4. Biodiesel reduces by as much as 65% the emission of particulates (small
particles of solid combustion products).
5. Biodiesel does produce more NO x emissions than petro-diesel, but these
emissions can be reduced through the use of catalytic converters. Petro-diesel
vehicles have generally not included catalytic converters because the sulphur
content in that fuel destroys the devices, but biodiesel does not contain sulphur.
The increase in NOx emmisions may also be due to the higher cetane rating of
biodiesel. Properly designed and tuned engines may eliminate this increase.
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PESCE, Mandya

6. Sulphur dioxide emissions are eliminated (biodiesel contains no Sulphur)
7. The ozone-forming potential of biodiesel emissions is nearly 50% less than
conventional diesel fuel.
8. Biodiesel exhaust is not offensive and doesn't cause eye irritation (it smells like
French fries!)
9. Biodiesel is a much better lubricant than conventional diesel fuel and extends
engine life -- a German truck won an entry in the Guinness Book of Records by
traveling more than 1.25 million km (780,000 miles) on biodiesel with its original
engine.
10. Biodiesel has a high cetane rating, which improves engine performance: 20%
biodiesel added to conventional diesel fuel improves the cetane rating 3 points,
making it a Premium fuel.
DISADVANTAGES
1. B20 biodiesel blends show increases in NOx emissions of 0 to 4 percent.
Certain automotive components, including catalytic converters, also help to
reduce NOx levels, so it's possible that some vehicles that would run on higher
levels of biodiesel (such as heavy-duty trucks) might need additional equipment
installed to help with this environmental issue
2. Biodiesel cant be used in cold weather conditions without the addition of pour
point reducers or without any engine modifications.
3. Biodiesel fuel is an excellent medium for microbial growth. Microbes cause fuel
system corrosion and premature filter plugging. Care must be taken to remove
water from fuel tanks. Water accelerates microbial growth. Water is naturally
more prevalent in biodiesel fuels than in distillate fuels
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PESCE, Mandya

4. Biodiesel has a higher viscosity than conventional diesel and therefore
becomes less useful at lower temperatures. This limits its use in Canada, the
northern U.S. and much of Europe. In these areas, biodiesel is marketed as an
additive in a five to ten percent blend with conventional diesel fuel."
5. Biodiesel proponents recommend that new users take precautions to ensure
that fuel filters and systems do not become clogged during initial use. The
release of deposits may initially clog filters, but special precautions can be taken
to deal with this issue. Over time, the solvent effect of biodiesel may also tend to
soften and degrade certain types of elastomers and natural rubber compounds
used in some diesel engine
USES:
Can be used in all diesel and compression ignition applications that are
in existence today
Can be used to run generators instead of using diesel/petrol
Can be used to supply heat to furnaces and other equipments where
heat is required.
For cleaning up of sludge in tanks, removing paints and oil spill clean
up.
RESULTS: Biodiesel Emissions Compared to Conventional Diesel

Emissions
Regulated Emissions
Total Unburned Hydrocarbons
Carbon Monoxide
Particulate Matter
NOx
Non Regulated Emissions
Sulphates
13
B100
B20
-93%
-50%
-30%
+13%
-30%
-20%
-22%
+2%
-100%
-20%
PESCE, Mandya

Polycyclic
Aromatic
Hydrocarbons (PAH)**
NPAH (Nitrated PAHs)**
Ozone Potential of HC
Life Cycle Emissions
Carbon Dioxide
Sulphur Dioxide
-80%
-13%
-90%
-50%
-50%
-10%
-80%
-100%
CONCLUSION
As the roads get more and more congested with vehicles, there is a huge
demand for petrol and diesel. And as this need grows, the government also has
to search for other sources of energy.
Countries like the United States of America have been using bio-diesel for
a long time. India has now joined this club.
It is clear by now that for us blending of Biodiesel produced from nonedible vegetable oil with conventional diesel i.e. H.S.D. is unavoidable to achieve
the objectives of emission standards, regeneration of degraded lands, poverty
alleviation, employment generation, better use of natural resources etc. A
National Mission is, therefore, proposed to be launched.
BIBILOGRAPHY
www. Biodiesel.org
www.biostrtfuels.com
Some experiences with Vegetable Oils and Emulsions as Alternative Fuels

for the Diesel Engine by Dr. B. S. Samaga
www.granitestatecleancities.org/images/Biodiesel%20keene.pdf.
www.ybiofuels.org
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PESCE, Mandya
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