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Q.ExplainDecree,Order,andJudgmentanddistinguishbetweenthem.What
aretheessentialelementsofadecree?Whatarethekindsofdecree?Whatare
theconsequencesofnonappearanceofparties?Whatisanexpartedecree?
Discusstheremediesavailabletoadefendantagainstwhomanexpartedecree
hasbeenpassed.Allquestionsregardingexecutionofadecreeshallbe
determinedbythecourtexecutingthedecreeandnotbyaseparatesuit.
Explain.

Decree
Inacivilsuitseveralfactsmightbeallegedandthecourtmayberequiredtoruleonseveralclaims.Insimpleterms,a
decreeistherulingofthecourtregardingtheclaimsofthepartiesofthesuit.Forexample,inasuitbetweenAandB,A
mayclaimthataparticularpropertyPbelongsA.Afterhearingallthearguments,thecourtwillruleinthefavorofeitherA
orB.Thefinaldecisionofthecourtregardingthisclaimi.e.whetherthepropertybelongstoAorB,isadecree.
AsperSection2(2),adecreeistheformalexpressionofanadjudicationwhich,sofarasregardstheCourtexpressingit,
conclusivelydeterminestherightsofthepartieswithregardtoalloranyofthemattersincontroversyinthesuit.Itcanbe
finalorpreliminary.
Fromtheabovedefinitionwecanseethefollowingessentialelementsofadecree
1.TheremustbeanadjudicationAdjudicationmeansJudicialDeterminationofthematterindispute.Inotherwords,
thecourtmusthaveapplieditsmindonthefactsofthecasetoresolvethematterindispute.Forexample,dismissinga
suitebecauseofdefaultinappearanceoftheplaintiffisnotadecree.Butdismissingasuiteonmeritsofthecasewould
beadecree.
2.TheremustbeasuitDecreecanonlybegiveninrelationtoasuit.AlthoughCPCdoesnotdefinewhatsuitmeans,
inHansrajvsDehradunMussoorieTramwaysCo.Ltd.AIR1933,thePrivyCouncildefinedthetermsuitas"acivil
proceedinginstitutedbythepresentationofaplaint".
3.RightsofthepartiesTheadjudicationmustbeaboutanyorallofthemattersincontroversyinthesuit.Thewordright
meanssubstantiverightsandnotmerelyproceduralrights.Forexample,anorderrefusingleavetosueinformapauperis
(i.e.anorderrejectingtheapplicationofapoorplaintifftowaivecourtcosts)isnotadecreebecauseitdoesnot
determinetherightofthepartyinregardstothemattersallegedinthesuit.
4.ConclusiveDeterminationThedeterminationoftherightmustbeconclusive.Thismeansthatthecourtwillnot
entertainanyargumenttochangethedecision.I.e.asfarasthecourtisconcerned,thematterinissuestandsresolved.
Forexample,anorderstrikingoutdefenceofatenantunderarelevantRentAct,oranorderrefusinganadjournmentis
notadecreeastheydonotdeterminetherightofapartyconclusively.Ontheotherhand,outofseveralpropertiesin
issueinasuit,thecourtmaymakeaconclusivedeterminationabouttheownershipofaparticularproperty.Sucha
conclusivedeterminationwouldbeadecreeeventhoughitdoesnotdisposeoffthesuitcompletely.
5.FormalexpressionTobeadecree,thecourtmustformallyexpressitsdecisioninthemannerprovidedbylaw.A
merecommentofthejudgecannotbeadecree.
ExamplesofdecisionswhichareDecreesDismissalofappealastimebarred,Dismissalorasuitorappealforwant
ofevidenceorproof,Orderholdingappealtobenotmaintainable.
ExamplesofdecisionswhicharenotDecreesDismissalofappealfordefault,orderofremand,ordergrantinginterim
relief.

Order
AsperSection2(14),TheformalexpressionofanydecisionofacivilcourtwhichisnotaDecreeisOrder.Inasuit,a
courtmaytakecertaindecisionsonobjectiveconsiderationsandthosedecisionsmustcontainadiscussionofthematters
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atissueinthesuitandthereasonswhichledthecourttopasstheorder.However,ifthosedecisionsfallshortofa
decree,theyareorders.
Thus,thereareseveralcommonelementsbetweenanorderandadecreebothrelatedtomatterincontroversy,both
aredecisionsgivenbythecourt,bothareadjudications,bothareformalexpressions.However,therearesubstantial
differencesbetweenthem
DecreeS.2(2)

OrderS.2(14)

Canonlybepassedinasuitoriginatedbythepresentationof
aplaint.

Canbepassedinasuitoriginatedbythepresentation
ofaplaint,application,orpetition.

ContainsConclusiveDeterminationofaright

Mayormaynotfinallydeterminearight.

Maybefinal,preliminary,orpartlypreliminarypartlyfinal.

Cannotbeapreliminaryorder.

Ingeneral,therecanonlybeonedecreeoratthemostone
preliminaryandonefinaldecreeinasuit.

Therecanbeanynumberofordersinasuit.

Everydecreeisappealableunlessanappealisexpressly
barred.

Onlythoseorderswhicharespecifiedasappealable
inthecodeareappealable.

AsecondappealmaylieagainstadecreetoaHighCourton
certaingrounds.

Thereisnosecondappealfororders.

Judgement
AsperSection2(9),"judgment"meansthestatementgivenbythejudgeofthegroundsofadecreeororder.Every
judgmentshouldcontainaconcisestatementofthecase,thepointsfordetermination,thedecisionthereon,the
reasonsforthedecision.InthecaseofBalrajTanejavsSunilMadan,AIR1999,SCheldthataJudgecannotmerelysay
"Suitdecreed"or"Suitdismissed".Thewholeprocessofreasoninghastobesetoutfordecidingthecaseonewayorthe
other.
AsperRule6AofOrder20thelastpartofthejudgmentshouldpreciselystatetgereliefgranted.Thus,ajudgmentisa
statepriortothepassingofadecreeoranorder.Afterpronouncementofajudgment,adecreeshallfollow.

KindsofDecree
PreliminaryWhereanadjudicationdecidestherightsofthepartieswithregardtoalloranyofthemattersin
controversyinthesuitbutdoesnotcompletelydisposeofthesuit,itisapreliminarydecree.Itispassedwhenthecourt
needstoadjudicateuponsomemattersbeforeproceedingtoadjudicateupontherest.
InShankarvsChandrakantSCC1995,SCstatedthatapreliminarydecreeisonewhichdeclarestherightsand
liabilitiesofthepartiesleavingtheactualresulttobeworkedoutinfurtherproceedings.
CPCprovidesforpassingapreliminarydecreesinseveralsuitssuchassuitforpossessionandmesneprofits,
administrationsuit,suitsforpreemption,dissolutionofpartnership,suitsrelatingtomortgage.InNarayananvsLaxmi
NarayanAIR1953,itwasheldthatthelistgiveninCPCisnotexhaustiveandacourtmaypassapreliminarydecreein
casesnotexpresslyprovidedforinthecode.
FinalWhenthedecreedisposesofthesuitcompletely,sofarasthecourtpassingitisconcerned,itisafinaldecree.A
finaldecreesettlesalltheissuesandcontroversiesinthesuit.
PartypreliminaryandpartlyfinalWhenadecreeresolvessomeissuesbutleavestherestopenforfurtherdecision,
suchadecreeispartlyfinalandpartypreliminary.Forexample,inasuitforpossessionofimmovablepropertywith
mesneprofits,wherethecourtdecreespossessionofthepropertyanddirectsanenquiryintothemesneprofits,the
formerpartofthedecreeisfinalbutthelatterpartispreliminary.
DeemedDecreeTheword"deemed"usuallyimpliesafictionwherebyathingisassumedtobesomethingthatitis
ordinarilynot.Inthiscase,anadjudicationthatdoesnotfulfilltherequisitesofS.2(2)cannotbesaidtobeadecree.
However,certainordersanddeterminationsaredeemedtobedecreesunderthecode.Forexample,rejectionofaplaint
andthedeterminationofquestionsunderS.144(Restitution)aredeemeddecrees.

ConsequencesofNonappearanceofparties(Order9)
ThegeneralprovisionsofCPCarebasedontheprinciplethatboththepartiesmustbegivenanopportunitytobeheard.
Theproceedingsmustnotbeheldtothedisadvantageofoneparty.Order9laysdownrulesregardingtheappearance
andtheconsequencesofnonappearanceofapartyinthehearing.
Rule1PartiestoappearondayfixedinsummonsfordefendanttoappearandanswerOnthedayfixedinthe
summonsforthedefendanttoappearandanswer,thepartiesshallbeinattendanceattheCourthouseinpersonorby
theirrespectivepleaders,andthesuitshallthenbeheardunlessthehearingisadjournedtoafuturedayfixedbythe
Court.
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DismissalofSuit
Rule2DismissalofsuitwheresummonsnotservedinconsequenceofplaintiffsfailuretopaycostWhereontheday
sofixeditisfoundthatthesummonshasnotbeenserveduponthedefendantinconsequenceofthefailureoftheplaintiff
topaythecourtfeeorpostalcharges(ifany)chargeableforsuchservice,ortopresentcopiesoftheplaintorconcise
statements,asrequiredbyrule9oforderVII,theCourtmaymakeanorderthatthesuitbedismissed:
Providedthatnosuchordershallbemade,if,notwithstandingsuchfailurethedefendantattendsinperson(orbyagent
whenheisallowedtoappearbyagent)onthedayfixedforhimtoappearandanswer.
Rule3Whereneitherpartyappears,suittobedismissedWhereneitherpartyappearswhenthesuitiscalledonfor
hearing,theCourtmaymakeanorderthatthesuitbedismissed.
Rule4PlaintiffmaybringfreshsuitorCourtmayrestoresuittofileWhereasuitisdismissedunderrule2orrule3,
theplaintiffmay(subjecttothelawoflimitation)bringafreshsuit,orhemayapplyforanordertosetthedismissalaside,
andifhesatisfiestheCourtthattherewassufficientcauseforsuchfailureasisreferredtoinrule2,orforhisnon
appearance,asthecasemaybe,theCourtshallmakeanordersettingasidethedismissalandshallappointadayfor
proceedingwiththesuit.
Rule5Dismissalofsuitwhereplaintiffaftersummonsreturnedunserved,failsforonemonthtoapplyforfreshsummons

(1)Whereafterasummonshasbeenissuedtothedefendant,ortooneofseveraldefendants,andreturnedunserved
theplaintifffails,foraperiodsofonemonthfromthedateofthereturnmadetotheCourtbytheofficerordinarilycertifying
totheCourtreturnsmadebytheservingofficers,toapplyfortheissueofafreshsummonstheCourtshallmakeanorder
thatthesuitbedismissedasagainstsuchdefendant,unlesstheplaintiffhaswithinthesaidperiodsatisfiedtheCourtthat

(a)hehasfailedafterusinghisbestendeavourstodiscovertheresidenceofthedefendant,whohasnotbeen
served,or
(b)suchdefendantisavoidingserviceofprocess,or
(c)thereisanyothersufficientcauseforextendingthetime,inwhichcasetheCourtmayextendthetimeformaking
suchapplicationforsuchperiodasitthinksfit.
(2)Insuchcasetheplaintiffmay(subjecttothelawoflimitation)bringafreshsuit.
ExparteProceedings
Rule6Procedurewhenonlyplaintiffappears
(1)Wheretheplaintiffappearsandthedefendantdoesnotappearwhenthesuitiscalledonforhearing,then
(a)Whensummonsdulyservedifitisprovedthatthesummonswasdulyserved,theCourtmaymakeanorderthat
thesuitshallbeheardexparte.
(b)Whensummonsnotdulyservedifitisnotprovedthatthesummonswasdulyserve,theCourtshalldirecta
secondsummonstobeissuedandservedonthedefendant
(c)Whensummonsservedbutnotinduetimeifitisprovedthatthesummonswasservedonthedefendant,butnot
insufficienttimetoenablehimtoappearandansweronthedayfixedinthesummons,theCourtshallpostponethe
hearingofthesuittofuturedaytobefixedbytheCourt,andshalldirectnoticeofsuchdaytobegiventothedefendant.
(2)Whereitisowingtotheplaintiffs'defaultthatthesummonswasnotdulyservedorwasnotservedinsufficienttime,
theCourtshallordertheplaintifftopaythecostsoccasionedbythepostponement.
Rule7Procedurewheredefendantappearsondayofadjournedhearingandassignsgoodcauseforpreviousnon
appearanceWheretheCourthasadjournedthehearingofthesuitexparteandthedefendant,atorbeforesuch
hearing,appearsandassignsgoodcauseforhispreviousnonappearance,hemay,uponsuchtermsastheCourt
directsastocostsorotherwise,beheardinanswertothesuitasifhehadappearedontheday,fixedforhisappearance.
AbsenceofPlaintiff
Rule8ProcedurewheredefendantonlyappearsWherethedefendantappearsandtheplaintiffdoesnotappear
whenthesuitiscalledonforhearing,theCourtshallmakeanorderthatthesuitbedismissed,unlessthedefendant
admitstheclaimorpartthereof,inwhichcasetheCourtshallpassadecreeagainstthedefendantuponsuchadmission,
and,wherepartonlyoftheclaimhasbeenadmitted,shalldismissthesuitsofarasitrelatestotheremainder.
Rule9Decreeagainstplaintiffbydefaultbarsfreshsuit
(1)Whereasuitiswhollyorpartlydismissedunderrule8,theplaintiffshallbeprecludedfrombringingafreshsuitin
respectofthesamecauseofaction.Buthemayapplyforanordertosetthedismissalaside,andifhesatisfiestheCourt
thattherewassufficientcauseforhisnonappearancewhenthesuitwascalledonforhearing,theCourtshallmakean
ordersettingasidethedismissaluponsuchtermsastocostsorotherwiseasitthinksfit.andshallappointadayfor
proceedingwithsuit.
(2)Noordershallbemadeunderthisruleunlessnoticeoftheapplicationhasbeenservedontheoppositeparty.
Multipleplaintiffsand/orDefendants
Rule10ProcedureincaseofnonattendanceofoneormoreofseveralplaintiffsWheretherearemoreplaintiffsthan
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one,andoneormoreofthemappear,andtheothersdonotappear,theCourtmay,attheinstanceoftheplaintiffor
plaintiffsappearing,permitthesuittoproceedinthesamewayasifalltheplaintiffshadappeared,ormakesuchorderas
itthinksfit.
Rule11ProcedureincaseofnonattendanceofoneormoreofseveraldefendantsWheretherearemoredefendants
thanone,andoneormoreofthemappear,andtheothersdonotappear,thesuitshallproceed,andtheCourtshall,at
thetimeofpronouncingjudgment,makesuchorderasitthinksfitwithrespecttothedefendantswhodonotappear.
GeneralConsequenceofNonappearance
Rule12Consequenceofnonattendance,withoutsufficientcauseshown,ofpartyorderedtoappearinpersonWhere
aplaintiffordefendant,whohasbeenorderedtoappearinperson,doesnotappearinperson,orshowsufficientcauseto
thesatisfactionoftheCourtforfailingsotoappear,heshallbesubjecttoalltheprovisionsoftheforegoingrules
applicabletoplaintiffsanddefendants,respectivelywhodonoappear.
Thismeanseitherthesuitwillbedismissedorwillbecontinuedexparte.

ExparteDecree(Order9)
AsperRule6,ifthedefendantfailstoappearbeforethecourtinspiteofaproperserviceofthesummons,thecourtmay
proceedexparteandmaypassadecreeinfavoroftheplaintiff.Thisiscalledanexpartedecree.InthecaseofHochest
CompanyvsVSChemicalCompany,SCexplainedthatanexpartedecreeissuchdecreeinwhichdefendantdidnot
appearbeforecourtandthecaseisheardintheabsenceofthedefendantfromtheverybeginning.
Remediesavailabletothedefendantagainstanexpartedecree
1.ApplicationtosetasidetheexpartedecreeAsperOrder9,Rule13,adefendantmayapplybeforethecourtthat
passedthedecreetosetitaside.Ifhesatisfiesthecourtthatthesummonswasnotdulyservedorhewaspreventedby
anyothersufficentcausefromattendingthehearding,thecourtshallmakeanordersettingasidethedecree.For
example,bonafidemistakeastothedateorhearing,latearrivaloftrain,etc.aresufficientcausesforabsenceofthe
defendant.Suchanapplicationforsettingasidemaybemadewithin30daysfromthedateofdecreeasperSection123
ofLimitationAct.
Settingasidedecreesexparte
Rule13SettingasidedecreeBIexparteagainstdefendantInanycaseinwhichadecreeispassedexparteagainst
adefendant,hemayapplytotheCourtbywhichthedecreewaspassedforanordertosetitasideandifhesatisfiesthe
Courtthatthesummonswasnotdulyserved,orthathewaspreventedbyanysufficientcausefromappearingwhenthe
suitwascalledonforhearing,theCourtshallmakeanordersettingasidethedecreeasagainsthimuponsuchtermsas
tocosts,paymentintoCourtorotherwiseasitthinksfit,andshallappointadayforproceedingwiththesuit
Providedthatwherethedecreeisofsuchanaturethatitcannotbesetasideasagainstsuchdefendantonlyitmaybeset
asideasagainstalloranyoftheotherdefendantsalso:
ProvidedfurtherthatnoCourtshallsetasideadecreepassedexpartemerelyonthegroundthattherehasbeenan
irregularityintheserviceofsummons,ifitissatisfiedthatthedefendanthadnoticeofthedateofhearingandhad
sufficienttimetoappearandanswertheplaintiff'sclaim
Explanation.Wheretherehasbeenanappealagainstadecreepassedexparteunderthisrule,andtheappealhas
beendisposedofananygroundotherthanthegroundthattheappellanthaswithdrawntheappeal,noapplicationshall
lieunderthisruleforsettingasidethatexpartedecree.
Rule14NodecreetobesetasidewithoutnoticetooppositepartyNodecreeshallbesetasideonanysuch
applicationasaforesaidunlessnoticethereofhasbeenservedontheoppositeparty.
Thecourtmayimposeconditionsasitmaydeemfitonthedefendantforsettingasidedthedecree.Itmayaskthe
defendanttopaycosts.
Whenanexpartedecreeissetaside,thecourtshouldproceedtodecidethesuitasitstoodbeforethedecree.Thetrial
shouldcommencedenovoandtheevidencethathadbeenrecordedintheexparteproceedingshouldnotbetakeninto
account.
Thisremedyisspecificallymeantforanexpartedecree.
2.PreferanappealagainstthedecreeunderSection96(2).
3.ApplyforreviewunderOrder47Rule1.
4.Fileasuitonthegroundoffraud.
Alltheaboveremediesareconcurrentandcanbepursuedconcurrently.

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ExecutionofaDecree
AsperSection38,adecreemaybeexecutedeitherbythecourtwhichpasseditorthecourttowhichitissentfor
execution.Whileexecutingadecree,severalquestionsandobjectionsmayariseastothemannerofexecution.Itwould
beimpracticaltoinstitutenewsuitstoresolvessuchmatters.Thus,Section47laysdownthegeneralprincipalthatany
questionsthatariseinrelationtotheexecutionofthedecreeshouldberesolvedinexecutionproceedingitselfandnotby
aseparatesuit.Section47saysthus
47.QuestionstobedeterminedbytheCourtexecutingdecree
(1)Allquestionsarisingbetweenthepartiestothesuitinwhichthedecreewaspassed,ortheirrepresentatives,and
relatingtotheexecution,dischargeorsatisfactionofthedecree,shallbedeterminedbytheCourtexecutingthedecree
andnotbyaseparatesuit.
(3)Whereaquestionarisesastowhetheranypersonisorisnottherepresentativeofaparty,suchquestionshall,forthe
purposesofthissection,bedeterminedbytheCourt.
ExplanationI.Forthepurposesofthissection,aplaintiffwhosesuithasbeendismissedandadefendantagainstwhoma
suithasbeendismissedarepartiestothesuit.
ExplanationII.(a)Forthepurposesofthissection,apurchaserofpropertyatasaleinexecutionofadecreeshallbe
deemedtobeapartytothesuitinwhichthedecreeispassedand
(b)allquestionsrelatingtothedeliveryofpossessionofsuchpropertytosuchpurchaserorhisrepresentativeshallbe
deemedtobequestionsrelatingtotheexecution,dischargeorsatisfactionofthedecreewithinthemeaningofthis
section.
Theobjectiveofthissectionistoprovidecheapandfastremedyfortheresolutionofanyquestionsarisingatthetimeof
execution.Institutionofnewsuitswouldonlyincreasethenumberofsuitsandwouldalsobeaburdenontheparties.
Thescopeofthissectionisverywide.Itconfersexclusivejurisdictiontothecourtexecutingthedecreeinallthematters
regardingtheexecution.Itdoesnotmatterwhetherthematterhasarisenbeforeoraftertheexecutionofthedecree.Thus,
thissectionshouldbeconstruedliberally.
Conditions
1.Thequestionmustbeonearisingbetweenthepartiesortheirrepresentativestothesuitinwhichthedecreeispassed.
2.Thequestionmustrelatetotheexecution,discharge,orsatisfactionofthedecree.
AsheldinthecaseofArokiaswamyvsMargaretAIR1982,boththeconditionsmustbesatisfiedcumulatively.
Whatismeantbyexecution,dischargeandsatisfactionofadecree
Thisexpressionhasnotbeendefinedinthecode.However,thefollowingquestionsareheldtoberelatingtothe
execution,dischargeandsatisfactionofthedecree
whetheradecreeisexecutable,whetherapropertyisliabletobesoldeinexecutionofadecree,whetherthedecreeis
fullysatisfied,whethertheexecutionofthedecreewaspostponed.
Thefollowingquestionshavebeenheldasnotrelatedwhetherthedecreeisfraudulentorcollusive,whetherthedecree
hasbecomeinexecutablebecauseofacompromisebetweentheparties,aquestionabouttheterritorialorpecuniary
jurisdictionofthecourtpassingthedecree.
AppealandRevision
Earlier,determinationmadeunderSection47wasdeemedtobeadecreeunderSection2(2).However,afterthe
amendmentin1976,thisisnotso.AnydeterminationmadeunderanapplicationunderSection47isnotconsidereda
decreeandisthereforenotappealableunderSection96orSection100.Sinceitisnomoreadecree,arevision
applicationunderSection115isthereforemaintainableprovidedtheconditionsstipulatedinSection115aresatisfied.

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