Journal of Molecular Liquids 204 (2015) 9599

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Journal of Molecular Liquids

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/molliq

Liquid densities and excess molar volumes of ethanol + biodiesel binary

system between the temperatures 273.15 K and 333.15 K
Istvn Barabs
Department of Automotive Engineering and Transportation, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 103105 Muncii Blvd., 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 23 September 2014
Received in revised form 19 January 2015
Accepted 28 January 2015
Available online 29 January 2015
Keywords:
Rapeseed oil biodiesel + ethanol mixtures
Density
Excess molar volume
Thermal expansion coefcient
Excess thermal expansion coefcient

a b s t r a c t
The densities of ten binary mixtures of biodiesel made from rapeseed oil and ethanol have been measured for
eight temperatures within the range between 273.15 K and 333.15 K, using an Anton Paar DMA 4500 M
densimeter. The excess molar volume has been calculated from experimental densities. Variation of mixtures volumes was low, but measurable. It was observed that the excess molar volume was positive for all studied mixtures, due to increased physical interactions between fatty acid methyl esters and ethanol. Density variation
was modeled by polynomial regression and the thermal expansion coefcient, as well as its excess value, were
estimated. The excess molar volume and excess thermal expansion coefcient results were tted to the
RedlichKister type polynomial equation to obtain the regression coefcients and estimate the standard deviations and correlation coefcients between experimental and calculated results.
2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Population and number of vehicles growth, as well as the acute need
for transportation, associated with scarcity of oil resources bring into
focus the need to nd viable alternatives for partial or total substitution
of fossil fuels for automobiles. Alternative sources of energy for transportation are liquid fuels made from biomass, such as biodiesel and
bioethanol, considered as strong candidates for substituting fossil
fuels. Compared to fossil fuels, biofuels have a number of undeniable advantages: they reduce a country's fossil fuel dependency, they are renewable and environmentally friendly, are carbon neutral, their
production supports emerging markets and expand labor markets in agriculture [1,2].
Biodiesel can be produced from various raw materials, such as vegetable oils, animal fat, and some algae species, [3] while bioethanol is
made from sugar, starch or cellulose [4]. Biodiesel can substitute diesel
fuel, while bioethanol is used as a substitute for petrol.
Biodiesel has a high cetane number, wherefrom reduced solid particle and hydrocarbons emissions, but its volatility, caloric value
and ow properties at low temperatures are inferior to those of diesel
[5,6]. This means that the use of biodiesel at low temperatures can be
problematic. However, ethanol has a low cetane number, is very volatile
and has excellent ow properties at low temperature [5].
An efcient method of solving some drawbacks of biodiesel is blending it with substances which can compensate for their decient

E-mail address: istvan.barabas@auto.utcluj.ro.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2015.01.048
0167-7322/ 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

properties. Using ethanol as an extender for biodiesel is one method

which has received close attention in research lately, because the presence of ethanol in biodiesel compensates for some of its drawbacks: it
reduces density and viscosity, [7] it improves volatility [8,9] and its
ow properties at low temperatures [10].
Density is a very important fuel property because it inuences production, transportation, and distribution processes as well as all processes that take place in the internal combustion engine. Knowing the
density of fuels is necessary for: designing production and manufacturing facilities for fuels reactors, tanks, and distillation units; nding the
mass and volume ows through such facilities; establishing the appropriate size of transfer pumps, transfer and safety valves, etc. [11]. Density, together with vapor pressure, vapor diffusivity, surface tension, and
liquid dynamic viscosity, inuences fuel spray structure, combustion
and emission characteristics, engine deposit formation, and engine
behavior in cold weather conditions [1215]. Developing reliable
models for injection and combustion processes implies the accurate description of the thermo-physical characteristics of fuels, including their
density [16].
The injection system of compression ignition engine (CIE) introduces discrete volumes of fuel in the combustion chamber, calculated
by the electronic control unit, based, among others, on the functioning
conditions of the engine [17] and the temperature of the fuel [18]. For
this reason, knowing the precise density of fuel allows for accurate dosage and for a correct energy consumption, because density inuences
the mass of the injected fuel [19] and the heating value of the fuel is
often given as energy content per unit mass [17]. Density inuences
the air/fuel mass ratio, [20] i.e. the quality of the airfuel mixture.

96

I. Barabs / Journal of Molecular Liquids 204 (2015) 9599

Since 2002, in order to reduce pollution, the electronic control units

of CIE can include a closed loop control for the quality of airfuel mixtures, using pressure, temperature, wideband oxygen sensors, etc. In
the case of these engines, knowing the exact density of the fuel becomes
less important, since the quantity of fuel is calculated together with
the usual parameters by taking into account the oxygen content of exhaust gases [21].
Excess molar volume of mixtures of pure esters and alcohols is the
focus of many studies, but, to the best of our knowledge, molar excess
values of biodieselethanol mixtures have not been studied yet. The
goals of our study are density estimation, excess molar volume estimation, thermal expansion coefcient of mixtures of biodiesel made from
rapeseed oil and ethanol, as well as providing data for manufacturing
processes, distribution, use, modeling and simulation in which these
mixtures are involved.

2. Experimental
Ethanol was provided by S.C. Nordic S.A. Biodiesel was produced
from rapeseed oil by the Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation from Cluj-Napoca. Ethanol purity is 99.3% w/w. Esters' content of
biodiesel is 97.7% w/w, while water content is 183 mgkg1. From the
two constituents, ten binary mixtures were prepared by weight dosing,
using a Mettler AE 163 type analytical balance with a precision of
1 105 g, consequently the uncertainty in the mole fractions is
5 105.
Sample composition was chosen so that it covered the range of
molar concentration between 0 and 1 with steps of about 0.1. After
mixing, the samples were kept for ten days in dark glass bottles, lled
to 95% of the volume and tightly closed. As expected, no components
separation was observed during this period.
The fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) composition prole of biodiesels
used in this work was determined by gas chromatography with an HP
6890 series gas chromatography system equipped with a ame ionization detector and automated split injector.
Before measuring densities, the samples have been thoroughly
mixed and degassed by using an Elmasonic S 50 R type ultrasonic unit.
Densities of the pure liquids and mixtures were measured at atmospheric pressure and at (273.15, 283.15, 288.15, 293.15, 303.15,
313.15, 323.15 and 333.15) K by using an Anton Paar DMA 4500 M
equipped with vibrating U-tube and provided with automatic viscosity
correction. The maximum value of temperature was limited by the relatively low boiling point of bioethanol.
The precision of measured densities was 1 10 5 gcm 3
and uncertainty of the measurements was estimated to be
5 105 gcm3. The temperature in the measuring cell was regulated with Peltier elements and was measured via two integrated Pt 100
platinum resistance thermometers with a precision of 0.01 K.
Before each series of measurements, the densimeter was calibrated
at atmospheric pressure using double distilled and degassed water
and dried air. The density data for water and dried air were taken
from DMA 4500 M Instruction Manual. The cell for density measurement was washed with solvent at a temperature of 333.15 K and air
dried at a temperature of 363.15 K before each fuel sample. In order to
wet the inner walls of the U-tube, before measurements, 20 cm3 of the
samples was passed through the density cell. The measurement cell
was relled with a fuel sample before every measurement was taken.
In order to ensure maximum accuracy, each measurement was done
three times and average of the three values was calculated.

3. Results and discussion

Excess molar volume VE of binary biodieselethanol mixtures was
calculated for the entire range of concentrations and temperatures

Table 1
Fatty acid methyl ester concentration proles of RME analyzed by gas chromatography.
Fatty acid methyl ester

CAS number

% w/w

Methyl decanoate (C10:0)

Methyl dodecanoate (C12:0)
Methyl tetradecanoate (C14:0)
Methyl hexadecanoate (C16:0)
Methyl octadecanoate (C18:0)
Methyl eicosanoate (C20:0)
Methyl docosanoate (C22:0)
Methyl hexadec-9-enoate (C16:1)
Methyl (Z)-octadec-9-enoate (C18:1)
Methyl cis-11-eicosenoate (C20:1)
Methyl (Z)-13-docosenoate (C22:1)
Methyl (Z,Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate (C18:2)
Methyl (Z,Z,Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoate (C18:3)

110-42-9
111-82-0
124-10-7
112-39-0
112-61-8
1120-28-1
929-77-1
1120-25-8
112-62-9
2390-09-2
1120-34-9
112-63-0
301-00-8

0.02
0.03
0.82
3.81
1.75
0.56
1.13
0.12
58.41
0.68
0.21
21.25
11.21

studied with the formula:

E

2
X



1
1
;
xi Mi i

i1

where xi is the mole fraction of the component i (i = 1 for ethanol, i = 2

for biodiesel), Mi is the molecular weights, expressed in gmol1, and
and i represent mixture density and component density, respectively,
in gcm3. The molar quantities used for calculations in this paper are
based on data published by IUPAC [22].
Table 1 reports the methyl ester compositions of the biodiesel (RME)
used in this study. Molecular weight of biodiesel, M2, was calculated
with the formula [23].
M2

x jM j;

where xj is the mole fraction component j, and Mj is the molecular

weight of component j.
The molecular weight of RME used in this paper is calculated with
Eq. (2) is 295.26 gmol1.
The thermal expansion coefcient for atmospheric pressure is given
by the formula [24]:

V=T p ;

where V is the volume and (V/T)p is the temperature variation ratio

for atmospheric pressure. Taking into account the relation of volume

Table 2
Coefcients and precision of polynomial regression.
x1

c0/gcm3

104
c1/gcm3T1

107
c2/gcm3T2

102 SD

0
0.12025
0.18657
0.27735
0.41781
0.50609
0.60683
0.71334
0.80786
0.90452
0.95107
1

1.31537
0.31892
0.13282
0.97034
1.40845
1.87967
2.53586
3.41613
4.51692
5.88794
7.35090
8.61472

8.07445
7.56664
7.36064
6.94577
6.78120
6.59032
6.30430
5.91772
5.43407
4.83032
4.11437
3.52179

1.10648
1.09825
1.09423
1.08658
1.08100
1.07694
1.06957
1.05816
1.04371
1.02132
1.00071
0.97548

1.00000
0.99995
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

0.22327
1.04200
0.24597
0.52723
0.45762
0.45660
0.59862
9.85563
1.25498
2.11268
1.56606
2.39012

I. Barabs / Journal of Molecular Liquids 204 (2015) 9599

and density, thermal expansion coefcient can also be expressed by the

formula: [24]

=T p :

In the range between 273.15 K and 333.15 K, density variation by

temperature is described by a quadratic function [24].

97

c0 c1 T c2 T ;

where /gcm3 is the density, T/K is the temperature, c0, c1 and c2 are
parameters of polynomial regressions.
Constants of Eq. (5) were determined based on experimental data by
polynomial regression, using the least-square method are given in
Table 2.

Table 3
Values of , , VE and E for mixture of x1(ethanol) + (1 x1)RME at temperatures from 273.15 K to 333.15 K and atmospheric pressure.
a/gcm3

103 /K1

VE/cm3mol1

105 E/K1

x1

/gcm3

103 /K1

VE/cm3mol1

105 E/K1

273.15 K
0
0.12025
0.18657
0.27735
0.41781
0.50609

0.89574
0.89395
0.89218
0.88961
0.88626
0.88290

0.82121
0.82694
0.83315
0.84035
0.85197
0.86275

0
0.07096
0.09826
0.12027
0.13248
0.12583

0
0.54573
0.77057
1.16260
1.43619
1.52246

0.60683
0.71334
0.80786
0.90452
0.95107
1

0.87845
0.87103
0.86158
0.84545
0.83348
0.81501

0.87536
0.89365
0.91711
0.95179
0.97545
1.00956

0.10675
0.08579
0.05811
0.03540
0.01453
0

1.49402
1.59513
1.57296
1.20138
0.91701
0

283.15 K
0
0.12025
0.18657
0.27735
0.41781
0.50609

0.88840
0.88656
0.88474
0.88213
0.87870
0.87526

0.82503
0.83311
0.84046
0.84968
0.86250
0.87457

0
0.08210
0.11706
0.13930
0.15840
0.15669

0
0.675261
0.965838
1.32143
1.77708
1.88382

0.60683
0.71334
0.80786
0.90452
0.95107
1

0.87074
0.86322
0.85363
0.83734
0.82527
0.80669

0.88894
0.90965
0.93624
0.97507
1.00297
1.04133

0.13556
0.11000
0.08027
0.04891
0.02266
0

1.87762
1.97374
1.94630
1.52366
1.12466
0

288.15 K
0
0.12025
0.18657
0.27735
0.41781
0.50609

0.88474
0.88287
0.88102
0.87838
0.87490
0.87143

0.82696
0.83623
0.84416
0.85441
0.86786
0.88057

0
0.08978
0.12878
0.15303
0.17684
0.17413

0
0.74128
1.06027
1.53845
1.95083
2.06801

0.60683
0.71334
0.80786
0.90452
0.95107
1

0.86686
0.85928
0.84962
0.83325
0.82112
0.80247

0.89584
0.91780
0.94597
0.98692
1.01699
1.05754

0.15378
0.12569
0.09313
0.05549
0.02648
0

2.13805
2.11172
2.10660
1.79263
1.24560
0

293.15 K
0
0.12025
0.18657
0.27735
0.41781
0.50609

0.88108
0.87918
0.87731
0.87462
0.87111
0.86759

0.82890
0.83938
0.84788
0.85919
0.87325
0.88664

0
0.09664
0.13686
0.16885
0.19172
0.19244

0
0.80750
1.15498
1.67588
2.12509
2.25274

0.60683
0.71334
0.80786
0.90452
0.95107
1

0.86297
0.85533
0.84559
0.82912
0.81692
0.79821

0.90282
0.92603
0.95582
0.99894
1.03121
1.07398

0.17230
0.14097
0.10627
0.06340
0.03175
0

2.32904
2.45027
2.26746
1.92205
1.35687
0

303.15 K
0
0.12025
0.18657
0.27735
0.41781
0.50609

0.87379
0.87180
0.86987
0.86710
0.86348
0.85988

0.83280
0.84575
0.85543
0.86888
0.88423
0.89896

0
0.11818
0.16729
0.20626
0.23753
0.23743

0
0.94228
1.34776
1.95559
2.47978
2.61173

0.60683
0.71334
0.80786
0.90452
0.95107
1

0.85515
0.84737
0.83747
0.82078
0.80843
0.78955

0.91701
0.94279
0.97588
1.02344
1.06023
1.10758

0.21685
0.17842
0.13565
0.08028
0.04199
0

2.75776
2.79421
2.71592
2.12615
1.58334
0

313.15 K
0
0.12025
0.18657
0.27735
0.41781
0.50609

0.86653
0.86443
0.86242
0.85955
0.85583
0.85213

0.83674
0.85223
0.86313
0.87877
0.89542
0.91155

0
0.14705
0.20882
0.25778
0.29117
0.29200

0
1.07915
1.54353
2.13965
2.83999
3.01058

0.60683
0.71334
0.80786
0.90452
0.95107
1

0.84729
0.83935
0.82925
0.81232
0.79978
0.78072

0.93150
0.95994
0.99644
1.04859
1.09008
1.14217

0.26748
0.22093
0.17123
0.09960
0.05523
0

3.18254
3.15428
3.11043
2.43499
1.81333
0

323.15 K
0
0.12025
0.18657
0.27735
0.41781
0.50609

0.85929
0.85707
0.85498
0.85199
0.84816
0.84434

0.84073
0.85880
0.87095
0.88885
0.90684
0.92441

0
0.18001
0.25202
0.31526
0.35063
0.35461

0
1.21820
1.74241
2.52823
3.20592
3.39849

0.60683
0.71334
0.80786
0.90452
0.95107
1

0.83937
0.83126
0.82094
0.80374
0.79099
0.77171

0.94633
0.97750
1.01754
1.07444
1.12078
1.17784

0.32690
0.26919
0.21105
0.12105
0.06954
0

3.51359
3.52071
3.51121
2.74874
2.04698
0

333.15 K
0
0.12025
0.18657
0.27735
0.41781
0.50609

0.85208
0.84971
0.84753
0.84441
0.84045
0.83652

0.84476
0.86549
0.87892
0.89913
0.91851
0.93754

0
0.22085
0.30702
0.38477
0.42383
0.42510

0
1.35391
1.93652
2.70988
3.66307
3.77709

0.60683
0.71334
0.80786
0.90452
0.95107
1

0.83140
0.82310
0.81254
0.79505
0.78205
0.76254

0.96150
0.99549
1.03917
1.10099
1.15239
1.21459

0.39495
0.32452
0.25602
0.14392
0.08610
0

3.90501
3.87738
3.90237
3.05496
2.27502
0

x1
b

a
b

Uncertainty in density = 0.00005 gcm3.

Uncertainty in temperature = 0.01 K.

98

I. Barabs / Journal of Molecular Liquids 204 (2015) 9599

Table 4
Coefcients Ai, R and SD of the RedlichKister type equation for VE.
Temperature/K

A0

A1

A2

103 SD

273.15
283.15
288.15
293.15
303.15
313.15
323.15
333.15

0.50137
0.61438
0.68763
0.75839
0.94144
1.15799
1.40518
1.69404

0.20908
0.18363
0.17819
0.16221
0.16760
0.20588
0.23950
0.30746

0.03729
0.06609
0.07408
0.08461
0.11292
0.18997
0.25494
0.34541

0.99923
0.99908
0.99927
0.99955
0.99969
0.99972
0.99970
0.99968

2.11506
2.76221
2.72137
2.33811
2.40308
2.80434
3.52132
4.38648

The correlation coefcient R and the standard deviations SD reported

in this table were computed by applying the following equations:
R

n 
X

"
#
n 
n 

 X
2 X
2 1=2
exptli exptl calci calc =
exptli exptl
calci calc
;

i1

i1

i1

6
SD

"
n
X

#1=2
2

calci exptli =nm

i1

where exptli and calci are the experimental and calculated values, respectively, exptl and calc are the average values of the measured and calculated values, respectively, n is the number of experimental values and
m is the numbers of model parameters.
Variation ratio (/T)p was determined by deriving Eq. (5). The
excess thermal expansion coefcient E can be calculated using the
formula: [24]
X
E

i i

where i is volume fraction of component i. The values of , , VE and E

are given in Table 3.
Variation of molar excess volume and thermal expansion coefcient
were modeled by RedlichKister type polynomial equation:
E

Fig. 1. Plot of the excess molar volume of x1(ethanol) + (1 x1)RME at the local atmospheric pressure against mole fraction of ethanol.

V or x1 x2

p
X

Ak x1 x2 x1 1x1

k0

p
X

Fig. 1 shows excess molar volume variation, while Fig. 2 shows the
variation of excess expansion coefcient by temperature as well as by
molecular concentration of ethanol in the mixture. Symbols represent
calculated values, while solid lines show polynomial variations.
The excess molar volume is positive all along the concentration and
temperature range. The same trend was observed for mixtures of ethanol and pure esters [2527]. The fact that excess molar volume is positive indicates the reduction of intermolecular associations (hydrogen
bonds in ethanol, dipoledipole interactions in methyl esters), the presence of repulsive forces due to the electronic charges of both ethanol
and esters, the declustering of ethanol in the presence of esters, and
the domination of steric hindrance in the ester molecules [27]. This effect is not compensated by a reduction in excess volume due to space redistribution of molecules, facilitated by an important difference of
dimensions between the molecules of the two components.
4. Conclusions

Ak 2x1 1 ;

k0

where Ak, k = 0p are coefcients whose values were calculated by the

least-square method. The p order of the polynomial described by Eq. (9)
was optimized by applying the F-test. We established that p = 2 for the
VE and p = 4 for E provides sufcient accuracy for modeling these two
quantities.
The values obtained for coefcients from Eq. (9), with the SD and the
R are given in Table 4 for VE and in Table 5 for E. It can be seen that the
RedlichKister type polynomial equation represents the excess molar
volume and excess expansion coefcient accurately, which is indicated
by a low SD and by the R ~ 1.

An Anton Paar DMA 4500 M densimeter was used to measure the

densities of ten binary mixtures of ethanol and rapeseed oil biodiesel
in the range of 273.15 K to 333.15 K and at atmospheric pressure. As
expected, mixtures' density decreases by temperature as well as by
ethanol concentration. The RedlichKister type polynomial equation
provides a good description for the excess molar volumes and
excess expansion coefcients. Excess molar volume is positive
all along the concentration range, increases with the increase of
temperature and has its maximum value in the range of 0.40 to 0.44
of ethanol concentration (1113% v/v ethanol in biodiesel). The highest
value of excess molar volume, 0.42 cm3mol 1, was observed at a
temperature of 333.15 K and a concentration of ethanol of 0.42,
representing 0.21% of the theoretical one. The excess thermal expansion

Table 5
Coefcients Ai, R and SD of the RedlichKister type equation for E.
Temperature/K

104 A0

105 A1

105 A2

104 A3

104 A4

107 SD

273.15
283.15
288.15
293.15
303.15
313.15
323.15
333.15

0.61289
0.75837
0.83252
0.90688
1.05825
1.21197
1.36813
1.52054

1.20749
1.49409
1.64018
1.78669
2.08490
2.38775
2.69541
2.99569

1.69663
2.09933
2.30459
2.51045
2.92946
3.35499
3.78728
4.20914

0.73220
0.90599
0.99457
1.08341
1.26424
1.44788
1.63444
1.81651

0.64908
0.80314
0.88167
0.96042
1.12072
1.28351
1.4489
1.61031

0.99753
0.99880
0.99897
0.99841
0.99858
0.99858
0.99891
0.99879

5.33720
4.84151
4.66189
6.42909
6.89925
7.80613
7.76258
9.06294

I. Barabs / Journal of Molecular Liquids 204 (2015) 9599

[4]
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[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
Fig. 2. Plot of the excess thermal expansion coefcient of x1(ethanol) + (1 x1)RME at
the local atmospheric pressure against mole fraction of ethanol.

coefcient displays similar trends with those of excess molar volume, its
maximum values being slightly different, meaning higher ethanol
concentrations.
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