Hy Wire Car

HY WIRE CAR TECHNOLOGY

ABSTRACT
In this seminar, we will look at one interesting vision of the future, General Motors
remarkable concept car, the Hy-wire.
From last many years we have been facing the problem of pollution and
environmental disaster. Much of the pollutants come under the category of vehicular
pollution. Therefore we need to evolve a method to eliminate or at least decrease this
problem.
If you've ever looked under the hood of a car, you know an internal combustion
engine requires a lot of additional equipment to function correctly. No matter what else they
do with a car, designers always have to make room for this equipment.
The Hy-wire (Hydrogen
drive-by-wire)
is
a concept
car from General
Motors originally introduced in January 2002. The car runs on hydrogen fuel cells and uses
a drive-by-wire system, meaning that the car is controlled electronically. Due to hydrogen
fuel cell drive system used by the Hy-wire, the conventional car layout has been revamped.
Without the need for a conventional engine block and transmission system coupled to
the steering column and pedals through mechanical linkage the car's power system and single
electric motor are built into a flat skateboard configuration.
Since a fuel cell propulsion system is about twice as efficient as an internal
combustion engine, a fuel cell vehicle could provide twice the fuel efficiency of a comparably
sized conventional vehicle, and an optimized fuel cell vehicle like Hy-wire would be even
more efficient. Since the reaction through which the power is generated is 2H2+O2=>2H2O
the only bi-product formed is water, which is a non-pollutant. Since there is no burning or
other oxidation process in the releasing of energy harmful components like nitrogen oxides,
hydrocarbons, carbon oxides and other unburned products are not produced. Hence these cars
are highly eco-friendly.
Of course, this is a concept car. GM will use ideas from this in future autos, so its
entirely possible that someday soon you'll drive a car with a front window that reaches from
your toes to the roof, while you steer the car with a joystick set in the arm of a comfortable
chair.
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INTRODUCTION
Cars are immensely complicated machines, but when you get down to it, they do an
incredibly simple job. Most of the complex stuff in a car is decided to turning wheel, which
grip the road to pull the car body and passengers along. The steering system tilts the wheel
side to run the car, and brake and acceleration system control the speed of the wheel. Given
that the overall function of the car is basic (it just needs to provide rotary motion to the
wheel), it seems a little strange that almost all cars have the same collection of complex
crammed under the hood and the same general mass of mechanical and hydraulic linkages
running throughout.

Fig.1: GMs Sedan Model Hy Wire Car

Why do cars need necessarily need a steering column, brake and acceleration pedals,
a combustion engine and the rest of it? This question led the automotive engineers at the
General Motors Company to design and develop a new breed of cars.
In this article, we'll look at one interesting vision of the future, General Motor's
remarkable concept car, the Hy-wire. GM may never actually sell the Hy-wire to the public,
but it is certainly a good illustration of various ways cars might evolve in the near future.
The body of the Hy-wire is an aluminium frame on a steel and fibre glass body and
conventional windscreen dimensions have been lengthened giving the driver a sense of space
and improved visibility. It's a car that marries the best of contemporary design with the
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innovation necessary for the 21st Century. The Hy-wire may cost the GDP of a developing
nation, but this is a prototype. As the market adopts the Hy-wire concept and runs with it, the
price will come down, ensuring a cleaner, quieter future for several generations to come.

HISTORY
General Motors, the American automobile behemoth, is essentially the company
bringing out the HY-WIRE car. But this was not the first alternate fuel powered vehicle that
they were bringing out. GMs overarching advanced technology strategy for propulsion
systems was designed to build capability for increased power and energy efficiency and
reduced emissions with the long-term vision of making the transition to hydrogen-fuelled fuel
cell powered vehicles that emit only clean water and offer twice the energy efficiency of
traditional engines. This technology development focuses on fuel cell power
systems, hydrogen production (electrolysis and fuel processing), electric drive control and
system integration, hydrogen storage, and affordability.
At the 2002 North American International Motor Show at Detroit, GM unveiled the
Autonomy car which was the first purpose-designed vehicle combining the benefits of fuel
cells and drive by wire technology. Discarding the restrictions of conventional
vehicle design based around the internal combustion engine, the vehicle consists of an
innovative, skateboard-like chassis, incorporating all the running gear, such as fuel cell
powered electric drive, steering and braking systems, onto which a variety of different body
styles.
The GM Hy-wire incorporates the features first envisioned in the Autonomy concept
vehicle. All of the touring sedan's propulsion and control systems are contained within an 11inch-thick skateboard-like chassis, maximizing the interior space for five occupants and their
cargo. GM designers and engineers in the United States developed the vehicle chassis and
body design, as well as the engineering and electrical system integration. Engineers at GM's
research facility in Mainz-Kastler, Germany, integrated the fuel-cell propulsion system,
which is the same system used in the HydroGen3 concept, based on an Opel Zaffre and
shown at the 2001 Frankfurt Motor Show. American designers also worked closely with
Italian design house Stile Breton in Turin, where the body was built.

HY-WIRE BASICS
The two basic elements that largely dictate car design today are: the internal
combustion engine and mechanical and hydraulic linkages. If we look under the hood of a
car, we can see that an internal combustion engine requires a lot of additional equipment to
function correctly.

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Fig.1: GMs Sedan Model Hy Wire Car

Hy Wire Car

The designers trying to bring out new luxurious and environment-friendly cars into
the market always have to make room for this equipment. The same is the case with the
mechanical and hydraulic linkages. The basic idea of using the linkages is that the drivers can
maneuverer the various actuators in the car more or less directly, by manipulating driving
controls connected to those actuators by shafts, gears and hydraulics. For example, in a rack
and pinion steering system turning the steering wheel rotates a shaft connected to a pinion
gear, which moves a rack gear connected to the cars front wheels.
The defining characteristic of the Hy-wire is that it doesnt have either of those two
things. Instead of an engine, it has a fuel cell stack, which powers an electric motor connected
to the wheels. Instead of mechanical and hydraulic linkages, it has a drive by wire system
where a computer actually operates the components that move the wheels, activate the brakes
and so on, and based on input from an electronic controller. By combining fuel cell and drive
by wire technology, the Hy-wire car has opened a new world of chassis architectures and
customized bodies for individual expression. The development is a significant step towards a
new kind of automobile that is substantially friendlier to the environment and provides
consumers positive benefits in driving dynamics, and freedom of individual expression.
The result of the two substitutions is a very different type of car and a very different
driving experience. There is no steering wheel, there are no pedals and there is no engine
compartment. In fact, every piece of equipment that actually moves the car along the road is
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Fig.2: THE INTERIOR OF HY WIRE CAR

Hy Wire Car
housed in an 11-inch-thick (28 cm) aluminium Chassisalso known as the skateboard at
the base of the car. This maximizes the interior space for five occupants and their cargo.
Everything above the chassis is dedicated solely to driver control passenger comfort.

HOW WE DRIVE
The steering wheel, pedal and gear -shift system were all designed around the linkage idea.
The defining characteristic of the Hy-wire (and its conceptual predecessor, the Autonomy) is
that it doesn't have either of these two things. Instead of an engine, it has a fuel cell stack,
which powers an electric motor connected to the wheels. Instead of mechanical and hydraulic
linkages, it has a drive by wire system -- a computer actually operates the components that
move the wheels, activate the brakes and so on, based on input from an electronic controller.
This is the same control system employed in modern fighter jets as well as many commercial
planes.
The result of these two substitutions is a very different type of car -- and a very different
driving experience.
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There is no steering wheel, there are no pedals and there is no engine compartment. In fact,
every piece of equipment that actually moves the car along the road is housed in an 11-inchthick (28 cm) aluminium chassis -- also known as the skateboard -- at the base of the car.
Everything above the chassis is dedicated solely to driver control and passenger comfort. This
means the driver and passengers don't have to sit behind a mass of machinery. Instead, the
Hy-wire has a huge front windshield, which gives everybody a clear view of the road.
The floor of the fibreglass-and-steel passenger compartment can be totally flat, and it's easy
to give every seat lots of leg room. Concentrating the bulk of the vehicle in the bottom
section of the car also improves safety because it makes the car much less likely to tip over.
But the coolest thing about this design is that it lets you remove the entire passenger
compartment and replace it with a different one. If you want to switch from a van to a sports
car, you don't need an entirely new car; you just need a new body (which is a lot cheaper).
The Hy-wire has wheels, seats and windows like a conventional car, but the similarity pretty
much ends there. There is no engine under the hood and no steering wheel or pedals inside.

FUEL CELL ON HY-WIRE

A fuel cell is an electrochemical energy conversion device that converts hydrogen and
oxygen into water, producing electricity and heat in the process. A fuel cell provides a DC
(direct current) voltage that can be used to power motors, lights or any number of electrical
appliances. One can continually recharge a fuel cell by adding chemical fuel- hydrogen for an
on-board storage tank.
The type of fuel cell that is used in the Hy-wire car is the Proton exchange membrane
fuel cell.

Proton exchange membrane Fuel Cell

The four basic elements of a PEM fuel cell are:D.N.R. Collage of Engineering and TechnologyPage 6

Hy Wire Car

The anode, the negative post of the fuel cell, conducts the electrons that are freed
from the hydrogen molecules so that they can be used in an external circuit. It has
channels etched into it that disperse the hydrogen gas equally over the surface of the
catalyst.

The cathode, the positive post of the fuel cell, has channels etched into it that
distribute the oxygen to the surface of the catalyst. It also conducts the electrons back
from the external circuit to the catalyst, where they can recombine with the hydrogen
ions and oxygen to form water.

The electrolyte is the proton exchange membrane. This specially treated material, only
conducts positively charged ions. The membrane blocks electrons.

The catalyst is a special material that facilitates the reaction of oxygen and hydrogen.
It is usually made of platinum powder very thinly coated onto carbon paper or cloth.
The catalyst is rough and porous so that the maximum surface area of the platinum
can be exposed to the hydrogen or oxygen. The platinum-coated side of the catalyst
faces the PEM.

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The working of PEMFC

Fig.3: FUEL CELL

The pressurized hydrogen gas (H2) enters the fuel cell on the anode side. This gas is
forced through the catalyst by the pressure. When an H 2 molecule comes in contact with the
platinum on the catalyst, it splits into two H+ ions and two electrons (e-). The electrons are
conducted through the anode, where they make their way through the external circuit (doing
useful work such as turning a motor) and return to the cathode side of the fuel cell.
Meanwhile, on the cathode side of the fuel cell, oxygen gas (O 2) is being forced
through the catalyst, where it forms two oxygen atoms. Each of these atoms has a strong
negative charge. This negative charge attracts the two H+ ions through the membrane, where
they combine with an oxygen atom and two of the electrons, from the external circuit to form
a water molecule (H2O).

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Fig.4: HYDROGEN TANKS AND FUEL CELL STACK

Chemistry of a Fuel Cell

Anode side
2H2 => 4H+ + 4eCathode side
O2 + 4H+ + 4e- => 2H2O
Net reaction
2H2 + O2 => 2H2O
In a hydrogen fuel cell, a catalyst breaks hydrogen molecules in the anode into
protons and electrons. The protons move through the exchange membrane, toward the oxygen
on the cathode side, and the electrons make their way through a wire between the anode and
cathode. On the cathode side, the hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water. Many cells
are connected in series to move substantial charge through a circuit. One fuel cell only puts
out a little bit of power, so you need to combine many cells into a stack to get much use out
of the process. The fuel-cell stack in the Hy-wire is made up of 200 individual cells
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Hy Wire Car
connected in series, which collectively provide 94 kilowatts of continuous power and 129
kilowatts at peak power. The compact cell stack (it's about the size of a PC tower) is kept cool
by a conventional radiator system that's powered by the fuel cells themselves.
PEMFCs operate at a fairly low temperature (about 176 degrees Fahrenheit, 80
degrees Celsius), which means they warm up quickly and dont require expensive
containment structures.

Fig.4: HYDROGEN TANKS AND FUEL CELL STACK

The gaseous hydrogen fuel needed to power this system is stored in three cylindrical
tanks, weighing about 165 pounds (75 kilograms) total. The tanks are made of a special
carbon composite material with the high structural strength needed to contain high-pressure
hydrogen gas. The tanks in the current model hold about 4.5 pounds (2kg) of hydrogen at
about 5000 pounds per square inch (350 bars). In future models the Hy-wire engineers hope
to increase the pressure threshold to 10000 pounds per square inch (700 bars), which would
boost the cars fuel capacity to extend the driving range.

DRIVE BY WIRE TECHNOLOGY

The Hy-wires brain is a central computer housed in the middle of the chassis. It
sends electronic signals to the motor control unit to vary the speed, the steering mechanism to
maneuverer the car, and the braking system to slow the car down. The central computer is
connected to an array of advanced sensors. Based on input from the driver, the computer
activates the different actuators to control the motion of the vehicle. The driver doesnt
actually drive the car directly: He or she gives instructions and the computer decides how to
carry them out.
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The computer constantly makes adjustments on it to improve the driving performance
the computer artificially creates a relatively smooth ride. The computer is connected to the
bodys electronics through universal docking ports. The UDP transmits a constant stream of
electronic command signals from the car controller to the central computer, as well as
feedback signals from the computer to the controller. Additionally, it provides the electric
power needed to operate all of the bodys on-board electronics.

Fig.5: THE HY WIRE CARS X-DRIVE

The drivers control unit, dubbed the X-drive has to ergonomic groups, positioned to
the left and right of a small LCD monitor. To steer the car, you glide the gripes up and down
lightly, you dont have to keep rotating a wheel to turn, and you just have to hold the grip in
the turning position. To accelerate; you turn either grip, in the same way you would turn the
throttle on a motor cycle; and to brake you squeeze either grip. Electronic motion sensors,
translate the motion of the X-drive in to a digital signal the computer can recognize. Buttons
on the controller let you switch easily from neutral to drive to rivers, and a starter buttons
turns the car on. Absolutely everything is hand controlled.

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Fig.6: THE X-DRIVE CAN SLIDE TO EITHER SIDE OF THE

VEHICLE

Hy Wire Car

The 5.8 inch (14.7 centimetre) colour monitor in the centre of the controller displays
all the stuff youd normally find on the dashboard 9speed, mileage, fuel level). It also gives
you rear-view images from video cameras on the sides and back of the car, in place of
conventional mirrors. A second monitor, on a console beside the driver, shows you stereo,
climate control and navigation information. Since it doesnt directly drive any part of the car,
the X-drive could really go anywhere in the passenger compartment. In the current Hy-wire
sedan model, the X-drive swings around to either of the front two seats, so you can switch
drivers without even getting up. Its also easy to adjust the X-drive up or down to improve
driver comfort.

One of the amazing things about the drive-by-wire system is that you can fine-tune
vehicle handling without changing anything in the cars mechanical components all it takes
to adjust the steering, accelerator or brake sensitivity is some new computer software. One
fuel cell only puts out a little bit of power, so you need to combine many cells into a stack to
get much use out of the process. The fuel-cell stack in the Hy-wire is made up of 200
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individual cells connected in series, which collectively provide 94 kilowatts of continuous
power and 129 kilowatts at peak power.
The compact cell stack is kept cool by a conventional radiator system thats powered
by the fuel cells themselves. The fuel system delivers DC voltage ranging from 125 to 200
volts, depending on the load in the circuit. A transformer in motor controller boosts this up to
250 to 380 volts and converts it to AC current to drive the three-phase electric motor that
rotates the wheels. The electric motors job is to apply torque to the front wheel axle to spin
the two front wheels.
The control unit varies the speed of the car by increasing or decreasing the power
applied to the motor. When the controller applies maximum power from the fuel-cell stack,
the motors rotor spins at 12000 revolutions per minute, delivering a torque of 159 poundfeet. A single-stage planetary gear, with the wheels, thats enough torque to move the 4200
-pound (1905-kg) car 100 miles per hour (161 kph) on a level road. Smaller electric motors
maneuverer the wheels to steer the car, and electrically controlled.

POWER TRANSMISSION
Fig.7: GMs DIAGRAM OF AUTONOMY DESIGN
The components which comprise the power transmission mechanism are the Hydrogen fuel
cell stack & the 3-phase ac motor.
The electric motor's job is to apply torque to the front wheel axle to spin the two front wheels.
The control unit varies the speed of the car by increasing or decreasing the power applied to
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Hy Wire Car
the motor. When the controller applies maximum power from the fuel-cell stack, the motor's
rotor spins at 12,000 revolutions per minute, delivering a torque of 159 pound-feet. A singlestage planetary gear, with a ratio of 8.67:1, steps up the torque to apply a maximum of 1,375
pound-feet to each wheel. That's enough torque to move the 4,200-pound (1,905-kg) car 100
miles per hour (161 kph) on a level road. Smaller electric motors manoeuvre the wheels to
steer the car and electrically controlled brake callipers bring the car to a stop.

APPLICATIONS OF FUEL CELLS

Fuel cells could be used in a number of applications. Each proposed use raises its own issues
and challenges.

1. Automobiles
Fuel-cell-powered cars will start to replace gas- and diesel-engine cars in about
2005. A fuel-cell car will be very similar to an electric car but with a fuel cell and
reformer instead of batteries. Most likely, you will fill your fuel-cell car up with
methanol, but some companies are working on gasoline reformers. Other companies
hope to do away with the reformer completely by designing advanced storage devices
for hydrogen.

2. Portable Power
Fuel cells also make sense for portable electronics like laptop computers, cellular
phones or even hearing aids. In these applications, the fuel cell will provide much
longer life than a battery would, and you should be able to recharge" it quickly with a
liquid or gaseous fuel.

3. Buses
Fuel-cell-powered buses are already running in several cities. The bus was one of
the first applications of the fuel cell because initially, fuel cells needed to be quite
large to produce enough power to drive a vehicle. In the first fuel-cell bus, about onethird of the vehicle was filled with fuel cells and fuel-cell equipment. Now the power
density has increased to the point that a bus can run on a much smaller fuel cell.

4. Home Power Generation

This is a promising application that you may be able to order as soon as 2002.
General Electric is going to offer a fuel-cell generator system made by Plug Power.
This system will use a natural gas or propane reformer and produce up to seven
kilowatts of power (which is enough for most houses). A system like this produces
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electricity and significant amounts of heat, so its possible that the system could heat
your water and help to heat your house without using any additional energy.

HY WIRE CAR SPECIFICATIONS

1. Top speed: 100 miles per hour (161 kph)
2. Weight: 4,185 pounds (1,898 kg)
3. Chassis length: 14 feet, 3 inches (4.3 meters)
4. Chassis width: 5 feet, 5.7 inches (1.67 meters)
5. Chassis thickness: 11 inches (28 cm)
6. Wheels: eight-spoke, light alloy wheels.
7. Tires: 20-inch (51-cm) in front and 22-inch (56-cm) in back
8. Fuel-cell power: 94 kilowatts continuous, 129 kilowatts peak
9. Fuel-cell-stack voltage: 125 to 200 volts
10. Motor: 250- to 380-volt three-phase asynchronous electric motor
11. Crash protection: front and rear "crush zones" (or "crash boxes") to absorb impact
energy
12. Related GM patents in progress: 30
13. GM team members involved in design: 500+

ADVANTAGES
1. Fuel Efficient:
Since a fuel cell propulsion system is about twice as efficient as an internal
combustion engine, a fuel cell vehicle could provide twice the fuel efficiency of a
comparably sized conventional vehicle, and an optimized fuel cell vehicle like Hywire would be even more efficient.
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Hy Wire Car

2. Environment Friendly
Since the reaction through which the power is generated is 2H 2+O2=>2H2O the
only bi-product formed is water, which is a non-pollutant. Since there is no burning or
other oxidation process in the releasing of energy harmful components like nitrogen
oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon oxides and other unburned products are not produced.
Hence these cars are highly eco-friendly.

3. High Stability
As all the technical elements have been nicely blended into the chassis, most of the
power train load has been evenly distributed between the front and rear of the chassis.
This provides a low centre of gravity, giving the architecture both a high stability and
driving dynamics potential. This contributes to the overall safety of the vehicle, by
enabling superior handling, while resisting rollover forces, with the tallest body
attached.

4. Highly Spacious
As there are no linkages and engine lot of legroom space is available for the
passengers.

5. Driver Friendly
As the X-drive does not have any physical linkages with the steering controller, it
can be taken to anywhere inside the car. Moreover as everything that drives the car is
housed in the chassis, the driver does not have to sit behind a mass of machinery. This
gives the driver a clear view of the road and thus increases the drivability.

6. Freedom of Individual Expression

As the chassis would be common for most the Hy-wire vehicles, one can easily
remove the entire passenger compartment and replace it with a different one. This
leads to the freedom of individual expression. For example if one wants to switch
from a van to a sports car, he does not need an entirely new car; he only needs a new
body (which would be a lot cheaper).

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Fig.8: GM CONCEPT OF AUTONOMY WITH AND WITHOUT A BODY

ATTACHED

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DISADVANTAGES
1. Low Safety
The big concern with drive-by-wire vehicles is safety. Since there is no physical
connection between the driver and the cars mechanical elements, an electrical failure
would mean total loss of control. In order to make this sort of system viable in the real
world, drive-by-wire cars will need back- up power supply and redundant electronic
linkages.

2. Storage and Transportation of Hydrogen Fuels

The other major hurdle for this type of car is figuring out energy-efficient method
for producing, transporting and storing hydrogen for the on board fuel cell stack. With
the current state of technology, actually the production of the hydrogen fuel can
generate about as much pollution as using gasoline engines.

3. Pricing
With the current status of development, manufacturing of the Hy-wire cars on a mass
scale would not at all be economical. According to the present accounts, the cost for
manufacturing even a single Hy-wire car would be about 1 to 2 cores.

FUTURE OF HY WIRE CAR

Looking in to the future, Burns says he thinks fuel cells offer a promising
alternative, but he recognizes that they need to be compelling, affordable, and profitable. One
area GM is tackling is hydrogen storage. GM partnered with Quantum Technologies to
develop a prototype tank that will give you a driving range of up to 300 miles before you
have to refuel.
Burns says GM is looking into other ways it can store compressed hydrogen,
Theres liquid for hydrogen and there are also metal hydrides when youre storing hydrogen
in a solid state, he said. Keebler says another solution could be to build a hydrogen reformer
into the car, which would enable it to turn other fuels into hydrogen. You could also house
these reforms at gas stations, he says. Burns says you could distribute the gasoline the same
way you do today, but it would go through a reformer at the pump, creating hydrogen from
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the gas. Burns sees a world where GM overcomes those obstacles and your car becomes part
of your energy solution and not the problem.
Lets imagine a world in which you could come home at night and pull your
hydrogen fuel cell vehicle into your garage. The first thing you do is connect it to some
compressed hydrogen tanks that are also in your garage and you put hydrogen into your
vehicle. You are refuelling at home, he said. At the end of the day, if you have some leftover
hydrogen in your tank, you could also use it to power your home.
He says he also envisions you being able to plug your car into your citys electric grid
and selling back fuel you dont use. Keebler says he likes what he has seen from the Hy-wire
overall. He hasnt been able to test-drive it yet. But he said, If they can pull that off, they
will have indeed leaped over the completion.

A FEW CONCERNS
1. The big concern with drive-by-wire vehicles is safety. Since there is no physical
connection between the driver and the car's mechanical elements, an electrical failure
would mean total loss of control. In order to make this sort of system viable in the real
world, drive-by-wire cars will need back-up power supplies and redundant electronic
linkages. With adequate safety measures like this, there's no reason why drive-by-wire
cars would be any more dangerous than conventional cars. In fact, a lot of designers
think they'll be much safer, because the central computer will be able to monitor
driver input. Another problem is adding adequate crash protection to the car.
2. The other major hurdle for this type of car is figuring out energy-efficient methods for
producing, transporting and storing hydrogen for the onboard fuel-cell stacks. With
the current state of technology, actually producing the hydrogen fuel can generate
about as much pollution as using gasoline engines, and storage and distribution
systems still have a long way to go. For that and other reasons, GM is still exploring
other storage techniques such as metal hydrides. To make fuel cell cars attractive, they
must match current life time expectations of 150,000 miles or more and GM is pretty
optimistic about that aspect.
3. Hy-wire is likely to spawn changes in other vehicles, and the first commercial one
may not necessarily look like Hy-wire, according to Burns: "we might find fuel cells
in conventional vehicles," for example, as well as by-wire technology. Big economies
of scales are likely to be derived from the skateboard chassis concept: Today, says
Burns, GM has to design and build 12-14 different "platforms" to cover the entire
market. But with the skateboard, "there will be fewer platforms" - maybe only two or
three. And fuel cell stacks can be "snapped together" - from 10kW for a house to
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1000kW for a locomotive. So will we ever get the chance to buy a Hy-wire General
Motors says it fully intends to release a production version of the car in 2010,
assuming it can resolve the major fuel and safety issues? But even if the Hy-wire team
doesn't meet this goal, GM and other automakers are definitely planning to move
beyond the conventional car sometime soon, toward a computerized, environmentally
friendly alternative.

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES
1. www.popularmechanics.com
2. www.gm.com
3. www.motortrend.com
4. www.fuelcellonline.com
5. www.avista.com

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