DIgSILENT PowerFactory

Technical Reference Documentation

Battery
ElmBattery

DIgSILENT GmbH
Heinrich-Hertz-Str. 9
72810 - Gomaringen
Germany
T: +49 7072 9168 0
F: +49 7072 9168 88
http://www.digsilent.de
info@digsilent.de
Version: 15.2
Edition: 1

Copyright 2014, DIgSILENT GmbH. Copyright of this document belongs to DIgSILENT GmbH.
No part of this document may be reproduced, copied, or transmitted in any form, by any means
electronic or mechanical, without the prior written permission of DIgSILENT GmbH.
Battery (ElmBattery)

Contents

Contents
1 General Description

2 Load-Flow Analysis

2.1 AC Load Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.1.1 Model Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.1.2 Slack Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.1.3 Calculation Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 Short Circuit Analysis

3.1 DC Short Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.1.1 IEC 61660 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.1.2 ANSI/IEEE 946 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.1.3 Calculation Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 RMS-Simulation

4.1 Model Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.2 Calculation Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.3 Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 EMT-Simulation

6 Harmonics/Power Quality

7 Optimal Power Flow

List of Figures

List of Tables

10

Battery (ElmBattery)

Load-Flow Analysis

General Description

The Battery element is based on the model of a DC voltage source element (ElmDcu). The
Battery element can be connected to DC terminals only (Phase technology: DC).
Figure 1.1 depicts the equivalent circuit of the model composed of an ideal DC voltage source
and an output impedance.

Ri

Ui

Li

IDC

=
UDC

Figure 1.1: DIgSILENT Battery Model

Load-Flow Analysis

In Load-Flow Analysis the Battery element supports AC balanced and unbalanced calculations.
The model is not considered for DC Load Flow calculations.

2.1

AC Load Flow

2.1.1

Model Equations

For AC balanced and unbalanced Load Flow Analysis the internal inductance Li of the battery
model is ignored, therefore only the internal resistance Ri is considered. The internal voltage is
kept constant as described in the equations below:
Ui = Unom uset

(1)

UDC = Ui IDC Ri

(2)

where:
Ui is the internal voltage in [kV ];
Unom is the nominal voltage of the battery in [kV ];
uset is the voltage setpoint in [p.u.];
Ri is the internal resistance in [Ohm];
IDC is the DC current in [kA];
UDC is the DC voltage in [kV ].
Battery (ElmBattery)

Short Circuit Analysis

2.1.2

Slack Assignment

The priority for the automatic slack assignment algorithm is dependent on the nominal voltage
and the corresponding voltage setpoint:
P rio = 1015 Unom uset

2.1.3

Calculation Parameters

The following calculation parameters are available for Load Flow Analysis:
Table 2.1: Calculation parameters (AC Load Flow)
Variable
U nom
uset
ri
iRef Element

Unit
kV
p.u.
p.u.

Description
Nominal Voltage
Voltage Setpoint
Internal Resistance
Reference Element

Symbol
Unom
uset
ri

where ri in p.u. is defined as shown below:

ri = Ri

1
U n2

and U n is the rated voltage in [kV ] of the corresponding connected terminal.

The parameter iRef Element is set to 1 if the battery is marked as Slack for the DC system.

Short Circuit Analysis

The battery model is considered only for DC short-circuit calculation.

3.1

DC Short Circuit

The DC short-circuit calculation considers the battery as a DC source which contributes to the
total fault current. From the aspects of the international standards it is being described in the
IEC 61660 and in the ANSI/IEEE 946.
For the DC short-circuit calculation the nominal voltage can be entered in an alternative manner:
Unom = cellnum cellvol
The internal resistance is defined as below:
Ri = cellnum cellres
The internal inductance is defined as below:
Li = cellnum cellind
where:
Battery (ElmBattery)

Short Circuit Analysis

cellnum is the number of cells;

cellvol is the cell nominal voltage in [kV ];
cellres is the resistance per cell in [Ohm];
cellind is the inductance per cell in [mH];
The operational voltage depends on the DC short-circuit standard chosen. EB is set to:
for IEC 61660 method to EB = fB Unom
for ANSI 946\IEEE method to EB = Unom

3.1.1

IEC 61660

The quasi steady-state short-circuit current is calculated using equation (3) and is usually taken
as the current one second after the fault has occurred.
IkB =

0.95 EB
RBBr + 0.1 RB

(3)

The peak short-circuit current is calculated as in equation (4).

ipB =

EB
RBBr

The time to peak tpB and the rise-time constant 1B depend on the
Figurefig:fig10.

1
=

RBBr
LBBr

2
+

1
TB

(4)

and are shown on the

(5)

Figure 3.1 shows the time constants as provided in the Figure 10. of the IEC 61660:1997
standard.
The battery time constant is taken as fixed TB = 30 ms. The decay-time constant is 2B =
100 ms.

3.1.2

ANSI/IEEE 946

If the internal resistance is set to 0, then a default value is calculated as shown in equation (6).

RB =

EB
100 I8hrs

(6)

The maximum short-circuit current and the quasi steady-state current are described in equation
(7).
Battery (ElmBattery)

Short Circuit Analysis

Figure 3.1: Time to peak tpB and rise-time constant 2B

IkB = ipB =

EB
RBBr

(7)

The initial rate of rise of the short-circuit current is described in equation (8).

RR =

EB
LBBr

(8)

The battery time constant is calculated based on equation (9).

TB =

3.1.3

LBBr
RBBr

(9)

Calculation Parameters

The following calculation parameters are available:

Battery (ElmBattery)

RMS-Simulation

Table 3.1: Calculation parameters (DC Short Circuit)

Variable
Unom
EB
RB
LB
RBBr
LBBr

TB
tpB
1B
2B
fB
ipB
IkB
RR

Unit
kV
kV
Ohm
mH
Ohm
mH
1/s
s
ms
ms
ms

Description
Operational System Voltage
Operational Battery Voltage
Battery Resistance
Battery Inductance
Branch Resistance (up to the fault location)
Branch Inductance (up to the fault location)
Decay coefficient (for IEC 61660)
Battery time-constant
Time to peak (for IEC 61660)
Rise-time constant (for IEC 61660)
Decay-time constant (for IEC 61660)
Battery voltage coefficient (for IEC 61660)
Peak short-circuit current
Quasi steady-state short-circuit current
Rate of rise (for ANSI/IEEE)

kA
kA
kA/s

RBBr is the internal battery resistance added to the resistance of the line to the fault location.
RBBr = RB + RBr

(10)

LBBr is the internal battery inductance added to the inductance of the line to the fault location.
LBBr = LB + LBr

(11)

RMS-Simulation

4.1

Model Equations

The internal voltage Ui is kept constant as in the equations below:

Ui = Unom uset
UDC = Ui IDC Ri

(12)
dIDC
Li
dt

(13)

where:
Ui is the internal voltage in [kV ];
Unom is the nominal voltage of the battery in [kV ];
uset is the voltage setpoint input signal in [p.u.];
Ri is the internal resistance in [Ohm];
Li is the internal inductance in [H];
IDC is the DC current in [kA];
dIDC /dt is the derivative of the DC current in [kA/s];
UDC is the DC voltage in [kV ].
Battery (ElmBattery)

Optimal Power Flow

4.2

Calculation Parameters

The following calculation parameters are available:

Table 4.1: Calculation parameters
Parameter
U nom
ri
li

Unit
kV
p.u.
p.u.

Description
Nominal Voltage
Internal Resistance
Internal Inductance

where ri and li in p.u. are defined as follows:

ri = Ri
li =

1
U n2

Li
1

1000 U n2

and U n represents the rated voltage in [kV ] of the corresponding connected terminal.

4.3

Signals

The following signals are available:

Table 4.2: ElmBattery Signals
Parameter
usetp

Unit
p.u.

IN/OUT
IN

Description
Voltage Setpoint

EMT-Simulation

For EMT-Simulation the same model is used as in Section 4.

Harmonics/Power Quality

The Battery element is ignored for harmonic load flow and frequency sweep calculations.

Optimal Power Flow

The model equations described in Section 2 apply for Optimal Power Flow.

Battery (ElmBattery)

List of Figures

List of Figures
1.1 DIgSILENT Battery Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.1 Time to peak tpB and rise-time constant 2B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Battery (ElmBattery)

List of Tables

List of Tables
2.1 Calculation parameters (AC Load Flow) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.1 Calculation parameters (DC Short Circuit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.1 Calculation parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.2 ElmBattery Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Battery (ElmBattery)

10