Syllabus 2059

SYLLABUS
Cambridge O Level
Pakistan Studies
2059
For examination in June and November 2016
Cambridge Secondary 2
Changes to syllabus for 2016

This syllabus has been updated, but there are no significant changes.
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Cambridge International Examinations 2014
Contents
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 2
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Why choose Cambridge?

Why choose Cambridge O Level?
Why choose Cambridge O Level Pakistan Studies?
How can I find out more?
2. Teacher support.............................................................................................................. 5
2.1 Support materials
2.2 Resource lists
2.3 Training
3. Syllabus content at a glance ........................................................................................... 6

4. Assessment at a glance ................................................................................................. 7
5. Syllabus aims and assessment objectives ..................................................................... 9
5.1 Syllabus aims
5.2 Assessment objectives
5.3 Relationship between assessment objectives and components
6. Syllabus content ........................................................................................................... 11

Paper 1 The history and culture of Pakistan
Paper 2 The environment of Pakistan
7. Glossary of terms for Paper 2....................................................................................... 33

8. Other information ......................................................................................................... 35
Introduction
1.
Introduction
1.1 Why choose Cambridge?

Recognition
Cambridge International Examinations is the worlds largest provider of international education programmes
and qualifications for learners aged 5 to 19. We are part of Cambridge Assessment, a department of the
University of Cambridge, trusted for excellence in education. Our qualifications are recognised by the
worlds universities and employers.
Cambridge O Level is internationally recognised by schools, universities and employers as equivalent in
demand to Cambridge IGCSE (International General Certificate of Secondary Education). Learn more at
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Excellence in education
Our mission is to deliver world-class international education through the provision of high-quality curricula,
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More than 9000 schools are part of our Cambridge learning community. We support teachers in over 160
countries who offer their learners an international education based on our curricula and leading to our
qualifications. Every year, thousands of learners use Cambridge qualifications to gain places at universities
around the world.
Our syllabuses are reviewed and updated regularly so that they reflect the latest thinking of international
experts and practitioners and take account of the different national contexts in which they are taught.
Cambridge programmes and qualifications are designed to support learners in becoming:
confident in working with information and ideas their own and those of others
responsible for themselves, responsive to and respectful of others
reflective as learners, developing their ability to learn
innovative and equipped for new and future challenges
engaged intellectually and socially, ready to make a difference.
Support for teachers

A wide range of materials and resources is available to support teachers and learners in Cambridge schools.
Resources suit a variety of teaching methods in different international contexts. Through subject discussion
forums and training, teachers can access the expert advice they need for teaching our qualifications. More
details can be found in Section 2 of this syllabus and at www.cie.org.uk/teachers
Support for exams officers

Exams officers can trust in reliable, efficient administration of exams entries and excellent personal support
from our customer services. Learn more at www.cie.org.uk/examsofficers
Cambridge O Level Pakistan Studies 2059. Syllabus for examination in 2016.
Introduction
Not-for-profit, part of the University of Cambridge

We are a not-for-profit organisation where the needs of the teachers and learners are at the core of what we
do. We continually invest in educational research and respond to feedback from our customers in order to
improve our qualifications, products and services.
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1.2 Why choose Cambridge O Level?

Cambridge O Levels have been designed for an international audience and are sensitive to the needs of
different countries. These qualifications are designed for learners whose first language may not be English
and this is acknowledged throughout the examination process. The Cambridge O Level syllabus also allows
teaching to be placed in a localised context, making it relevant in varying regions.
Our aim is to balance knowledge, understanding and skills in our programmes and qualifications to enable
candidates to become effective learners and to provide a solid foundation for their continuing educational
journey.
Through our professional development courses and our support materials for Cambridge O Levels, we
provide the tools to enable teachers to prepare learners to the best of their ability and work with us in the
pursuit of excellence in education.
Cambridge O Levels are considered to be an excellent preparation for Cambridge International
AS and A Levels, the Cambridge AICE (Advanced International Certificate of Education) Group Award,
Cambridge Pre-U, and other education programmes, such as the US Advanced Placement program
and the International Baccalaureate Diploma programme. Learn more about Cambridge O Levels at
www.cie.org.uk/cambridgesecondary2
Guided learning hours

Cambridge O Level syllabuses are designed on the assumption that learners have about 130 guided
learning hours per subject over the duration of the course, but this is for guidance only. The number of
hours required to gain the qualification may vary according to local curricular practice and the learners prior
experience of the subject.
1.3 Why choose Cambridge O Level Pakistan Studies?

Cambridge O Levels are established qualifications that keep pace with educational developments and
trends. The Cambridge O Level curriculum places emphasis on broad and balanced study across a wide
range of subject areas. The curriculum is structured so that students attain both practical skills and
theoretical knowledge.
Introduction
Cambridge O Level Pakistan Studies is accepted by universities and employers as proof of an understanding
and knowledge of the countrys history, environment and development. The Cambridge O Level Pakistan
Studies syllabus encourages students to develop lifelong knowledge and skills, including:
a balanced understanding of the heritage and history of Pakistan
an awareness of the challenges and opportunities which Pakistan faces
how to interpret and analyse a variety if sources of information to evaluate and draw conclusions.
Cambridge O Level Pakistan Studies provides a firm foundation for more advanced study in secondary
school and in higher education as well as valuable preparation for future employment in a wide range of
occupations and professions.
Cambridge O Level Pakistan Studies is one of the suite of area studies offered by Cambridge which includes
also India Studies and Bangladesh Studies.
Prior learning
Candidates beginning this course are not expected to have studied Pakistan Studies previously.
Progression
Cambridge O Levels are general qualifications that enable candidates to progress either directly to
employment, or to proceed to further qualifications.
Candidates who are awarded grades A* to C in Cambridge O Level Pakistan Studies are well prepared to
follow courses leading to Cambridge International A Level in related subjects or the equivalent.
1.4 How can I find out more?

If you are already a Cambridge school
You can make entries for this qualification through your usual channels. If you have any questions, please
contact us at info@cie.org.uk
If you are not yet a Cambridge school

Learn about the benefits of becoming a Cambridge school at www.cie.org.uk/startcambridge. Email us at
info@cie.org.uk to find out how your organisation can register to become a Cambridge school.
Teacher support
2.
Teacher support
2.1 Support materials

Cambridge syllabuses, past question papers and examiner reports to cover the last examination series are
on the Syllabus and Support Materials DVD, which we send to all Cambridge schools.
You can also go to our public website at www.cie.org.uk/olevel to download current and future syllabuses
together with specimen papers or past question papers and examiner reports from one series.
For teachers at registered Cambridge schools a range of additional support materials for specific
syllabuses is available online from Teacher Support, our secure online support for Cambridge teachers.
Go to http://teachers.cie.org.uk (username and password required).
2.2 Resource lists

We work with publishers providing a range of resources for our syllabuses including textbooks, websites,
CDs, etc. Any endorsed, recommended and suggested resources are listed on both our public website and
on Teacher Support.
The resource lists can be filtered to show all resources or just those which are endorsed or recommended
by Cambridge. Resources endorsed by Cambridge go through a detailed quality assurance process and are
written to align closely with the Cambridge syllabus they support.
2.3 Training
We offer a range of support activities for teachers to ensure they have the relevant knowledge and skills to
deliver our qualifications. See www.cie.org.uk/events for further information.
Syllabus content at a glance
3.
Syllabus content at a glance
All candidates study:

The history and culture of Pakistan
Cultural and historical background to the Pakistan Movement
The emergence of Pakistan 190647
Nationhood 194799
The environment of Pakistan
The land of Pakistan
Natural resources an issue of sustainability
Power
Agricultural development
Industrial development
Trade
Transport and communications
Population.
Assessment at a glance
4.
Assessment at a glance
For Cambridge O Level Pakistan Studies candidates take two compulsory components, Paper 1 and Paper 2.
Components
Paper 1
Weighting
1 hour 30 minutes
50%
Section A (25 marks) candidates answer one compulsory question made up of

four parts: (a), (b), (c), and (d), which are linked by a common theme. Parts (a) and
(b) are source-based questions using historical sources, either text or pictures/
graphic. Candidates use and interpret each source in answering the questions.
Section B (50 marks) candidates answer two questions from a choice of four.
Each question has three parts:
one part testing knowledge (4 marks)

A factual answer of no more than one short paragraph is required.
one part testing knowledge and understanding includes selecting relevant and
appropriate information (7 marks)
Answers require at least two paragraphs of writing.
one part testing knowledge, understanding and analytical and evaluative ability
(14 marks)
This includes the ability to synthesise information, the appropriate use of
selected relevant examples and the ability to compare and contrast. This
question should be answered in an essay, in continuous prose of approximately
two pages of writing, not in note form.
Total 75 marks. Externally assessed.

and:
Paper 2
1 hour 30 minutes
50%
Candidates answer three questions (25 marks each) from a choice of five.
Each question:
consists of four separate parts: (a), (b), (c) and (d); each part may be divided into
one or more sub-parts
requires the ability to interpret and analyse resources in the question; there
may be diagrams, graphs, maps, photographs, tables and written material. Part
(d) of each question specifically assesses analysis skills.
requires the evaluation of information.
Total 75 marks. Externally assessed.
For Cambridge O Level Pakistan Studies candidates take two compulsory components, Paper 1 and Paper 2.
Notes
1. All answers must be written in English
2. T iming guidelines
Candidates should spend approximately 30 minutes on each question in each paper. Within that,
candidates need to allocate time according to the value of the marks awarded in each part of each
question.
Availability
This syllabus is examined in the June and November examination series.
This syllabus is available to private candidates.
Detailed timetables are available from www.cie.org.uk/examsofficers
Cambridge O Levels are available to Centres in Administrative Zones 3, 4 and 5. Centres in Administrative
Zones 1, 2 or 6 wishing to enter candidates for Cambridge O Level examinations should contact Cambridge
Customer Services.
Combining this with other syllabuses

Candidates can combine this syllabus in an examination series with any other Cambridge syllabus, except:
syllabuses with the same title at the same level
0448 Cambridge IGCSE Pakistan Studies.
Please note that Cambridge O Level, Cambridge IGCSE and Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2
Certificate syllabuses are at the same level.
Syllabus aims and assessment objectives
5.
5.1 Syllabus aims

The Cambridge O Level Pakistan Studies syllabus is divided into two:

This part of the syllabus aims to provide insights into the origins, creation and development of Pakistan, and
encourages discussion of issues facing Pakistan. It aims to enable candidates to:
acquire knowledge and understanding of the human past
investigate historical events, changes, people and issues
develop understanding of how the past has been represented and interpreted
develop an understanding of the nature and use of historical evidence
organise and communicate knowledge and understanding of history
develop and stimulate an interest and enthusiasm for history and acquire a basis for further historical
study
develop an understanding of the nature of cause and consequence, continuity and change and similarity
and difference.

This part of the syllabus aims to give candidates a knowledge and understanding of the importance to
the people and country of Pakistan of its physical characteristics, human and natural resources, economic
development, population characteristics, and of their inter-relationships.
5.2 Assessment objectives

AO1 Recall, select, use and communicate knowledge and understanding
AO2 Demonstrate an understanding of the past through explanation, interpretation, analysis and evaluation
of:
key concepts: causation, consequence, continuity, change and significance within an historical
context
key features and characteristics of the periods studied and the relationships between them
AO3 Apply knowledge and understanding of physical and human environments and issues through
explanation, analysis and evaluation
AO4 Apply skills and interpret a variety of environmental and historical resources/sources
5.3 Relationship between assessment objectives and components

Assessment objective
10
Paper
1
Paper
2
Weighting
for
qualification
AO1 Recall, select, use and communicate knowledge

and understanding
64%
50%
57%
AO2 Demonstrate an understanding of the past

through explanation, interpretation, analysis and
evaluation
26%
13%
AO3 Apply knowledge and understanding of physical

and human environments and issues through
explanation, analysis and evaluation
30%
15%
AO4 Apply skills and interpret a variety of

environmental and historical resources/sources
10%
20%
15%
Total
100%
100%
100%
Syllabus content
6.
Syllabus content
Paper 1 The history and culture of Pakistan

Note
The syllabus content for Paper 1 is divided into three sections:
Cultural and historical background to the Pakistan Movement
The emergence of Pakistan 190647
Nationhood 194799.
The material within each section is inter-related. Different parts of individual exam questions may require
knowledge of more than one item within a section, and the demonstration of understanding and analysis
of these relationships. The importance of and the attention that needs to be given to each item in teaching
varies according to its significance and the amount of information available.
1. Cultural and historical background to the Pakistan Movement
Key Question 1: How successful were the religious thinkers in spreading Islam in the sub-continent
during the 18th and 19th centuries?
Focus points:
Specified content:
How important were the religious reforms of

Shah Waliullah?
What influence did Syed Ahmad Barelvi exert

in the revival of Islam?
the religious reforms of Shah Waliullah and his

role in the political and religious context of the
time
How influential was Haji Shariatullah and the

Faraizi Movement?
Syed Ahmad Barelvi and the revival of Islam in

the sub-continent
the Jihad movement and the Mujahideen
Haji Shariatullah and the Faraizi Movement.
Key Question 2: What were the causes and consequences of the decline of the Mughal Empire?
Focus points:
Specified content:
How far was Aurangzeb responsible for the

decline of the Mughal Empire?
Internal Indian reasons for the decline of the Mughal

Empire:
How far did Mughal weaknesses from 1707

make decline inevitable?
the impact of Aurangzebs policies on the

stability of the Mughal Empire
What role did the East India Company play in

the decline of the Empire?
the effectiveness of his successors as rulers
problems of controlling the Empire
How successful was British expansion in the

sub-continent to 1857?
the rise of the Maratha and Sikh empires.
11
Syllabus content
External reasons for the decline of the Mughal

Empire:
foreign invasions from Persia and Afghanistan
the East India Companys involvement in the

sub-continent
British relations with the later Mughal rulers of

Delhi
British expansion from the 1750s to the 1850s in

the subcontinent
a general overview of the course of, and reasons

for, British annexation of the territories which
now encompass Pakistan (including the AngloSikh wars and the annexations of Lahore, the
Punjab and Peshawar)
the British search for a natural and scientific

NW Frontier
British policy towards Tribal Territory.
(The two focus points on British expansion do not require detailed teaching, but are essential to provide
a full picture of Mughal problems during this period, and are regarded as suitable background and
context for British colonial rule of the territory now encompassed by Pakistan, as well as for the War of
Independence 185758.)
Key Question 3: What were the causes and consequences of the War of Independence 185758?
12
Focus points:
Specified content:
What were the long-term causes of the War?
the immediate and underlying causes of the War
What were the immediate causes of the

War?
the attitude of Bahadur Shah Zafar
the course of the War, with particular reference

to the roles played by the Muslim rulers and
populations of what is now Pakistan
reasons for failure
an assessment of the short-term impact of the

War on Muslims in the sub-continent
British reaction during and immediately after

the War (including the major constitutional,
educational and administrative reforms which
followed).
Why was independence not achieved?
What were the immediate consequences of

the War?
Syllabus content
Key Question 4: How important was the work of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan to the development of the
Pakistan Movement during the 19th century?
Focus points:
Specified content:
What was his contribution to education,

politics and religion?
How important was his Two-Nation Theory?
What was the HindiUrdu Controversy?
his contribution to the education of Muslims and

the revitalisation of their national consciousness:
an overview of his main educational works and
their importance
How successful was the Aligarh Movement?
an understanding of his social and political

theory, and of its origins
the impact of his work on Muslims and the

western world
his relations with the British and the ulama
the reasons for the foundation of Aligarh College
his role in the Indian National Congress and the

Muslim League
the meaning and origin of his Two-Nation

Theory and the HindiUrdu controversy.
Key Question 5: To what extent have Urdu and regional languages contributed to the cultural
development of Pakistan since 1947?
Focus points:
Specified content:
Why did Urdu become the national language?
How successful has the promotion of regional

languages been since 1947?
the importance of Urdu and the reasons for its

choice as the national language of Pakistan
the advantages and disadvantages of Urdu as the

national language
the promotion of provincial languages (Balochi,

Punjabi, Pushto, Sindhi).
13
Syllabus content
2. The emergence of Pakistan 190647

Key Question 6: How far did the Pakistan Movement develop during the early 20th century?
Focus points:
Specified content:
What were the aims and origins of the

Muslim League?
The main features of:
the Partition of Bengal controversy, 190511
How successful was British rule and attempts

at constitutional reform during the years
190919?
the Simla Deputation, 1906
reasons for the establishment of the Muslim

League its creation in 1906 and its aims
co-operation of the Muslim League with

Congress and reasons for its breakdown
the MorleyMinto reforms, 1909
the impact of the First World War on the subcontinent
Congress and the Lucknow Pact, 1916
the Rowlatt Act, 1918, and the Amritsar

Massacre, 1919
the MontaguChelmsford Reforms (The

Government of India Act), 1919
the Non-Cooperation Movement
the growth of Communalism
growing divisions in the Congress Party
the Delhi Proposals, 1927.
How and why did relationships between

Muslims and Hindus change between 1916
and 1927?
Key Question 7: How successful was the Khilafat Movement in advancing the cause of the Pakistan
Movement?
Focus points:
Specified content:
What were the origins, aims and main

features of the Khilafat Movement?
reasons for the rise of the Movement
the objectives of the Khilafat Conference, 1918
Why did the Khilafat Movement fail?
the Khilafat Conferences and delegations to

England, 191921, and reasons for failure
the causes, course and reasons for failure of the

Hijrat Movement
Gandhi and the Non-Cooperation Movement
reasons for the failure of the Khilafat Movement
the impact of the Khilafat and Hijrat Movements

on Muslims in the sub-continent.
14
Syllabus content
Key Question 8: How successful was the Pakistan Movement in the years 1927 to 1939?
Focus points:
Specified content:
Why did Jinnah produce his 14 Points of

1929?
the Simon Commission, 19271930
the Nehru Report, 1928
How successful were the three Round Table

Conferences of 193032?
Jinnahs 14 Points, 1929
How important was the Government of India

Act, 1935?
Allama Iqbals Allahabad address, 1930
the Round Table Conferences, 193032
Why was Congress Rule (193739) unpopular

with many Muslims?
the Communal Award of 1932
Rahmat Ali and the Pakistan National Movement,

1933
the Government of India Act, 1935
the 1937 elections and their significance to the

Muslim League and Congress
Congress rule, 193739, its significance to the

Pakistan Movement and the Day of Deliverance,
1939.
Key Question 9: How successful were attempts to find solutions to the problems facing the subcontinent in the years 1940 to 1947?
Focus points:
Specified content:
How successful were the meetings held

during World War II to agree the future of the
sub-continent?
the Second World War (193945) in relation to

India and the Quit India Movement
the Pakistan Resolution, 1940
How did the success of the Muslim League

in the 194546 elections lead to changes in
British attempts to solve the problems of the
sub-continent?
the Cripps Mission, 1942
the GandhiJinnah talks, 1944
Lord Wavell and the Simla Conference, 1945
the elections of 194546 in India, reasons for

Muslim League success and the consequences
thereof
the Cabinet Mission Plan, 1946
Direct Action Day, 1946
the June 3 Plan, 1947
the Radcliffe Commission and Award, 1947
the Indian Independence Act, 1947.
15
Syllabus content
Key Question 10: How important were the contributions of Jinnah, Allama Iqbal and Rahmat Ali to the
success of the Pakistan Movement to 1947?
Focus point:
Specified content:
Jinnah as an advocate of HinduMuslim unity:
How important were Jinnah, Allama Iqbal and

Rahmat Ali to the Pakistan Movement?
his role in the Muslim League, the Pakistan

Movement and as negotiator with the British
his relations with Gandhi, Nehru and the All-India

Congress.
Allama Iqbal:
views on HinduMuslim future as separate

nations and the Allahabad address, 1930.
Rahmat Ali:
views on a separate Muslim homeland, his

pamphlet Now or Never, 1933, and the name
Pakistan
differences between his views and those of

Allama Iqbal.
3. Nationhood 194799
Key Question 11: How successful was the establishment of an independent nation between 1947 and
1948?
Focus points:
Specified content:
What immediate problems faced Pakistan in

the establishment of an independent nation?
How successful were their attempts to solve

these problems?
outcome of the Radcliffe Award and reactions

of the Pakistan and Indian governments to it.
Impact on Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs
How important was the role of Jinnah in

solving these problems?
the Canal Water Dispute, its course and

resolution
the role of UN mediation
the division of assets between Pakistan and India
an overview of problems with the Princely States

(especially Jammu and Kashmir)
the refugee and accommodation crisis
economic, social and administrative problems
the issue of national language
Indias reactions to these problems and their

on-going significance in later tensions/wars with
India (See also below under Key Question 16.)
an assessment of Jinnahs role and

achievements as Governor-General.
16
Syllabus content
Key Question 12: How far did Pakistan achieve stability following the death of Jinnah?
Focus points:
Specified content:
What were the main achievements of the

various ministries in the years 194858?
Khwaja Nazimuddin
Liaquat Ali Khan
What were the achievements of the Decade

of Progress, 195869?
Ghulam Muhammad
What attempts were made to establish a new

constitution in the years 194973?
Iskander Mirza
Muhammad Ayub Khan and the Decade of

Progress
Yahya Khan
(Candidates will need to compare the more

significant achievements of various ministries
and discuss main features of their domestic
reforms and foreign policies. See also below
under Key Question 16.)
the origin, reasons and principles of the 1949

Objectives Resolution, reasons for its adoption
by the Constituent Assembly and details of its
Islamic provisions
later constitutional changes (including the

reasons for and the principles on which they
were based), with particular reference to
Islamic provisions in the 1956, 1962 and 1973
Constitutions.
Key Question 13: Why did East Pakistan seek and then form the independent state of Bangladesh?
Focus points:
Specified content:
Why did East Pakistan seek independence

from West Pakistan?
What roles did Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rahman and

the Awami League play in the independence
movement?
tensions between East and West Pakistan

from 1947 (including earlier problems over the
Partition of Bengal)
the rise of the Awami League
Sheikh Mujib and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
How did Bangladesh achieve independence

in 1971?
the main features of Sheikh Mujibs Six Points,

reasons for their rejection
outline of the subsequent war, including the role

of India.
(See also below under Key Question 16.)
17
Syllabus content
Key Question 14: How successful was Pakistan in the twenty years following the Decade of Progress?
Focus points:
Specified content:
How successful were the policies of Zulfikar

Ali Bhutto, 197177?
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto:
controlling the army
Why was Bhutto executed in 1978?
the Simla Agreement, 1972
How successful were the policies of

Zia-ul-Haq, 197788?
a new constitution, 1973
Why was he assassinated?
industrial, agricultural, education, health, social

and administrative reforms
his overthrow and execution. (See also below

under Key Question 16).
Zia-ul-Haq:
18
the Islamisation programme
overview of the constitutional and Islamic legal

position of women and ethnic and religious
minorities
law and government, elections and issues of

martial law and the Eighth Amendment
problems facing Zia, his assassination
the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, 1979. (See

also below under key Question 16).
Syllabus content
Key Question 15: How effective were Pakistans governments in the final decade of the 20th century?
Focus points:
Specified content:

Benazir Bhutto, 198890, 199396?
Bhutto, 198890:

Nawaz Sharif, 199093, 199799?
conflict with Nawaz Sharif and growth of separatist

movements
Why did General Musharraf take power in

1999?
difference with President Ishaq over judicial

appointment
opposition no confidence motion failure, but

damaging effects
inflation and unemployment
drug trafficking
use of family members in government
problems in Kashmir
her dismissal
Bhutto, 199396:
Kashmir tensions
opposition demonstrations and prosecution of

opposition members
terrorism/bombings
banking scandal
unemployment/inflation
IMF concerns following devaluation of the Pakistan

rupee
balance of payments problems
unrest in the army
dismissal of the Chief Minister of Punjab
Bhuttos dismissal
Sharif:
growth of crime and use of drugs
privatisation policy encouraged profiteering
BCCI criticised for corruption
failure of Co-operative Societies in Punjab
loss of US aid following Pakistans criticisms during

the Gulf War
clashes in Kashmir
overthrow of Sharif and imposition of military rule.

(See also below under Key Question 16.)
19
Syllabus content
Key Question 16: How important has Pakistans role been in world affairs since 1947?
The study of Pakistans international relations with other countries should cover economic, social, political
and religious aspects. Candidates should study the main features of Pakistans relations with other
countries (listed below), together with the aims of Pakistans foreign policy and emerging nuclear status.
Focus points:
Specified content:
How has Pakistan developed as a nuclear

power?
Pakistan a nuclear power:
nuclear weapons programme, established 1972
How successful has Pakistan been in

its relations with Bangladesh, India,
Afghanistan, Iran, China, the USSR/
Russia, the USA, the UK and the
Commonwealth, and the United Nations?
(See also above under Key Questions
1115)
Indian nuclear test, 1974
nuclear testing race with India
Pakistan nuclear tests, 1987
US concerns
Pakistan nuclear tests, 1998
refusals to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
Relations with Bangladesh:
relations from 1971, residual problems from

secession, e.g. repatriation and indemnity
Relations with India:
problems and tensions from 1947 (including Jammu

and Kashmir, the creation of Bangladesh, nuclear
weapons, issues of trade)
attempts to develop more friendly relations
Relations with Afghanistan:
issues related to Pakhtoonistan and Tribal Territory
Daud Khan, the Pakhtoonistan issue and Zulfikar Ali

Bhutto
the Soviet invasion and its impact on Pakistans

foreign policy in respect of the Soviet Union, the USA
and Afghanistan
the post-Soviet legacy affecting Pakistan (especially

refugees, drugs, arms, smuggling, terrorism)
Relations with Iran:
20
relations prior to and after Irans Islamic Revolution,

1979
trade, political and religious links
impact of the Islamic Revolution on Pakistans

bilateral relations
Irans role in the Regional Cooperation for

Development (RCD)
Syllabus content
Relations with China:
trade and bilateral relations
Chinas relations with India as compared to those

with Pakistan
the Karakoram Highway project
Pakistans policy towards Muslim minorities in China

and its impact on relations with Beijing
Relations with USSR/Russia:
relations with the USSR and its Central Asian

republics
impact of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan on

Pakistans policy in respect of Afghanistan and the
USA
the development of closer ties with Russia post-1991
Nawaz Sharifs visit to Moscow, 1999
Relations with USA, the UK and the Commonwealth:
relations with the USA and the UK from 1947 in

relation to the Central Eastern Treaty Organisation
(CENTO)/Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation (SEATO)
and reasons why Pakistan left/later rejoined these
organisations
the issue of non-alignment in relation to the West and

the Muslim world, particularly Organisation of Islamic
Conference (OIC)
Pakistans relationship with the Commonwealth
the impact of the execution of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and

the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan on relations with
the USA, the UK and the Commonwealth
Relations with the United Nations (UN):
Pakistans place in the UN
UN involvement with, and declarations on, Jammu

and Kashmir, the Canal Water Dispute, the Indo
Pakistan Wars, war with Bangladesh
evaluation of the UNs role as a peace-maker and

mediator in these issues
overview of the function of United Nations Childrens

Fund (UNICEF), United National Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), World Health
Organisation (WHO), World Food Programme (WFP)
and the part these agencies have played in the
development of Pakistan.
21
Syllabus content
Paper 2 The environment of Pakistan

Notes
Themes across the Paper 2 syllabus topics
It is important to note that for each topic, the importance to the people, country and development of
Pakistan of the following themes should be considered, where relevant:
The problems and opportunities for Pakistan as a developing country

There are many problems for Pakistan as a developing country. Trying to compete for trade is an obvious
disadvantage for any developing country. The development of manufacturing industries requires huge
amounts of money. Pakistan spends more than it earns and this results in Pakistan becoming burdened
by serious debt.
Effects on the environment and the importance of conserving the environment

Every human activity has consequences for both the natural and the human environment. Irrigation
has changed parts of the Cholistan and Thal deserts into farmland; all farmland in Sindh was previously
desert. Poor farming practices when using irrigation have further changed some areas, through
waterlogging and salinity, with a consequent damaging effect on both natural and human environments.
Soils are being eroded and pollution is affecting water supplies. There is more pressure on the
environment from the need for development. Transport, processing and manufacturing are seriously
polluting the air, especially in most of the cities of Pakistan. It is expensive to reduce pollution, and to do
so uses money needed for other developments.
The promotion and importance of sustainable development

It is important that Pakistans development is sustainable. Sustainable development for Pakistan means
that it must aim to improve the quality of life for its people in such ways that future generations will also
benefit from the resources that Pakistan has.
The importance of feasibility studies

The understanding of feasibility involves a consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of a
proposed development.
Too many projects are planned without a proper feasibility study being carried out beforehand, and fail
as a consequence. The Nooriabad and Hab industrial estates are both struggling because they were
placed in areas with inadequate water supplies. A proper feasibility study would have identified this as a
reason to:
either delay the projects until sufficient water supplies could be provided
or
reject the project, if providing an adequate supply of water was impossible
or
limit the size of the project to fit the amount of water available.
Whether a new dam is to be built, a forest planted, a mine developed, a cash crop farm developed, a
factory built, a hotel built, an airport or a road built, and whether a project is large, medium or small,
a feasibility study is vital before any plan for its site and/or size/scope and/or route is drawn up and
decisions are taken.
22
Syllabus content
Guidance on planning for teachers

The syllabus content is intended to give guidance to teachers when devising their scheme of work and
when planning individual lessons. It does not represent a definitive scheme of work or set a limit to what
teachers may include in their own scheme of work. Teachers may, for sound educational reasons, wish to
teach some topics more comprehensively than will be required in order to answer any question set in an
examination.
Teachers are advised to plan their scheme of work to produce as much cohesion as possible between the
topics in sections 18. In this way, candidates will achieve not only a sound knowledge of each topic but,
equally important, an understanding of the inter-relationships which exist between them.
Examples of these inter-relationships include:
natural topographical features, climate and population density
cash crop farming, cotton production, agricultural raw materials, processing and manufacturing, transport
and export
large-scale manufacturing and the distribution of population
floods, water for irrigation, industrial and domestic use and hydel power including multi-purpose
schemes.
Subject-specific vocabulary
Teachers should ensure that their candidates acquire, and are able to use, the specialist vocabulary required
for this subject. Attention must be paid to the definition of terms specified in the syllabus.
Use of resources
Whenever possible, teaching should incorporate the use of diagrams, graphs, statistical tables, maps,
newspaper articles and other written material, photographs and the many resources available via the
internet. Teachers should demonstrate to their candidates the importance of such resources in providing
information about the environment of Pakistan, and help the candidates to use them to develop their
understanding.
Use of the internet
Candidates should be encouraged to use the internet to access a wider and more up-to-date range of
information than is available via textbooks, both in class and in their own studies. URLs to some suggested
websites can be found in the resource lists on the Cambridge website.
23
Syllabus content
1. The land of Pakistan

a) Location of Pakistan
Candidates should be able to identify the following on a map:
the Tropic of Cancer, latitudes 30N, 36N, longitudes 64E, 70E and 76E
the Arabian Sea
the countries sharing a border with Pakistan, and Pakistans position in relation to others in South and
Central Asia.
b) Location of provinces and cities

the provinces, Northern Areas (GilgitBaltistan) and FATA
named cities: Islamabad, Muree, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Lahore, Faisalabad, Multan, Sialkot,
Peshawar, Chitral, Gilgit, Hyderabad, Karachi, Quetta and Gwadar.
c) The natural topography, including drainage

named landforms: Balochistan Plateau, Sulaiman Range, Safed Koh, Potwar Plateau, Salt Range,
Hindu Kush, Karakoram and Himalaya mountain ranges
named rivers: Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, Kabul, Hab and Dasht
named deserts: Thar, Thal and Kharan.
Candidates should be able to:
24
use the appropriate vocabulary when describing the distinguishing features of mountains, plateaux,
floodplains and deserts (knowledge of the formation of the natural topography of Pakistan is not
required)
identify and name the above features on a photograph or drawing
understand the influence of the natural topography on human activities:
steep slopes and flat land on the way that the land is used
mountains and deserts on the road and rail networks.
Syllabus content
d) Climate
Candidates should:
know the distribution of temperature and rainfall, including monsoon, depressions and convectional rain
know seasonal and regional variations, and the factors contributing to them, including depressions,
thunderstorms and cyclones (typhoons)
understand the causes of the monsoon (knowledge of the causes of other types of rain is not
required)
describe and explain the characteristics of the climate of the arid, semi-arid, humid and highland
regions, including seasonal variations
know the influence of latitude and longitude on day length and climate
understand the influence of the climate (both the benefits it brings and the problems it causes) on the
economy and on the lives of the people:
the influence of low temperature, ice and snow on the lives of people in the mountains
the influence of rain storms and flooding on agriculture, industry and communications
the problems caused by drought and shortage of water supply on agriculture and industry.
2. Natural resources an issue of sustainability

a) Water
identify on a map the Mangla, Tarbela and Warsak dams, and name two examples of barrages
understand the importance of water as a resource; understand how supplies for agricultural, industrial
and domestic purposes are obtained, maintained and controlled as well as used; understand the
reasons for, and consequences of, the Indus Water Treaty
explain and evaluate the causes of and solutions to the problems of water supply (including pollution)
understand the value of water as a resource for development
explain and evaluate how water supply issues can lead to conflict.
b) Forests
understand the different types of forest and identify, on a map, their main locations
understand the physical factors that control the distribution of the different types of forest, and the
human factors which have reduced their extent
understand the reasons for:
the development of plantations in the Indus Plain
afforestation on mountain slopes and plateaux
understand the value of forests as a resource for development, and the importance of their
sustainability
explain the effects of deforestation, such as soil erosion, silting and flooding
evaluate possible solutions to the problems caused by deforestation.
25
Syllabus content
c) Mineral resources
identify the main locations of limestone, gypsum and rock salt extraction from a map, and understand
their uses
identify the main metallic and non-metallic mineral resources of Pakistan, and in what quantities they:
are extracted
exist as reserves
understand the extent to which these can be exploited
describe the environmental problems caused by mineral extraction
evaluate the benefits of developing mineral resources and understand the sustainability of extraction
identify the main imported minerals, where they come from, and in what quantities.
d) Fish
26
describe the fishing methods used in both marine and inland waters, including fish farms
give examples of the fish caught in both marine and inland waters, and of the fish reared on fish farms
give examples of the fishing ports on both the Balochistan and Sindh coasts
describe the uses of the fish caught
explain improvements in fishing methods and processing techniques
understand the problems facing the fishing industry and evaluate the possibilities for its further
development and sustainability.
Syllabus content
3. Power
a) Sources
describe, with the help of a simple diagram for each method, how non-renewable fuels (coal, crude oil
and natural gas) are extracted:
coal as obtained by open cast, adit and shaft mining methods
natural gas and crude oil obtained by exploration and drilling
understand the difference between renewable and non-renewable sources of electricity
explain (briefly) how electricity can be generated from renewable resources (hydel, wind, solar, and
other possibilities such as wave, tidal, biofuels, geothermal)
understand the importance of power sources for development.
b) Non-renewables
describe the quality and the amount of coal available from within Pakistan and how long reserves are
likely to last, and also describe the types of coal which have to be imported for industrial purposes
describe how coal both produced in Pakistan and imported is transported to the end users
state how much natural gas is produced by Pakistan, and how long reserves are likely to last
describe the extent of the natural gas pipeline network in Pakistan and explain how natural gas can be
taken to those parts of Pakistan away from the pipelines, and the limitations of doing this
state how much oil is produced by Pakistan, how long reserves will last and how much oil is
imported, and explain why it is necessary to import large amounts of oil
describe the extent of the oil pipeline network in Pakistan and describe the other methods that are
used to transport both imported oil and oil produced in Pakistan
understand that electricity can be generated in a variety of ways. In thermal power stations by burning
coal, oil, gas and waste, or with nuclear energy; or with renewable sources e.g. water (including
hydel), the wind and the sun
understand that non-renewable power sources are running out, and are increasing in price.
c) Renewables
explain and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods of producing
electricity from renewable resources (generated by water, wind, wave and sun)
understand the physical and human conditions that favour the development of multi-purpose hydel
schemes
state and explain the factors, both physical and human, which promote or hinder the availability of
electricity and other power resources listed, including the feasibility of small-scale, renewable power
generation
explain why the supply of electricity is not sufficient or reliable to develop many parts of Pakistan.
27
Syllabus content
4. Agricultural development
a) Agricultural systems
understand how small-scale subsistence farming, cash crop farming and livestock farming operate as
systems made up of inputs, processes and outputs.
b) Crops and livestock

identify on a map the main areas where cotton, rice, sugar cane and wheat are grown, and the main
areas where buffalo, cattle, goats, sheep and poultry are reared
recognise (from photographs) fields of cotton, rice, sugar cane and wheat; recognise (from
photographs) buffalo, cattle, goats, sheep and poultry
state the uses of the crops named above
state the main products of the livestock named above and the uses of those products
identify the main areas for the cultivation and growth of each of the following: apples, apricots,
bananas, dates, maize, mangoes, millet, oilseeds, oranges, pulses, tobacco and vegetables. Know
why they are grown there and state an important use of each.
c) Factors affecting production

Natural factors: topography, climate (for both kharif and rabi crops), soils, pests and diseases
Human factors: capital, labour, size of holdings, farming practices, irrigation (types and methods),
waterlogging and salinity (including solutions), governmental actions to increase production
rice grown using traditional methods of ploughing, transplanting, irrigating, harvesting and
threshing on small, fragmented holdings using family labour
wheat grown in areas dependent upon rainfall (barani farming areas)
dates and vegetables grown using karez irrigation in a desert oasis
explain how natural factors, including climatic requirements, and human factors affect the production
of cotton, rice, sugar cane (kharif crops) and of wheat (a rabi crop) under the cash crop farming
system
explain how natural and human factors affect livestock farming (poultry farming, the keeping of
buffalo and cattle, the keeping of livestock) on small-scale subsistence farms and the keeping of
cattle, goats and sheep on a nomadic or semi-nomadic basis, including transhumance
describe the different types of irrigation and explain the advantages and disadvantages of each for
small-scale subsistence farming, and for the growing of cotton, rice, sugar cane and wheat:
28
explain how natural and human factors affect production on small-scale subsistence farms,
including:
canal irrigation karez, inundation and perennial canal
lift irrigation persian wheel and tubewell
understand the roles of dams, barrages, link canals, distribution canals, field channels and bunds
explain the causes of waterlogging and salinity, and:
explain how land damaged by it can be restored
evaluate how agricultural practice and water management can be improved to prevent it happening
understand how government action has helped to increase production through land reforms, the
promotion of training and the use of machinery, chemicals, improved seeds and other means
understand and evaluate the possibilities for and problems of the development of agriculture and its
sustainability.
Syllabus content
5. Industrial development
a) Understanding common terms
Candidates should:
understand the meaning of the terms raw materials, refined, processed, manufactured and valueadded
understand the meaning of the terms infrastructure and services
be able to define the terms primary industry, secondary industry, and tertiary industry.
b) Secondary and tertiary industries

Processing and manufacturing industries to be studied: cement, cotton (from ginning to clothing), sugar
refining, crafts, fertiliser, iron and steel, brick, oil refining, sports goods, surgical instruments. Tourism.
understand the definitions used in Pakistan to distinguish between large-scale industry, small-scale
industry and cottage industry
state the main products of the listed industries and whether they are destined for the domestic
market and/or for the export market
state the main locations of the listed industries and explain the factors influencing location and
development capital, site, sources of raw materials, power, water, labour, communications,
government policy and other means
understand the differences between the formal sector and informal sector of industry
understand the range of services provided by the informal sector, and their advantages and
disadvantages to the development of Pakistan
understand the importance of both the formal and informal sectors, and evaluate the contributions of
both sectors to the development of the listed industries
understand sources of capital and labour
state and explain how the governing authorities promote industrial growth
name examples of export processing zones and other industrial estates, explain the reasons for their
development and describe their characteristics
assess the feasibility of using global communications to enhance employment opportunities in

service industries, e.g. call centres
state and describe briefly, with an example of each, some of the natural and cultural attractions of
Pakistan that are, or could be made available to tourists
assess the feasibility of developing tourism as a means of increasing employment, development,

gross national product (GNP) and gross domestic product (GDP).
29
Syllabus content
6. Trade
a) Major exports and imports
name the main exports and imports
describe the changes in the types/amounts/value of goods exported and imported in recent years
know and understand the meaning of GNP and GDP and the difference between them
explain the effect of changing trends in exports and imports on Pakistans balance of trade and
economy.
b) Pakistans trading partners

30
name and locate Pakistans main trading partners, and name the goods Pakistan exported to them or
imported from them
understand the factors which may promote or hinder trade with other countries, and explain why it
is difficult for Pakistan as a developing country to maintain or increase its share of trade with other
countries
understand the factors that may promote and limit trade, including trading blocs, trade barriers and
currency exchange rates.
Syllabus content
7. Transport and telecommunications

a) Internal transport
interpret maps to describe the regional variations in the density and pattern of the road, rail and air
transport networks within Pakistan
explain the factors which help and hinder the location, maintenance and development of roads,
railways and airports
describe improvements that have recently taken place in road, rail and air communications, and
consider the feasibility of new developments
compare the advantages and disadvantages of road, rail and air transport within Pakistan for both
goods and people
evaluate the development of new transport schemes, including motorway and airport development.
b) International transport
identify on a map those roads (including the name of the pass they use, where relevant) and railways
which cross the international boundary and are in use for at least part of the year
identify on a map the ports of Keamari, Qasim and Gwadar, and the cities with international airports
explain the factors which affect the location and development of cross-border roads and railways,
seaports, dry ports and airports
explain what is meant by the term dry port, name an example of one and explain why they have been
developed in many cities of Pakistan.
c) Telecommunications
explain the importance of radio, television, phones, fax machines, emails and the internet in the fields
of education, industry, services and trade
understand the problems of providing telecommunications in some parts of Pakistan
evaluate the role of telecommunications in the development of Pakistan.
31
Syllabus content
8. Population and employment

a) Structure and growth
understand the changing population structures (both age and sex) as shown by population pyramids
for Pakistan
explain and evaluate the effects of the present and projected population structures on the economy
and development of Pakistan
interpret graphs and statistics illustrating birth rates, death rates and the rates of natural increase in
Pakistan, and identify trends in population growth
explain the social, educational, economic and political factors which contribute to population growth
over time
explain the problems for development caused by population growth over time, consider its
sustainability and evaluate possible solutions to these problems.
b) Movements of population
describe and explain, with reference to both push and pull factors, the main causes of population
movements, including rural-urban migration, seasonal migration, emigration and immigration
(including refugees)
describe and explain the effects of these population movements, including shanty developments in
cities, tent cities and the de-population of rural areas
understand the effects of population movements and evaluate the measures which may be taken
to help solve the problems created, such as self-help schemes, provision of clean water and other
services (including adverse outcomes such as poor housing).
c) Distribution and density of population

distinguish between distribution of population and density of population
recognise the variations in both distribution of population and density of population between the
Provinces (including the Northern Area) and within the Provinces (including within the Northern Area)
explain the physical, economic, social and political factors which contribute to these variations.
d) Employment
32
define the terms primary, secondary and tertiary in relation to occupations
describe and explain the proportions of the workforce engaged in each of the primary, secondary and
tertiary sectors, and any changes in these proportions that may have taken place or may be taking
place
understand and explain the causes of rural and urban unemployment and underemployment (that
is, people who are not fully employed), and understand the problems for development created by
underemployment and unemployment
describe and explain the availability of skilled labour (people qualified for the professions, for
management and as technicians, etc.) and manual labour
understand that unemployment and underemployment can be factors that influence GNP and GDP
understand and evaluate the importance for Pakistans development of literacy, education and training
for both males and females, in rural as well as urban areas.
Glossary of terms for Paper 2
7.
This glossary of terms for Paper 2: The Environment of Pakistan should prove helpful to teachers and
candidates as a guide, although it is not exhaustive and the descriptions of meanings have been kept brief.
Candidates should appreciate that the meaning of a term must depend in part on its context. They should
also note that the number of marks allocated for any part of a question is a guide to the depth of treatment
required for the answer.
Annotate
Add labels or notes or short comments, usually to a diagram, map or

photograph, to describe or explain.
Assess
Weigh up the factors for and against a proposal and come to a judgement.
Calculate
Work out a numerical answer.
Compare
Explain what is similar and different about two things. For a comparison, two
elements or themes are required. (Two separate descriptions do not make a
comparison)
Contrast
Explain the differences between two things.
Define
Explain the meaning of a term or phrase.
Describe
Write about what something is like or where it is. Describe may be used in
questions about resources (on a figure, a table, etc.) in the question paper
(e.g. describe the trend of a graph, the location of an industry on a map, etc.).
It may also be used when you need to describe something from memory
(e.g. describe a doab, etc.).
Describe is often linked with other command words such as name and describe
(name the feature and say what it is like), describe and explain (write about
what it is like and give reasons for ).
Describe the
distribution
Write about the location of the required feature(s) as shown on the map(s)
provided, by referring to:
their relationship to other features shown, e.g. the provinces and rivers
their density in particular areas.
Describe the pattern

of
Write about the location of the required feature(s) as shown on the map(s)
provided, by referring to particular arrangements such as nucleated, linear,
parallel, even spacing, etc. and, where relevant, locating the patterns in relation
to the provinces and rivers, or any other features shown on the map(s) provided.
Draw
Make a sketch showing the required features. Draw may be extended to draw a
labelled diagram (draw a diagram with written notes to identify its features).
Explain/account for/
give reasons for
Show with reasons why something occurs or happens.
Evaluate
Consider the evidence for and against a proposal, and come to a judgement.
Giving your views/

comment on
Explain what you think about something.
How
Explain in what way/to what extent/by what means/methods something

happens.
Identify
Pick out something from information given in text or on a map/diagram/etc.
33
34
Illustrating your
answer, describe/
explain
Describe/explain with the help of specific examples or diagrams. The command

may be extended to require a diagram: Illustrate your answer with a labelled
diagram.
Insert/label
Place specific names or details on a map/diagram/etc. in response to a particular

requirement.
Justify
Explain why you chose something or why you think in a certain way about an
issue.
List
Identify and name a number of features to meet a particular purpose.
Locate
Find where something is placed or state where something is found or mark it on

a map or diagram.
Name
State or specify or identify. Give the word or words by which a specific feature
is known or give examples which illustrate a particular feature.
Predict
Use your own knowledge and understanding to explain what might happen
next, and justify your reasoning. Probably information will be provided to help
you to come to a decision.
Refer to/with
reference to
Write an answer which uses some of the ideas provided on a map/photograph/

diagram/etc. or other additional material such as a case study.
State
Refer to an aspect of a particular feature by a short statement or by a few

words or by a single word.
Study
Look carefully at; usually at one of the resources (a figure, a table, etc.) in the
question paper.
Suggest
Explain your ideas on or your knowledge about the given topic. It is often
coupled with why; this requires a statement or an explanatory statement
referring to one or more particular feature(s).
To what extent
Give the reasons for and against the proposal in the question and justify.
Use/using the
information provided
Base your answer on the information you have been given.
With the help of

information
Write an answer which uses some/all of the information provided, as well as

additional information from your own knowledge.
What
What is used to form a question concerned with the selection of ideas/details/

factors.
What differences are
Use comparative statements to state the differences involved or the changes

that have occurred or are shown between two points on a map/diagram/etc.
Complete descriptions of the two things are not required.
Where
State at what place/to what place/from what place.
Why
Explain the cause(s) of or the reason(s) for or the consequence(s) of something.
Other information
8.
Other information
Equality and inclusion

Cambridge International Examinations has taken great care in the preparation of this syllabus and
assessment materials to avoid bias of any kind. To comply with the UK Equality Act (2010), Cambridge has
designed this qualification with the aim of avoiding direct and indirect discrimination.
The standard assessment arrangements may present unnecessary barriers for candidates with disabilities
or learning difficulties. Arrangements can be put in place for these candidates to enable them to access the
assessments and receive recognition of their attainment. Access arrangements will not be agreed if they
give candidates an unfair advantage over others or if they compromise the standards being assessed.
Candidates who are unable to access the assessment of any component may be eligible to receive an
award based on the parts of the assessment they have taken.
Information on access arrangements is found in the Cambridge Handbook which can be downloaded from
the website www.cie.org.uk/examsofficer
Language
This syllabus and the associated assessment materials are available in English only.
Grading and reporting

Cambridge O Level results are shown by one of the grades A*, A, B, C, D or E, indicating the standard
achieved, A* being the highest and E the lowest. Ungraded indicates that the candidates performance fell
short of the standard required for grade E. Ungraded will be reported on the statement of results but not
on the certificate. The letters Q (result pending), X (no results) and Y (to be issued) may also appear on the
statement of results but not on the certificate.
Entry codes
To maintain the security of our examinations, we produce question papers for different areas of the world,
known as administrative zones. Where the component entry code has two digits, the first digit is the
component number given in the syllabus. The second digit is the location code, specific to an administrative
zone. Information about entry codes can be found in the Cambridge Guide to Making Entries.
35
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Cambridge International Examinations 2014
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SYLLABUS

Changes to syllabus for 2016

Why choose Cambridge?

3. Syllabus content at a glance ........................................................................................... 6

6. Syllabus content ........................................................................................................... 11

7. Glossary of terms for Paper 2....................................................................................... 33

1.1 Why choose Cambridge?

responsible for themselves, responsive to and respectful of others

reflective as learners, developing their ability to learn

innovative and equipped for new and future challenges

engaged intellectually and socially, ready to make a difference.

Support for teachers

Support for exams officers

Cambridge O Level Pakistan Studies 2059. Syllabus for examination in 2016.

Not-for-profit, part of the University of Cambridge

1.2 Why choose Cambridge O Level?

Guided learning hours

1.3 Why choose Cambridge O Level Pakistan Studies?

Cambridge O Level Pakistan Studies 2059. Syllabus for examination in 2016.

a balanced understanding of the heritage and history of Pakistan

an awareness of the challenges and opportunities which Pakistan faces

1.4 How can I find out more?

If you are not yet a Cambridge school

Cambridge O Level Pakistan Studies 2059. Syllabus for examination in 2016.

2.1 Support materials

2.2 Resource lists

Cambridge O Level Pakistan Studies 2059. Syllabus for examination in 2016.

Syllabus content at a glance

Syllabus content at a glance

All candidates study:

Cultural and historical background to the Pakistan Movement

The emergence of Pakistan 190647

The environment of Pakistan

The land of Pakistan

Natural resources an issue of sustainability

Transport and communications

Cambridge O Level Pakistan Studies 2059. Syllabus for examination in 2016.

The history and culture of Pakistan

Section A (25 marks) candidates answer one compulsory question made up of

one part testing knowledge (4 marks)

Total 75 marks. Externally assessed.

The environment of Pakistan

requires the evaluation of information.

Total 75 marks. Externally assessed.

Cambridge O Level Pakistan Studies 2059. Syllabus for examination in 2016.

Combining this with other syllabuses

syllabuses with the same title at the same level

0448 Cambridge IGCSE Pakistan Studies.

Cambridge O Level Pakistan Studies 2059. Syllabus for examination in 2016.

Syllabus aims and assessment objectives

Syllabus aims and assessment objectives

5.1 Syllabus aims

The history and culture of Pakistan

acquire knowledge and understanding of the human past

investigate historical events, changes, people and issues

develop an understanding of the nature and use of historical evidence

organise and communicate knowledge and understanding of history

The environment of Pakistan

Cambridge O Level Pakistan Studies 2059. Syllabus for examination in 2016.

Syllabus aims and assessment objectives

5.2 Assessment objectives

5.3 Relationship between assessment objectives and components

AO1 Recall, select, use and communicate knowledge

AO2 Demonstrate an understanding of the past