*

TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION

* is a branch of mathematics dealing with the

collection, organizing, analysis, interpretation &

presentation of masses of numerical data.

* =>meaningful conclusions can be drawn from them.

* Descriptive statistics
(learn about the data)

* Inferential statistics
(learn about the population-assumption)

Whats the DIFFERENCE?

*Techniques that take the raw scores from a

distribution and summarize them in a form
that is more manageable.

*characteristics of the data = described in

simple terms.

*Methods = summarize, organize, simplify

data.

*Include the construction of graphs, charts & tables

and the calculation of various descriptive measures

such as average (MEANS) and measure of variation
(STANDARD DEVIATION).

* Other name = statistical induction.

* Comprises the use of statistics to make

inferences concerning some unknown aspect of

a population.

* mathematical tools to make forecasts and

projections by analyzing the given data.

* Descriptive statistics
* To describe the basic features of the data in a
study.

* To present quantitative descriptions in a

manageable form.

* Inferential statistics
* To study samples and then make generalizations
about the population from which they were
selected.

*Preliminary descriptive analysis of sample >

choose the appropriate inferential method.

*Descriptive Statistics =
* performed on a sample & on a population
* To examine & explore the data

*Inferential Statistics =
* An inference is made about the population based on
the samples data

*VARIABLES
AND
DATA SETS

* A variable is property of an
object or event that can take
on different values. It is a
characteristic associated
with each unit in a
population

*Constant:

* Quantitative data can be distinguished in terms they are

discrete or continuous.

*Discrete vs Continuous

variable

*Continuous Variable
* A variable that consists of numbers whose values, at least in
theory has no restrictions.

* Example, weights of female statistics students, reaction

time, standardized test score

*Continuous or

Discrete??

* Cooking time for pasta-c

* IQ score-c
* Age -d
* Population in Parit Raja-d
* Speed of jetliner-c

* Quantitative Data
* Qualitative Data

* Data is quantitative if the observations or measurements

made on a given variable of a sample or population have
numerical values.

* Example: height, weight, number of children, blood

pressure, current, voltage.

* is discrete if the corresponding data values take discrete

values.

* Example : number of children, number of cars.

* is continuous if the data values take continuous values.

* Example: speed, distance, time, pressure.

* Data is qualitative if words, groups and categories

represents the observations or measurements.

* Example: colors, yes-no answers, blood group.

* Race
* Age
* Family size
* Academic major
* IQ Score

* Net Worth (RM)

* Favorite sport
* Gender
* Temperature
* Political preference

*Qualitative or
Quantitative ?

* Nominal
* Ordinal
* Interval
* Ratio