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TRANSPORTATION LIGHTING
Table 13-10
LOCATION
(Incandescent
Filament)
Tetrahedron
(Concluded)
TYPE OF LAMP
TYPE OF EQUIP-
Used to indicate
direction of landing or take-off
where traffic control is exercised.
13-53
COLOR
INDICATION
Red on
side,
left
green
on right side,
top edge,
and
SPAC-
MOUNTING
ING
Mounted on low
friction bearings
vertical shaft
for free rotation
on
tip
When swinging
free indicates true
direction
ground wind
Ceiling projector
Used to determine
cloud strata height
Runway
light (ele-
Used on runways
and strips to indicate the area
available for landing or take-off.
Threshold light
(ele-
At a known
dis-
way, opposite
each other and so
circuited that a
420-Watt, 12-volt,
G-25 bulb, mogul prefocus base
runway
symmetrically
spaced in two
groups, one
group on each
Used
side of
strip,
or strip
runway or
perpendic-
ampere,T-10bulb,
medium
prefocus
base; or 40-watt,
T-10
bulb, medium
prefocus base
115- volt,
mounted
beam
to direct
upward, usually
White on
full
way
Mounted on ground
with breakable
which
joint
will
yellow with-
in 1,500 ft of
airplane)]
half
white
and one-half
200 ft
or on a low base
each end of
runway
30- or 45-watt, 6.6-
Green
Mounted on
(see lo-
ampere, T-10
bulb medium
ground or on a
low base with
prefocus base; or
40-watt, 115volt, T-10 bulb,
medium prefocus base
way
ular to runway
or strip leaving
an 80-ft clearance
gap at center of
runway
Projector
90 degrees
single runway or
strip may be delineated as a unit
vated)
White
cation)
breakable joint
which will give
if
light
is
struck accidentally
by an
air-
plane. Maxiextension
30 in.abovesurface
mum
or strip \
of lights.
As new installation: lights shall be located 10 feet out from edge of runway paving opposite each other.
As replacements: lights shall be mounted on top of flush runway light housings. Maximum extension 30
||
all installations.
As reT[ As new installation, lights shall be located 10-feet out from edge of taxiway opposite each other.
placements, lights shall be mounted on top of flush taxiway light housings. Maximum extension 30" above
installation.
surface for any
13-54
LIGHTING HANDBOOK
Representative
of
the function of con-
veying
and
identification
location informa-
shown
13-43),
in
enables
Fig.
the
trainman to locate a
switch at night, and
FIG. 13-43
switch marker
a.
c.
switch
amp.
Kerosene switch lamp
Electric
Reflex
tells
him by
its
color
reversed or normal.
certain territory
and
its
is
The
FIG.
motive
13-44. a. Lococlassification
light,
b. Kerosene
marker lamp.
tail-
terns
of
location of men
had
nonilluminated mechanical
from a rope (from which the term
The modernized version
"highball," meaning "go ahead," had its origin).
of the old semaphore signal, has permitted continued use for daytime
indication of the long standard nonilluminated blade to which is added a
light which can be changed in color in synchronism with the blade position.
The kerosene lamps with which the early lighted semaphore signals were
equipped were satisfactory for night signals, but not bright enough, however,
In lighted semaphores the change
for daytime color-light indications.
of color is accomplished by mounting colored glass roundels in a spectacle
near the fulcrum of the semaphore arm so that different colored glasses
swing into position to intercept the white beam projected by the lamp
and optical system, with change of position of the semaphore blade.
signals
their beginnings in
TRANSPORTATION LIGHTING
13-55
*4
c.
Color-position-
electric sources
ensure contrast of the light with its surroundings in the daytime, a black
target or background surrounds the light wherever a signal must be viewed
There are three types of signals currently recognized by
at long range.
the Association of American Railroads (A.A.R.) which depend entirely
upon
lights.
color-position-light signals.
signals,
position-light signals,
and
In the searchlight type of color-light signal the change of color is accomplished by an electrically-controlled mechanism completely enclosed
The rays from an incandescent filament are colinside the signal unit.
At
lected by an ellipsoidal reflector which focuses them to a small spot.
this spot the rays pass through any one of three, colored, 1-inch diameter
glass disks mounted in a delicately balanced, pendulum-like spectacle.
An accurate lens system directs the light to cover the angle of approach.
The position-light signal is a type of wayside signal which does not depend upon color discrimination by the engineer. In this type, a number of
lamps (maximum nine) are mounted on a circular target: eight lights
arranged in a circle, one in the center. By operating three lamps at a
time, the aspect of the signal may be a vertical row, a horizontal row, or a
diagonal.
Each of the target lamps is focused by its own projector system
in the direction of the approaching train.
The color -position-light signal is a type which utilizes a combination of
Here
the principles of the color-light and the position-light systems.
on a target. These may be lighted in pairs:
vertical pair (green) horizontal pair (red) right and left diagonal pairs
(yellow
respectively).
13-56
E S LIGHTING HANDBOOK
By suitable track circuits and electrical receiving equipment on locomotives, automatic signal lights inside the locomotive cab can be made
to show signal aspects corresponding to those of the wayside signals governing the train movement. This is useful in times of poor visibility
caused by atmospheric conditions or other obstructions.
Power Sources
for Lights
FIG.
13-46. b.
a.
by
Additional spread
surface.
beam
nel
about 6 to 9 degrees.
is
tail-marker
Oil-burning
lamps, switch lamps, and semaphore lamps are equipped
with lenses. Electric hand
lanterns equipped with dry
,,^
b.
Electric
hand lantern.
.,
,.
lantern,
13-47.)
TRANSPORTATION LIGHTING
FIG.
13-57
lever lights.
The range
of a railroad light signal is determined by its daytime visithan by its night visibility. The formula which is in general
use for relating the beam candlepower to the maximum range of a red or
bility rather
green signal
Range
is
in feet
where bcp
\/2,000 bcp
candlepower of the signal equipped with colorless
= beam
glass.
Yellow
will
to purple or blue.
By
13-58
E S LIGHTING HANDBOOK
2000
RANGE
FEET
IN
13-49.
of
a track
Lamps and
Relation of Voltage to
Beam Candlepower
Table 13-11 gives the 1,000-hour ratings, service ratings, and other
information relative to lamps used with searchlight-type color-light sigThe lamps are the precision, two-pin, candelabra-bayonet-base
nals.
The higher wattage lamps produce beams of high candlepower
type.
even when burned at the recommended reduced voltage, thereby obtaining average life well in excess of 1,000 hours.
The table shows the average axial
its
recommended
voltage.
TRANSPORTATION LIGHTING
Table 13-11.
Essential Data on
Lamps
13-59
Color-Light Signals
AXIAL BEAM CANDLE POWER
LAMPS
VOLTS
WATTS
8i-inch
Fresnel lens
81-inch
Compound
lens
1000-hr rating
Service rating
11.3
10.0
14.4
11.9
17,500
37,500
1000-hr rating
Service rating
9.0
8.0
15.3
12.8
16,000
34,000
1000-hr rating
Service rating
4.0
4.0
3.0
3.0
Not recommended
11,000
1000-hr rating
Service rating
10.0
10.0
5.0
5.0
Not recommended
19,000
roundels inclined at specific angles, or other special means are used. The
incorporation of reflectors in the optics of a signal unit involves particularly careful analysis to guard against reflected external light.
Thus, a
light-directing system that may be entirely satisfactory for ordinary spotlight or other special illuminating purposes may be extremely dangerous
in a railroad signal since it can flash spurious indications.
Hoods or visors
projecting forward from light-signal units are always employed as an aid
in reducing reflection from the sky and as a protection against snow and
sleet interference.
Signal Colors
explicit
In color-light signaling, six distinguishable colors are considered posThe use of blue
sible
red, yellow, green, blue, purple, and lunar white.
and purple is very limited, because incandescent and kerosene light
sources are very low in output in the blue part of the spectrum; hence,
when the colored lens or roundel is put over the light, the resulting candle:
13-60
1
I'
E S LIGHTING HANDBOOK
1
1
i
1
i~i
it
'i
1T1
1
|
iVi
i.
0.80
0.60
op.57
T3
0.50
0.50
'p J
&
,& n ?
*<t)0.58
"\
(LJ
=0.864 -0.783X)
2,360"
0.40
(y = 0.400)
(X
l,500*
^p. 60
s60^^>(y (X=0.44)
= 0.5.X +0 ,72)
0.330?-3^^
^^f
(y= 0.384)
O 0.49
0.20
0.10
47 ^
An?
0.46^'
Zlj
'
'
'
'
I
'
"'
Q?
0.80
FTG.
13-51.
I.C.I,
chromaticity
diagram.
power
is
roads).
TRANSPORTATION LIGHTING
13-61
lantern purposes.
wayside
tained
by
lights.
design an adequate hangar-lighting system, it is necessary to conboth the quality and the quantity of illumination required for the
minimum
Equipment Selection
Direct lighting equipment generally is considered to be most practical
hangar areas. This class of equipment may be used with incandescentfilament, mercury- vapor-discharge, or fluorescent lamps.
When using filament- or mercury-lamp equipment, care must be taken
to avoid direct or reflected glare as these sources have a very high brightTo minimize direct glare, reflectors should shield the lamp as
ness.
indicated in Table 13-13.
To prevent reflected glare, open-type filament
or mercury units should not be used where the work surfaces have shiny
or specular surfaces.
Low-brightness luminaires are suitable where specular surfaces must be worked upon.
To obtain the best results from an installation Easy access to all lighting units should be provided by installing lowering hangers, catwalks,
or traveling monorail cranes.
Luminaires should be accessible even when
a hangar is full of airplanes.
A regular cleaning and lamp replacement schedule should be established.
for
Table 13-12.
for Aircraft
PRINCIPAL OPERATION
Engine repair
FOOTCANDLES*
Radio repair
Recovering area
50
30
50
20
30
50
30
Storage
10
Frame
repair
Instrument repair
Paint shop
Plane maintenance (general)
Illumination
Hangars
The footcandle
(live)