EX.

NO:

AMPLITUDE MODULATION

DATE:

AIM:
To construct and test amplitude modulation and
demodulation using trainer kit 005-006.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Cathode ray oscilloscope.
Patch cards.
Power supply.
Am receiver kit [transmitter & receiver].

PROCEDURE:
Setting on ST2202.
Set the detector in diode mode AGC on set the volume
control fully clock win.
Apply AM signal of 100mv with 400HZ modulating signal and
80% modulation into receiver input.
Select a suitable carrier frequency that lies with AM band
[525KHZ+600KHZ].take the ST2202 receiver to that
frequency using tuning control. Also adjust gain
potentiometer provided n RF amplifier selection.
Now vary the modulating slg frequency over audio [300HZ3KHZ] in suitable steps say 100HZ note the corresponding
output level.

 Plot the graph between amplitude VS time.

RESULT:

Thus the modulating and demodulations of amplitude is

performer and modulated and demodulated output waveforms
were plotted
EX.NO:

FREQUENCY

MODULATION

DATE:

AIM:
To construct and test frequency modulation and
demodulation using trainer kit DCL007.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Patch cards.
Power supply.
CRO.
Frequency modulation trainer kit.

PROCEDURE:
Setting on ST2202.
Set the detector in diode mode AGC on
set the volume control fully clock win.
Apply AM signal of 100mv with 400HZ modulating signal
and 30% modulation into receiver input.
Select a suitable carrier frequency that lies with FM band
[525KHZ+600KHZ].

 Plot the graph between modulating frequency and relative

response.
.

RESULT:
Thus the modulation and demodulation of frequency was
performed and the output waveforms were obtained.
EX.NO:

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION

DATE:

AIM:
To construct and test frequency modulation and
demodulation using trainer kit DCL007.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Patch cards.
Power supply.
CRO.
Pulse amplitude modulations trainer kit.
PROCEDURE:
Connect signal source 1KHZ (A1 to A) with help of the patch
card.
Select the sampling frequency 8KHZ.
Select the flat top sampling by pulse by pushing the switch
to extreme rights.
Adjust pulse width potentiometer to extreme anti clock wise
connect the oscillation with input analog signal A and width
the PAM modulated output.

 Connect the oscilloscope with signal B and sampling pulse

generator output E.
Vary the pulse width of PAM pulse and observe the
reconstruction output F.

RESULT:
Thus the pulse amplitude modulation and demodulation is
performed modulated and demodulated wave forms are plotted.

EX.NO:

LINEAR CONVOLUTION OF TWO SEQUENCES

DATE:

AIM:
To perform linear convolution of two sequence in MATLAB.

ALGORITHM:

Get the values from input and impulse sequence.

Perform linear convolution of sequence.

Plot the input sequence.

Plot the impulse and output sequence.

RESULT:
Thus the linear convolutions of two sequences were formed

EX.NO:

BINARY FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING

DATE:

AIM:

To construct and test the binary frequency shift keying (BFSK) circuit
using 555 timer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Regulator power supply 5v 1

Resistors
-3.3k,10k,4.7k,22k.
Capacitor -0.1F,0.01F.
555 timer IC -1
AFO
-1

PROCEDURE:

Connect are made as per the circuit diagram.

Set the square wave the AFO as I/P signal.
Varying the RA*RB values to get the O/P.
Connect the CRO to get the O/P wave form.
Plot the graph.

RESULT:
Thus the BFSK signal is generated & the O/P waveform in delected.
SIMULATION PACKAGE
Aim:
To generate the following signals using mat lab program
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Unit step signal

Unit impulse signal
Ramp signal
Sine signal
Cosine signal

Apparatus Required:
1. Personal computer
2. Mat lab version
Algorithm:
Start the program
Assume the value for t and y for corresponding signal
Using expression plot the graph
Stop the execution

Result:
Thus the generation of standard input using simulation package output waveform is
obtained.

EX.NO:

DESIGN OF FIR FILTER FOR LOW PASS AND

DATE:

HIGH PASS FILTER

AIM:
To design FIR filter to low pass and high pass filter using butter worth
filter.

ALGORITHM:
Get the pass band and stop band replies.

Get the value for edge frequencies.

Calculate the order of filter.

Calculate the sampling frequencies.

Calculate the normalized frequencies of FIR filter.

Evaluate the coefficient of filter.

 Find the transfer function.

Plot the graph.

Programe:
% design of FIR LPF
clc;
clear all;
wc=0.5*pi;
N=25;
als=(N-1)/2;
eps=0.001;
n=0:1:N-1;
hd=sin(wc*(n-als+eps))./(pi*(n-als+eps));
wr=boxcar(N);
hn=hd.*wr';
w=0:0.01:pi;
h=freqz(hn,1,w);
plot(w/pi,abs(h));
hold on;
wh=hamming(N);
hn=hd.*wh';
w=0:0.01:pi;
h=freqz(hn,1,w);
plot(w/pi,abs(h),'.');

xlabel('normalised frequency');
ylabel('Magnitude');

Programe:
% design of FIR HPF
clc;
clear all;
wc=0.5*pi;
N=25;
alp=(N-1)/2;
eps=0.001;
n=0:1:N-1;
hd=(sin(pi*(n-alp+eps))-sin(wc*(n-alp+eps)))./(pi*(n-alp+eps));
wr=boxcar(N);
hn=hd.*wr';
w=0:0.01:pi;
h=freqz(hn,1,w);
plot(w/pi,abs(h));
hold on;
wh=hamming(N);
hn=hd.*wh';
w=0:0.01:pi;
h=freqz(hn,1,w);
plot(w/pi,abs(h),'.');
xlabel('normalised frequency');

ylabel('Magnitude');

Output:

RESULT:

Thus, the FIR filter for low pass and high pass filter was desired in
MATLAB.

EX.NO:

DESIGN OF IIR FILTER FOR LOW PASS AND

DATE:

HIGH PASS FILTER

AIM:
To write a program of design of IIR filter using MATLAB.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Personal computer.
MATLAB 7.0 software.
ALGORITHM:
Start the program.

Assume the value of specification are alp,als,sigp&sigs.

Using in built function of buttered and butter for low pass filter.

Using high function for high pass filter.

Change the sigp&sigs value for band pass filter.

Using stop function for band reject filter.

 Stop the program.

Programe:
% designing of IIR LPF
clc;
clear all;
alp=0.4;
als=30;
omp=0.2;
oms=0.8;
[n,ws]=buttord(omp,oms,alp,als);
[b,a]=butter(n,ws);
w=0:0.01:pi;
[h,om]=freqz(b,a,w);
m=abs(h);an=angle(h);
subplot(211)
plot(om,m);
xlabel('normalised frequency');
ylabel('gain in dB');
subplot(212)
plot(om,an);
xlabel('normalised frequency');
ylabel('phase in radians');

Programe:
% designing of IIR HPF
clc;
clear all;
alp=0.4;
als=30;
oms=0.2;
omp=0.8;
[n,ws]=buttord(omp,oms,alp,als);
[b,a]=butter(n,ws);
w=0:0.01:pi;
[h,om]=freqz(b,a,w);
m=abs(h);an=angle(h);
subplot(211)
plot(om,m);
xlabel('normalised frequency');
ylabel('gain in dB');
subplot(212)
plot(om,an);
xlabel('normalised frequency');
ylabel('phase in radians');

suptitle('IIR HPF');

Output:

RESULT:

Thus the program of IIR filter was designed verified and executed
successfully.

EX.NO:

DESIGN OF IIR FILTER FOR BAND PASS AND

DATE:

BAND STOP PASS FILTER

AIM:
To design chebyshev band pass and band stop pass filter in MATLAB.

ALGORITHUM:
Let the value for pass band and stop band frequencies.

Get the value for pass band and band stop ripple.

Get the order of the filter.

Calculate the sampling frequency.

Plot the response.

Programe:
% designing of IIR BPF
clc;
clear all;
alp=0.4;
als=30;
oms=[0.1,0.5];
omp=[0.2,0.4];
[n,ws]=cheb1ord(omp,oms,alp,als);
[b,a]=cheby1(n,alp,ws);
w=0:0.01:pi;
[h,om]=freqz(b,a,w);
m=abs(h);an=angle(h);
subplot(211)
plot(om,m);
xlabel('normalised frequency');
ylabel('gain in dB');
subplot(212)
plot(om,an);
xlabel('normalised frequency');
ylabel('phase in radians');

suptitle('IIR BPF');

Programe:

% designing of IIR BSF

clc;
clear all;
alp=0.4;
als=30;
omp=[0.1,0.5];
oms=[0.2,0.4];
[n,ws]=cheb2ord(omp,oms,alp,als);
[b,a]=cheby2(n,als,ws,'stop');
w=0:0.01:pi;
[h,om]=freqz(b,a,w);
m=abs(h);an=angle(h);
subplot(211)
plot(om,m);
xlabel('normalised frequency');
ylabel('gain in dB');
subplot(212)
plot(om,an);
xlabel('normalised frequency');

ylabel('phase in radians');
suptitle('IIR BSF');

Output:

RESULT:
Thus the IIR filter for band passes and stop band filter was designed using
MATLAB.
EX.NO:

DESIGN OF FIR FILTER FOR BAND PASS AND

DATE:

BAND STOP PASS FILTER

AIM:
To design FIR filter to band pass and band stop pass filter using che by
shev method.

ALGORITHM:
Get the pass band and stop band ripple.

Get the value for edge frequencies.

Calculate the order of filter.

Calculate the sampling frequencies.

Calculate the normalized frequencies of FIR filter.

Evaluate the coefficient of filter.

 Find the transfer function.

Plot the graph.

PROGRAM
% design of FIR BPF
clc;
clear all;
wc1=0.25*pi;
wc2=0.75*pi;
N=25;
alp=(N-1)/2;
eps=0.001;
n=0:1:N-1;
hd=(sin(wc2*(n-alp+eps))-sin(wc1*(n-alp+eps)))./(pi*(n-alp+eps));
wr=boxcar(N);
hn=hd.*wr';
w=0:0.01:pi;
h=freqz(hn,1,w);
plot(w/pi,abs(h));
hold on;
wh=hamming(N);
hn=hd.*wh';
w=0:0.01:pi;

h=freqz(hn,1,w);
plot(w/pi,abs(h),'.');
xlabel('normalised frequency');
ylabel('Magnitude');

PROGRAM
% design of FIR BRF
clc;
clear all;
wc1=0.25*pi;
wc2=0.75*pi;
N=25;
alp=(N-1)/2;
eps=0.001;
n=0:1:N-1;
hd =(sin(wc1*(n-alp+eps))-sin(wc2*(n-alp+eps))+sin(pi*(n-alp+eps)))./(pi*(n-alp+eps));
wr=boxcar(N);
hn=hd.*wr';
w=0:0.01:pi;
h=freqz(hn,1,w);
plot(w/pi,abs(h));
hold on;
wh=hamming(N);
hn=hd.*wh';
w=0:0.01:pi;

h=freqz(hn,1,w);
plot(w/pi,abs(h),'.');
xlabel('normalised frequency');
ylabel('Magnitude');

Output:

RESULT:
Thus, the FIR filter for band pass and band stop pass filter was designed in
MATLAB.

EX.NO:

DESIGN OF DFT SEQUENCE

DATE:

AIM:
To find the DFT the given sequence using MATLAB.

ALGORITHM:

Get the sequence and length of sequence.

Perform the DFT function.

Find absolute value and phase of DFT sequence X(K).

Plot the input sequence and magnitude and phase.

Programe
%calculation of DFT of a sequence
a=input('enter the sequence');
N=length(a);
for k=1:N
z(k)=0;
for n=1:N
z(k)=z(k)+(a(n)*(exp((-1i*2*pi*(k-1)*(n-1))/N)));
end
end
disp(z);

Output:
enter the sequence[2 1 4 3 5 6]

Columns 1 through 2
21.0000

-2.0000 + 5.1962i

Columns 3 through 4

-3.0000 + 3.4641i 1.0000 - 0.0000i

Columns 5 through 6
-3.0000 - 3.4641i -2.0000 - 5.1962i

RESULT:
Thus the DFT of the given sequence generated using MATLAB

INTERPOLATION AND

DECIMATION

FUNCTION
AIM:
To write a mat lab program for interpolation and decimation function.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
personal computer
mat lab version
ALGORITHM:
Start the program.
Get the input sequence.
Perform the decimation (interpolation) function.
Stop the execution.

Result:
Thus the program of implementation of interpolation and decimation function
verified and executed successfully.