Grid Calculator User Guide

copyright 2001, 2002 by Landmark Graphics Corporation

Part No. 159672 R2003.4

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GRID CALCULATOR USER GUIDE

Table of Contents
Overview ................................................................................................................................ 5
Purpose ............................................................................................................................. 5
How the Grid Calculator Works ...................................................................................... 5
A Simple Example ........................................................................................................... 6
Conditional Operations .................................................................................................... 7
Formatting Mathematical Expressions .................................................................................. 8
Variable Syntax................................................................................................................ 8
Correct Format for VARNAME ................................................................................ 8
Correct Format for CLASS........................................................................................ 9
Correct Format for TIME .......................................................................................... 9
Correct Format for @CASE @DB Abbreviation .................................................... 10
Conditional Syntax ........................................................................................................ 10
Storage and Reuse of Calculated Results ...................................................................... 11
Using GridCalc .................................................................................................................... 13
Opening the Database File(s)......................................................................................... 15
Switching Between Cases .............................................................................................. 17
Performing the Calculation .................................................................................................. 18
Using Existing Properties .................................................................................................... 20
Creating Temporary Variables ............................................................................................. 21
Procedures...................................................................................................................... 21
Summing Properties by Time or Layer................................................................................ 23
Saving and Retrieving an Expression .................................................................................. 25
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Grid Calculator
Overview
Purpose
The VIP Grid Calculator is an easy-to-use utility that lets you perform
specialized calculations on simulation data. You can:

Load one or more simulation database files into the calculator for
use as input into calculations.

Build mathematical expressions that include simulation variables

as input to the calculation.

Create a conditional expression (AND, OR, NOT) that triggers an

alternate calculation method when certain conditions are satisfied.

Sum the properties by time or by layer.

Calculate an output variable that can be stored in the simulation

database as an additional new property of the model.

The procedures in this chapter explain how to use the calculator to load
files, build expressions, and calculate new properties.

How the Grid Calculator Works

At its simplest, the VIP Grid Calculator works like an ordinary handheld calculator. Once you have started the Grid Calculator and
displayed it on the screen, you can use the mouse to click the buttons on
the keypad and build a mathematical expression.

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Overview: Purpose

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The main difference between the Grid Calculator and an ordinary

calculator is that the results are not immediately visible on the screen.
This is because the calculator is performing the requested operation not
just a single time, but for every grid cell in a simulation model. In the
case of recurrent data, the calculation may be made for every grid cell
and every time record, as well. Thus, the only efficient way to view
such a large volume of output results would be using visualization
software like 3DVIEW.

A Simple Example
For example, suppose you want to multiply the initial oil saturation of a
reservoir by a factor of 100 (e.g., to convert fraction to percent). The
correct mathematical expression for this would include special notation
such as SO_I for initial oil saturation and a math symbol such as * for
multiplication, as shown below:
SO_I*100

Note
The correct notation and symbols are supplied automatically when you use the
keypad and the property selection menus.

Before this calculation could be performed, however, you would have

to do the following:

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Define a name for the new property that will be created as a

result of the calculation (e.g., SOP for Percent Oil Saturation).

Load the appropriate simulation database file, so that the Grid

Calculator has the pertinent data readily available for calculation.

Select initial saturation from a menu of available properties (if this

property is not part of the loaded database, it would not appear on
a menu and the calculation would not be possible).
Overview: A Simple Example

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Use the calculator keypad to build the remainder of the

mathematical expression (e.g., *100).

Press the Enter button.

Once you press the Enter button, the Grid Calculator would apply the
mathematical expression to each instance of SO_I in the model. If the
reservoir model has 300 grid cells, it would multiply the SO_I value for
each grid cell by 100, then produce a matrix of 300 output values one
for each grid cell. This result would be copied into the database as an
additional new property (e.g., SOP) that you can view using
appropriate model visualization software.

Conditional Operations
Furthermore, suppose you only wanted to perform the mathematical
operation on certain grid cells, such as those with a porosity greater
than 0.10. The Grid Calculator would let you create a condition phrase
describing the condition which needs to be satisfied, such as the
following:
POR > 0.10

When using such a condition phrase, you can define two mathematical
expressions: one to be used if the condition is satisfied, the other to be
used if the condition is not satisfied.
When you press the Enter button, the Grid Calculator examines each
POR value in the model to see if it matches the specified condition.
Depending on the result (True or False), the Grid Calculator then
applies the appropriate mathematical expression to produce the correct
output result for that grid cell.

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Overview: Conditional Operations

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Formatting Mathematical Expressions

If you use the previous procedures correctly, your mathematical
expressions should be formatted automatically. This section provides
more details on the formatting of mathematical expressions and
condition phrases.

Variable Syntax
The correct syntax for formatting variable names in a mathematical
expression is as follows:
VARNAME_CLASS[TIME] @CASE @DB

where VARNAME is a database variable, CLASS is the type of data

being used (as defined below), TIME is the time at which the variable is
specified (recurrent data only), CASE is the abbreviation for the case
containing the specified variable, and DB is the abbreviation of the
database containing the specified variable (selectable from the
Database-List menu). TIME is used only with recurrent variables if you
want to limit the calculation to a specific time in the simulation. If it is
not specified, then the calculator will generate data for each time record
in the simulation database. Non-recurrent variables do not need a TIME
specification. For example:
KX_I

is the KX variable taken from the initialization data and

SO_R[256]

is the SO variable taken from recurrent data at time = 256 days. The
following is a more complete discussion of each syntax element.
Correct Format for VARNAME
The first part of the variable syntax must be a property variable name
either selected from a pop-up menu in the Existing Property area of the
Grid Calculator or entered manually in the mathematical expression. If
you enter a variable name manually and a corresponding value is not
available on one of these menus, you will see a warning message. The
list of available variable names will probably be different for each
database that you load, so you cannot assume that a variable name is
available unless you know for sure.
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Formatting Mathematical Expressions: Variable Syntax

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Correct Format for CLASS

This is an abbreviated symbol used to identify which class of data the
variable must be read from. The following symbols may be used (and
correspond to each of the property menus under Existing Properties).
The last three represent variables created using the Grid Calculator:
Variable Class Symbols and Corresponding Menus

Class
Symbol

Menu Name

Description

Recurrent

Recurrent data.

Initialization

Initialization data.

Calculated

Calculated data produced by the Array

Calculate module in GRIDGENR.

UR

User Recurrent

New properties created from recurrent

data.

UI

User Init

New properties created from initialization data.

UC

User-Calc
Class

New properties created from the data

produced by the Array Calculate module
in GRIDGENR.

If you select a variable from the pop-up menus, this symbol is added
automatically as part of the variable name (preceded by an underbar
symbol: _). If you type in the expression manually, you must insert the
underbar and correct symbol. If you omit this symbol (for example, if
you enter KZ instead of KZ_I), the Grid Calculator will search for the
variable among the different menus and use the one it first encounters.
The sequence of menus it will follow is the same as shown in the table
above.
Correct Format for TIME
TIME is an optional specification for a recurrent variable: if you
include it, the calculation will be just for the time specified; if not, the
calculation will be for all instances of the recurrent variable in the
database. To specify time correctly, you must select it from the
Recurrent Time menu immediately after selecting a recurrent variable

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Formatting Mathematical Expressions: Variable Syntax

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name, or manually enter it into the math expression using square

brackets as the shown below:
KZ_R[256]

In this example, 256 is the time in days. If you use a time value that is
not in the Recurrent Time list, the Grid Calculator will attempt a linear
interpolation between the nearest two time values. Any time value you
enter will be ignored if the variable class is Initial, Calculated, UserInit, or User-Calc.
Correct Format for @CASE @DB Abbreviation
@CASE @DB is an optional specification for a variable. This is an
abbreviated symbol used to identify which case and database the
variable data is stored in. The abbreviation is assigned automatically by
the system when you open the database and can be accessed by
selecting it from the Case List menu. The item you select from this
menu will be automatically placed in the correct format in the field that
has the current text focus. For instance, if you select a database entry
such as the following:
D1/VIPtest/db1.vdb [db1]

the following notation will be entered in the currently focused text

field:
@case1@db1

Conditional Syntax
The expression entered in the Condition Phrase field will be used to
evaluate one or more conditions that may exist within each grid cell. If
the result is True, the calculation action in the Primary Action
Expression field will be performed. If the result is False, the calculation
action in the Alternate Expression field will be performed. Thus, if you
enter a value in the Condition Phrase field, you must have a
mathematical expression entered in both the Primary and Alternate
Expression fields. If you do not enter a Condition Phrase, only the
Primary Expression will be used for all calculations.
The Boolean expressions used in a conditional phrase must match the
symbols used on the keypad (see Table on page 14). For example, the

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Formatting Mathematical Expressions: Conditional Syntax

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following example shows the use of a Condition Phrase with an AND

clause:
SG_I>0.2 && SG_I <0.7

In this case, both conditions on either side of the && must be satisfied
in order for the statement to be True. In other words, the initial gas
saturation in a grid cell must be greater than 0.2 and less than 0.7. You
can also construct OR statements using the || symbol, or combinations
of AND/OR, as needed. For example
(SG_I>0.2 && SG_I <0.7) || (SG_I>0.9 && SG_I < 1.0)

means that the condition will be satisfied (True) if initial gas saturation
lies between 0.2 and 0.7, or between 0.9 and 1.0.
When specifying a Primary or Alternate Expression, you can specify
that no action be taken by simply entering the variable name. For
instance, if the following expressions are used:
SG_I + 0.05(primary expression)
SG_I(alternate expression)

this would mean that 0.05 will be added to the initial gas saturation
value in cells where the condition is satisfied, but the saturation value
will remain unchanged in cells where the condition is not satisfied.

Storage and Reuse of Calculated Results

When you perform a calculation, the results may be stored on one of
the three Existing Property menus for user calculated data. The place
where it is stored depends on whether the variables in the expression
are Constant in Time or Function of Time.

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Constant in Time data has only one time value. Initial and
Calculated variables are Constant in Time, as is recurrent data at a
specified time. If all variables in an expression are Constant in

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Time, then the result is stored in the calculator as either User Init
or User-Calc properties. For example:

Init + Init

User_Init

Init + Calc

User_Init

Calc + Calc

User_Calc

Init + Recurr[Time]

User_Init

Recurr[Time] + Recurr[Time]

User_Init

Function of Time data has more than one time value. Recurrent
data without a time specification is Function of Time, since all
time values are included. If any variable in an expression is
Function of Time, the result is calculated for all times and stored
as a User Recurrent variable. For example:
Recurr + Recurr

User_Recurr

Recurr + Recurr[Time]

User_Recurr

Recurr + Init

User_Recurr

Recurr + Calc

User_Recurr

Once a new property is calculated and stored under the appropriate

Existing Property menu, you can select it for use in any future
calculation. If you do, then the User-Calc and User-Init variables are
considered Constant in Time. User-Recurrent variables are considered
Constant in Time if a time is specified, or Function of Time if a time is
not specified.

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Using GridCalc
Select the GridCalc option on the DESKTOP-VIP Output menu. The
GridCalc window opens. The Grid Calculator starts automatically and
appears on the screen as shown in the following illustration.
Menu bar
Property
selection

Tool bar
Variable Summation
selection
by time

Summation
by layer

Database file
currently active
New property
being calculated
Create temporary
variable or new
property
Button to open
condition (if/else)
fields

Button to start
Or store
property calculation temporary expression
(Permanent mode) (Temporary mode)

Open database files

The Grid Calculator Interface

The various menus, buttons, and fields on the Grid Calculator interface
are summarized below.

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Menu and Tool Bar. Most menu options have a corresponding

tool bar icon. Icons for each menu item are shown below.

File Menu. This menu lets you open a study

, open an
existing expressions file
, save expressions to a file
, and
exit the Grid Calculator.

Data Menu. This menu lets you select properties

variables
.

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Tools menu. This menu lets you sum a property by time

and by layer

Target Study. The name of the database file currently open and
being used for calculation storage.

New Property. The name of the new property being calculated.

Description. The user-defined description of the new property

being calculated.

Calculator Keypad. The calculator keys needed to perform the

calculation. When you click any button in this keypad, a
corresponding symbol will appear in the appropriate field where
the keyboard is focused (i.e., any one of the three fields in the
lower half of the form that has the current keyboard focus). The
following operators are available
Calculator Keypad Operators

Key
Symbol

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Description

sin

The sine of the expression.

cos

The cosine of the expression.

tan

The tangent of the expression.

log

The logarithm of the expression.

ln

The natural log of the expression.

exp

The exponential representation of the expression.

exp10

The exponent to the 10th power.

<

Less than.

<=

Less than or equal to.

==

Equal to.

=>

Greater than or equal to.

>

Greater than

&&

AND

||

OR
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Calculator Keypad Operators (Continued)

Key
Symbol

Description

!=

NOT (not equal to)

()

Term delimiters.

+-*/

Add, subtract, multiply, divide.

., 0-9

Numeric keys and decimal.

Condition Button. This button opens fields that can be used to

specify a Boolean condition for evaluating each grid cell during
calculation. If the evaluation returns True for a particular cell, the
new property for that cell will be calculated using the Expression.
field. If the evaluation returns False, the new property will be
calculated using the Alternate Expression field.

Primary Action Expression (Then). A formula can be

entered in this field as the primary calculation method for the
new property.

Alternate Expression (Else). If a condition phrase is used,

you must enter an alternate formula in this field as the alternate
calculation method for the new property.

Enter. This button starts the calculation. When you are creating a
temporary expression, this button dynamically updates to a Store
button.

Opening the Database File(s)

Before you start setting up a calculation, you must open the database
that will be used in the calculation.
Database Files Permitted
The only types of database files that you can use with the VIP Grid Calculator are
VDB database files. You must also have read-write permissions for the files in
order to use them. If the files are not in the correct format or you do not have the
correct permissions, you will see an error message when you try to open them.

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Using GridCalc: Opening the Database File(s)

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In some cases, you may want to open multiple databases if you want to
use input values from more than one simulation model. You will be
able to use the file(s) to provide input values into the calculation, as
well as to store the new property that results from the calculation. Use
the following procedure:
1.

Select the Open Study option on the File menu or click the
icon on the toolbar or the
beside the Target Study field. The
Open Study dialog box opens.

2.

Filter and select the database file (.vdb). Click the OK button to
load the database file.

3.

If the Study has multiple Cases, click the +/- button as shown
below to open the Case List and click on the Case to activate.
Click +/- to open/close Case list
Click case to activate

If you will be working with multiple databases, repeat these steps to

open each individual database.
Warning
The message Unable to Set Database means that you have selected a database
file which is either corrupted or not in the correct database format. Click the OK
button to continue, then reselect the correct file.

When you open a database, it is shown as the current database in the

Current Database field at the top of the Grid Calculator window. The
Current Database is the one that controls the selections on the property
menus in the middle of the Grid Calculator window. If you open
multiple databases, the last database that you open is always the current
database.

Current Study

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Using GridCalc: Opening the Database File(s)

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Switching Between Cases

If you have opened multiple Studies and/or Cases, simply click on the
Case to activate in the Input Cases list to switch between them.

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Performing the Calculation

Once you have a database (or multiple databases) open, you can begin
setting up the calculation. Use the following steps:
1.

In the New Property field, enter a name for the New Property that
will be created as a result of the calculation. The default name is
NEWPROP.

2.

In the Description field, enter a brief description of the new

property.

3.

Use the keypad and Select Property dialog box

calculation formula on the Expression line.

to build a

The formula may contain valid property and variable names,

mathematical operators, and numeric values. Property and variable
names should be selected from existing properties or typed in
using the correct syntax. Specific procedures are provided for:

Selecting existing properties (see page 20).

Selecting, editing, or deleting existing variables (see page 21).

Summing properties by time or layer (see page 25).

Creating Temporary Variables
If you are creating an expression with multiple variables, you do not have to
save each variable separately in the database. Instead, you can create and
store temporary variables. This procedures uses the existing Variable List
and is described in that section. See Creating Temporary Variables on
page 23.

4.

If desired, click the Condition Phrase button to open the

Alternate Expression field and use it to specify an alternate
calculation method that applies if the condition returns False.
The Condition Phrase is a Boolean statement used to evaluate each
grid cell during calculation. If the evaluation returns True for a
particular cell, the new property for that cell will be calculated
using the Primary Action Expression. If the evaluation returns
False, the new property will be calculated using the Alternate
Expression.

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The keypad contains a complete set of Boolean operators you can

use to create a conditional expression (see Table on page 14). You
must click on the Condition Phrase or Alternate Expression fields
to get the keyboard focus before you can use the keypad to build
expressions in them. For more details on conditional expressions,
see Conditional Syntax on page 10.
5.

Make sure the database where you want to store the new property
is listed as the active study at the top of the window.
If not, click on the Case name in the Input Cases list to select the
associated Study as the current database. This option will clear all
the data entry fields on the calculator.

6.

When you are finished entering the expressions, click the Enter
button on the keypad to start the calculation.
The new property is calculated automatically and stored in the
Current Study File within the current case. It should now be
available on the property menus as a property available for input to
future calculations.

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Selecting Existing Properties

Perform the following steps to select an existing property.
1.

Click the
icon on the toolbar or select the Property option on
the Data menu. The dialog box opens as shown below.

2.

Click the the pull-down menu

as shown above and select the
class. The properties associated with the selected class become
available for selection.

3.

With the Class selected, click the the pull-down menu

located
next to the class list and select the property as shown below.

4.

If you wish to specify a recurrent time, click the time to select in

the Select Time in Days list.

5.

Click the Insert Button.

The property displays in the correct format in the GridCalc Expressions

field.

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Selecting Existing Variables

You can select, edit, and delete existing variables.

Select Variable
Perform the following steps to select an existing variable.
1.

Click the
icon on the toolbar or select the Variable option on
the Data menu. The dialog box opens as shown below.

All variables that exist for the current Case are displayed in the
list.
2.

In the list, highlight the variable to select. Click the Insert button.

The variable displays in the in the GridCalc Expressions field.

Edit
Perform the following steps to edit a variable.
1.

Click the
icon on the toolbar or select the Variable option on
the Data menu. The dialog box opens. All variables that exist for
the current Case are displayed in the list.

2.

In the list, highlight the variable to edit. Click the Edit button.

The appropriate window opens to redefine the variable.

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Delete
Perform the following steps to delete a variable.
1.

Click the
icon on the toolbar or select the Variable option on
the Data menu. The dialog box opens. All variables that exist for
the current Case are displayed in the list.

2.

In the list, highlight the variable to delete. Click the Delete button.

The variable definition is removed.

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Creating Temporary Variables

Temporary variables are expression components that you define for the
duration of the session in order to avoid having to save unnecessary
properties. For example, suppose you want to construct the expression:
SGTOT == SG_I > 0.2 && SG_I <0.7

You can click the Temporary toggle and name SG_I > 0.2 as the
property SGMIN. With the Temporary toggle still active, you can name
SG_I <0.7 as property SGMAX. Then you can click the Permanent
toggle, and create the expression:
SGTOT > SGMIN < SGMAX

Both SGMIN and SGMAX will have been saved as temporary variables in
the format $UTSGMIN and $UTSGMAX. When you exit the GridCalc
application, the definition of SGTOT will be saved to the database. But
the intermediary definitions of SGMIN and SGMAX will not. In this way,
you can construct expressions with multiple properties without having
to add each component to the database.
Procedures

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1.

Activate the Temporary button as shown below before you begin.

2.

Create the temporary variable in the same way you would a

permanent variable. The variable is stored in the Variable List for
the duration of the current session. The prefix $UT (rather than
$U) denotes the temporary status of the variable as shown below.

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Click on the variable and click the Delete button to delete it. Or
click the Insert button to open the variable for editing as shown
below.

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Summing Properties by Time or Layer

You can sum properties by time or by layer. Procedures for each are
similar.
1.

Click the Sum by Time

or Sum by Layer
icon on the
toolbar, or select the option from the Tools menu. The summation
dialog box opens (time summation is shown below).

Term and Variable menus

Time or Layer list

2.

Click the Term and Variable menus to select the Class and
associated property.

3.

Use the following keys to select the Time(s) or Layers to sum.

Use these keys

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To select

Shift/MB1

sequential list

Control/MB1

non-sequential list

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4.

Click the Add Term button. The expression you defined transfers
to the Summation Data field as shown below.

5.

Repeat steps 2-4 as necessary to define multiple summations.

6.

Enter a unique name in the Variable Name field.

7.

Enter an optional description in the Description field.

8.

Click the Apply button to create the summation. Click the Close
button to close the dialog box.

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GRID CALCULATOR USER GUIDE

Saving and Retrieving an Expression

The Grid Calculator lets you save and retrieve expressions for repeated
use. Perform the following steps to save an expression.
1.

Enter the calculation in the expression fields.

2.

Select the Save Expression option on the File menu. The Save
Expressions dialog box opens.

3.

Use the directory tree to filter to the directory in which to store the
expression. Then enter a name in the File Name entry field. The
default extension of .geq is automatically assigned. Click the OK
button on the Save Expressions dialog box.
The dialog box closes and the expression is saved in the directory/
filename you specified.

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Index
C
calculating new properties
overview and examples 5
changing databases 16
conditional operations 7
conditional syntax 10
creating a conditional expression 18
creating a primary expression 18
creating a temporary variable 21

D
database
changing 16
opening 15

G
Grid 5

K
keypad 14

L
layer
summation by 23

O
opening a database file 15
overview 5

P
performing a calculation 18

S
storage and reuse of output results 11
summations 23

T
temporary variables 21
time
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summation by 23

V
variable syntax 8
VIP 5

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