Injection Molding Machine for PET Material

This injection molding machine is designed to produce various kinds of preforms such as water preforms, carbonated
preforms, oil bottle preforms, jar preforms and 5 gallon bucket preforms. It is ideal for PET material and all kinds of
master batches, characterized by the following features.
1. This equipment is applied with a de-dew device to remove the dew on the mould and a chiller to cool the mould.
2. Also, it is equipped with a crusher which is used for recycling defective preforms.
3. It is available with integrated dehumidifier, dryer and loader or individual dryer, dehumidifier, and loader.
4. An optional robot can be used for collecting preforms.
5. This machine comes with clamping force of 80T~ 3000T.
6. The weight of preforms ranges from 16g to 780g and the quantity of cavity is of 1~ 48.
7. The mixer and air compressor are optional.
Technical Specifications

Device

Item

Unit

JST-90
PET

Screw
mm 42
Diameter
Screw L/D
L/D 23
Ratio
Theoretical
Shot
cm3 200
Volume
Shot
Weight
g
220
(PS)
Injection
Injection
Unit
Mpa 143
Pressure
Injection
g/s 98
Rate
Plasticizing
g/s 15
Capacity
Screw
Speed
r/min 0-230
Range
Clamping
KN 900
Force
Clamping Clearance
Unit
Between mm 360x360
Tie Bars
Opening
mm 325
Stroke
Max.
mm 360

JST-150
PET

JST-220
PET

JST-280
PET

JST-350
PET

JST-550
PET

50

65

70

75

90

23

23

23

23

23

392.5

800

1190

1500

2410

425

870

1300

1639

2600

156

125.2

128.5

150

137.5

131

200

270

275

563

28

38.2

51

67

132

0-200

0-110

0-115

0-150

0-145

1500

2200

2800

3500

5500

410x410

520x520

580x580

660x660

800x800

400

510

570

660

750

430

560

610

720

780

Others

Device

Mould
Thickness
Min.
Mould
Thickness
Ejector
Force
Ejector
Stroke
Pump
Power
Heating
Power
Oil Tank
Capacity
Machine
Weight
Machine
Dimension
Item

mm 150

150

250

250

300

350

KN 27

33

70

87

110

110

mm 100

120

140

160

180

185

KW 11

15

22

22

30

45

KW 9

12

19.67

21.6

24.75

30.5

200

270

500

700

800

1200

3.8

4.8

7.1

10.5

15

21

4.3x1.15x1.8 4.8x1.2x1.8

6.1x1.5x2

7.0x1.65x2 7.5x1.75x2.3 9.2x2.1x2.35

Unit

JST-120
PET

JST-180
PET

JST-250
PET

JST-330
PET

JST-400
PET

JST-650
PET

55

65

70

90

100

23

23

23

23

23

546

829

1192

2410

3728

596

900

1300

2600

4070

140.7

141.6

147

137.5

149

192

200

232

512

683

32.6

38.2

54

116

127

0-150

0-110

0-120

0-135

0-130

1800

2500

3300

4000

6500

460x460

570x570

620x620

720x720

910x840

Screw
mm 45
Diameter
Screw L/D
L/D 23
Ratio
Theoretical
Shot
cm3 294
Volume
Shot
Weight
g
330
(PS)
Injection
Injection
Unit
Mpa 139
Pressure
Injection
g/s 118
Rate
Plasticizing
g/s 21
Capacity
Screw
Speed
r/min 0-200
Range
Clamping
KN 1200
Force
Clamping Clearance mm 400x380

Unit

Others

Between
Tie Bars
Opening
Stroke
Max.
Mould
Thickness
Min.
Mould
Thickness
Ejector
Force
Ejector
Stroke
Pump
Power
Heating
Power
Oil Tank
Capacity
Machine
Weight
Machine
Dimension

mm 360

460

550

600

710

860

mm 400

480

600

680

720

860

mm 150

200

250

280

250

400

KN 27

61

70

87

110

110

mm 100

130

150

160

200

250

KW 11

18.5

22

30

45

37+22

KW 7.43

13.47

18.32

23.72

30.5

42.5

200

350

500

600

1200

1600

4.3

5.7

8.5

12.2

18

36

4.55x1.2x1.8 5.6x1.35x1.85 6.4x1.5x1.2 7.0x1.7x2.1 8.8x2.0x2.25 10.5x2.15x2.5

PET Preform Production Line

Applications of Preform Injection Molding Machine
This preform injection molding machine is for making various kinds of water preforms, carbonated preforms, oil bottle
preforms, jar preforms and 5 gallon bucket preforms.
Features of Preform Injection Molding Machine
1. Preform injection molding machine, with clamping force from 80T to 3000T.
2. The preform weight is from 16g to 780g and the cavity quantity is from 1 to 48.
3. It is applicable to PET material and all kinds of master batches.
4. This preform injection molding machine could be equipped with an optional mixer.
5. It is available with integrated dehumidifier, dryer and loader or individual dryer, dehumidifier, and loader.
6. It has a de-dew device for removing the dew on the mould and a chiller for cooling mould.
7. Air compressor.
8. Optional robot for collecting preforms.
9. This preform injection molding machine also has a crusher for recycling defective preforms.
Flow Chart of Preform Injection Molding Machine

Specifications of Preform Injection Molding Machine

Device
Specification
Unit

injection

Clamping

Others

JSE-150

JSE-250

JSE-650

Screw dia.

mm

50

65

100

Screw L/D ratio

L/D

23

23

23

392.5

829

3728

Theoretical shot

Cm

Injection weight(PET)

425

900

4070

Injection pressure

Mpa

156

141.6

149

Injection rate(PET)

g/s

131

200

683

Plastizing capacity(ps)

g/s

28

38.2

127

screw rotate speed

r/min

0~200

0~110

0~130

Clamping force

KN

33

2500

6500

Clearance between tie bars

Mm

410410

570570

910840

Opening stroke

mm

400

550

860

Max. mould height

Mm

430

600

860

Min. mould height

Mm

150

250

400

Ejector force

KN

33

70

110

Ejector stroke

Mm

120

150

250

Motor power

KW

15

22

37+22

Heating power

KW

12

18.32

42.5

Oil tank capacity

270

500

1600

Machine weight

4.8

8.5

36

Machine dimension

mmm

4.81.21.8

6.41.52

10.52.152.5

We are a professional preform injection molding machine manufacturer. With ISO9001:2000 certificate, we have sold
our injection molding machines to UAE, Iran, Australia, Japan, Poland, Brazil, and more countries. With about 15
years of experience in the manufacture of injection molding machine, we are fully capable of offering you high quality

plastic processing machinery and beverage production lines, such as preform injection molding machines, PET blow
molding machines, water treatment, labeling machines, and more. Please keep browsing or contact us directly for
more information!

The product

The PET preform, better known as preform, is accomplished through a

molding process. The fused PET injected into a mold become a preform, which, by an
additional processing step (blowing), takes the form of bottles for beverages for elementary,
oil
or
detergents
use.
A preform is made by a "finish" (bottleneck), which will not change in the blowing process.
"Finish" diameter and thread type are the main features of the preform, features that
determine the kind of screw bottle cap and the use of the bottle (for still water, sparkling
water,
oil,
milk).
On the other hand, the tubular structure, will form the bottle in the blowing and molding
processes and it determines the basis weights of the final product; diameter, length and
shape are the key elements that give the main features to the blown container.
The PET polymer, used for the production of preforms doesn't have a colour, it's almost
transparent, but once mixed with colouring additives, it can have different shades of colour
according to customer requirements.
Storage
The polymer is transported in tankers or in Big Bags. The material, once entered into factory,
is piped into 19 storage silos from which it's taken depending on the production
requirements.
Drying of PET
PET, by its nature, absorbs humidity from the atmosphere, in order to give a perfect product,
it has to stand to a drying and dehumidification process. The process consists in maintaining
the storage silo connected to the feeding of the PET machine for a certain period of time
(which may vary depending on the nature of PET from 4 to 10 hours) during this time it's
heated with a stream of hot air at a temperature of 170. The air heating is produced by a
system that uses the thermal oil heated by a heat exchanger connected to a group of
cogeneration for the production of electric power.
Plasticization of the PET
Once dried PET is routed through a screw in the injection chamber. During this phase, the
PET is heated to a temperature of about 285 and stands to the lamination phase passing
from
the
solid
state
(granules)
to
the
liquid
state.
Before entering into the cochlea the granule can pass through a pre-mixer where it's mixed
with a colouring that, with the specific amount, gives the shade as required by the customer.
Injection molding.

PET in liquid state is conveyed by the rotating screw in an injection chamber in such quantity
as to fill the total cavity installed on the mold. When the mold is closed, the molten PET is
injected into the cavities where once in contact with the matrix will solidify and form.
The temperatures of cavities and punches are cooled by a system that allows the PET to
solidify before being ejected from the mold through a system of extractors.
Cooling
The solidification process ends when the preforms are ejected from the mold by a cooled
automated gripper.
Packing
Once completed the cycle of cooling, the preforms are deposited on conveyor belts and sent
in suitable containers called OCTABINS.
Handling and Storage
The OCTABINS are taken by an automated system made by 3 AGV shuttles and stored in the
warehouse ready to be shipped, a dynamic system that effectively ensures full compliance
with the hygiene standards required in the transformation process.

Technical InformationInjection-moldingCommon
injection-molding defects and their countermeasures
Short shot or short molded
. Description
A molded product that is incomplete because the mold cavity was not filled completely.

. Causes
a. Insufficient injection-molding machine performance (shot capacity, plasticizing capacity, etc.)
b. Poor material flowability
c. Gate cross-section surface area is too small. Molded product thickness is too thin.
d. Poor gas venting.

. Countermeasures
<Molding equipment>
a. Increase the amount of material feed. If material feed is still insufficient at maximum material
feed capacity, change to a larger capacity machine.
b. Install a screw with a back-flow check valve.
c. Increase injection pressure
d. Raise the cylinder temperature setting. Raise the nozzle temperature, too.

e. Make sure there are no severed lines to the heater.

f.

Make sure the nozzle is not clogged. If the nozzle clogs frequently, raise the mold temperature or
shorten the cycle time.

g. Increase injection speed

<Mold>
a. Raise the mold temperature.
b. Increase the mold gas release.
c. Increase gate cross section surface area.
d. Increase the molded product thickness.
e. Add ribs to the molded product design to improve flowability.
<Materials>
a. Choose a low-viscosity high flow material type.
b. Apply surface lubricant. (Add 0.05-0.1% by weight.)

Flow marks
. Description
Ring shaped miniature bands appear on the molded product surface around gates or narrow
sections.

. Causes
The molten polymer cools rapidly within the mold and becomes highly viscous. Once that molten
polymer starts to coagulate, it gets pushed by the molten polymer injected afterward and forms
miniature bands.

. Countermeasures
<Molding equipment>
a. Increase the nozzle diameter. Increase the nozzle temperature
b. Increase injection speed.
c. Increase injection pressure.
d. Raise the cylinder temperature.
e. Reduce the cushion. (Reduce the charging amount.)
<Mold>
a. Increase the mold temperature.
b. Provide a cold slug well.

c. Increase the gate cross section surface area.

d. Create more distance between the gates and the location of the mold coolant.
<Materials>
a. Apply surface lubricant.

Silver streaking
. Description
Streaks of a silvery white color appear in the material flow direction.

. Causes
a. Material is absorbing water.
b. Material is contaminated with another type of material.
c. Aeration is occurring during molding.
d. Too much additive is present.

. Countermeasures
<Molding equipment>
a. Apply back pressure to generate a kneading effect.
b. Slow down injection speed.
c. Thoroughly clean molding machine cylinders.
<Mold>
a. Increase (or decrease) the size of the runners and gates.
b. Increase the mold temperature.
c. Change the gate locations.
<Materials>
a. Pre-dry thoroughly.
b. Install an ultrared light inside the hopper.
c. Investigate for potential contamination.

Poor weld line

. Description

The material splits off and flows in two or more directions. When the divergent flow fronts converge
again, hair-like lines appear where they meet. This results in reduced strength, as well as burn-mark
and bubble defects.

. Causes
a. Material splits and flows in separate directions, then converges again.
b. Polymer temperature is too low. Polymer is not fully melted.
c. Difficulties in venting gas and air.

. Countermeasures
<Molding equipment>
a. Raise the resin temperature
b. Increase the injection pressure.
c. Increase the injection speed.
<Mold>
a. Provide a cold slug well where weld lines occur.
b. Provide a gas vent.
c. Change the gate locations. Or increase the number of gates.
d. Stop using mold parting agents.
e. Change the gate locations so that the weldlines occur in locations less susceptible to external
forces if weld strength is an issue.
<Materials>
a. Choose a low-viscosity high flow type material.

Voids
. Description
The presence of holes inside molded products

. Causes
a. Change in density as the material changes from a molten to a coagulated state.
b. The surface of the molded product loses heat rapidly through the mold wall and the polymer
hardens. As a result, the polymer is pulled outward, causing all shrinkage to concentrate in the
thickest parts of the product leaving holes within the product. In molded products with a
thickness greater than 6 mm, voids are very difficult to avoid.
c. Air gets trapped within the molten polymer, leaving bubbles within the product

. Countermeasures
<Molding equipment>
a. Increase the injection pressure. (Increase the secondary pressure, too.)
b. Extend the injection time.
c. Lower the cylinder temperature setting.
<Mold>
a. Change the product design so that the thickness is no greater than 6 mm. To enhance
strength, add several thick, uniform reinforcement ribs to the product design. Avoid thickness
where possible.
b. Increase the size of the fates. Enable supplemental re-filling.
c. Make the runners shorter.
d. Lower the mold temperature. Make the mold temperature uniform.
e. Change the gate locations so as to prevent air intake.
<Materials>
a. Dry the material thoroughly.
b. Choose a highly viscous grade.

Sink marks
. Description
The surface of the molded product collapses somewhat-something that is particularly common in
thicker products.

. Causes
Same as what causes voids, but sink marks arise when the surface cools too slowly.

. Countermeasures
<Molding equipment>
a. Increase the amount of material feed.
b. Increase the cavity internal pressure (secondary pressure).
c. Lower the cylinder temperature setting.
d. Increase the injection rate.
e. Increase the injection speed.
f.

Lengthen the injection time.

<Mold>

a. Lower the mold temperature.

b. Make the mold temperature uniform.
c. Change the gate locations.
d. Make the gates larger.
e. Make the runners shorter.
<Materials>
a. Choose a highly viscous grade.

Warpage
. Description
The molded product warps immediately following or at some time following molding where the mold
cavity should be straight.

. Causes
Residual stress from the molding process is released, causing deformation.

. Countermeasures
<Molding equipment>
a. Decrease the injection pressure.
b. Lower the cylinder temperature setting.
c. Lengthen the cooling time.
Mold
a. Make the thickness of the molded product uniform.
b. Eliminate undercuts.
c. Operate the knock out pins in a uniform fashion.
d. Provide multiple knock out pins.
e. Change the gate locations.
f.

Lower the mold temperature.

Screw engagement failures

. Description
When feeding material for measurement, the screw rotates but does not engage the screw thread, or
the screw does not turn at all.

. Causes
Occurs when the coefficient of friction between the material and another material, the material and
the screw, or the material and the heating cylinder is unusually low or unusually high.

. Countermeasures
<Molding equipment>
a. Install a screw equipped with a back-flow check valve.
b. Choose a short compression type screw.
c. Change the cylinder temperature setting. Lower if the screw turns without engaging, raise if the
screw is not turning.
d. Check to make sure no lines to the cylinder heater have been severed.
e. Perform an empty shot at least five times.
<Materials>
a. Apply a surface lubricant.
b. Make the granularity of the material uniform.

Sticking of parts in the mold

. Description
Ordinarily a molded product is removed from the mold by having the product stick to the moving side
of the mold when the mold opens, after which the product is ejected using ejector pins. Sticking
occurs when the part fails to separate from the stationary mold or from the moving mold. In the case
of the latter, the problem could result in broken ejector pins.

. Causes
Possible causes include: the mold draft is too small; there is too much residual pressure from the
molding process; too much shrinkage occurred; or the mold finish is perpendicular to the part release
direction.

. Countermeasures
<Molding equipment>
a. Decrease injection pressure.
b. Lower the cylinder temperature setting.
<Mold>
a. Increase the mold draft.

b. Improve the mold finish.

c. Eliminate undercuts.
d. Use a more appropriate mold temperature. Be mindful of that fact that, in the case of box-shaped
parts, the part will likely stick to the stationary mold if the stationary mold temperature is low.
e. Apply a mold parting agent.

Burn marks
. Description
Discoloration or dark reddish brown streaks in the molded product.

. Causes
Heat decomposition of the material.

. Countermeasures
<Molding equipment>
a. Lower the cylinder temperature setting.
b. Shorten the intermediate time (dry cycle time).
c. The ram is recessed for too long of a time duration.
d. Slow down injection speed.
<Mold>
a. Provide a larger gas vent.
b. Increase the gate sizes.

Product Profile

"...The thing that I like most about using the training programs from Paulson is the flexibility of them.
If an extruder operator has some down time, they can take a lesson and come back without
interrupting their work schedule. Also, as problems come up, we use the training to find solutions to
our specific problems"

Paul Bowen Ticona

Were going back to basics in this blog post. Identifying your injection molded part defects is the first
line of defense against wasting valuable molding machine time. Speaking the same language on
the production floor, streamlines communications between employees and between shifts.

The first step to solving injection molded part problems is to identify the problem correctly. The key to
correctly identifying part defects and communicating about them with co-workers is using the same
terminology. Here are some common part problems and part defects that can occur during
production. We have used the most common terminology generally used in the molding industry to
identify the defects. For a complete description of molded part problems and how to solve them, you
can refer to our Injection Molded Part Problems and Solutions training course.

Splay: This defect looks like small silvery streaks on

the plastic parts surface. It is caused by moisture in the plastic raw material that becomes steam

during molding.
Short Shots: Short shots are parts where the plastic did not completely fill out the cavity.
Sink Marks: Sink marks are depressions on the surface of the part. They usually occur in the thicker
sections of the part.
Flash: Flash is a thin layer of plastic that flows beyond the parting line of the mold. Besides being a
part defect, flash can also permanently damage the mold and mold parting line.
Weldlines: This is a weldline (also called a knitline). It looks like a scratch on the surface of the part.
It is formed when two plastic flow fronts rejoin in the cavity.

Jetting or
Worm Tracks: A jet or worm track is a surface
appearance defect. Jetting occurs during mold filling when a

stream
of plastic first shoots through the gate and doesnt form
a flow front. Jetting is really a mold design problem, but can sometimes be solved by adjusting the
plastic flow rate.
Color Streaks and Discoloration: Here is a part that has color streaks. Parts that are not uniform in
color indicate that something is changing in the molding job. Parts can change color because of
defective colorant, a change in the amount of colorant, overheated plastic, or a change in the virginto-regrind ratio.
Burn Marks: Burn marks occur when air, trapped in a cavity, is compressed so much that it ignites.

Burn marks typically occur in the last areas of the cavity to fill.

Part Def

ormation or Warpage: Here is an example of a warped plastic

part. Warp is caused by uneven part cooling. Parts can warp either immediately as the parts are
ejected or take minutes or even hours to warp.

Ejector Marks: Ejector marks. Sometimes undesirable marks are left on the part by the ejection
system. If the ejector rods are set up with too much force or if the part is ejected too soon, marks
may be left on the finished part.

Proper Finished Molded Part Handling

To reduce cycle time, molded parts should be ejected as soon as they are rigid enough to hold their
shape out of the mold. This means that part cooling continues after the parts are ejected. Plastic
parts can warp from uneven cooling in the mold or out of the mold. In general, parts try to warp
towards the warmer side. All parts should be set down to complete their cooling the same way.
When molded parts are scheduled for post-production operations like painting, metallizing or
decorating, they should not be touched with bare hands. The reason is that oils from the skin will
affect the adhesion of the any coating. Likewise, optical and medical parts must not be touched for
reasons of appearance and cleanliness. Operators should use gloves to handle these types of parts

*************************************************************************
Moulding in British Form of English) has established a significant place in the manufacturing
industry, mostly as plastic has emerged as the fastest growing construction material in use
today. Plastic Injection mold design is a complicated part of Injection molding process and
needs to be understood well in order to gain maximum benefits from Plastic, as properly designed
plastic parts are fast replacing their metallic and wooden counterparts in almost all industrial and
domestic machinery components. Not only have they successfully replaced huge car parts, such as
panels, bumpers and dashboards, but also fine precision components such as the camera lens
assemblies, including the clear lens itself, and numerous minute watch parts.
assemblies,

including

the

clear

lens

itself,

and

numerous

minute

watch

parts.

Modern Engineering plastics such as the Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP), Polybutylene Terephthalate
(PBT),
Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS), have replaced metallic components in automobile industry due to their
excellent strength and mechanical properties, while offering evident reductions in cost and weights
of machinery. With cycle times as low as 5 seconds with both thermoplastics and thermosets,
injection molding has broken the barriers of costs and time limits in modern engineering. Metallic
parts manufactured by conventional machining or casting processes, took around a few hours of
labor

and

machining

to

obtain

the

finished

product

of

similar

levels.

The above discussion leaves no doubt in our mind as to why plastic injection moldingis emerging
as a clear process of choice over other manufacturing and machining operations. On this site, we
will be discussing about very important details related to the process and design aspects of injection
mold design. Plastic Injection Molding Process: Plastic in the molten form is injected or forced by
pressure into a die, known as mold, and held in the mold at a high pressure until the plastic
solidifies. For reducing the time required to cool the plastic, cooling channels are provided. Water is
circulated through these channels at a decided temperature, which is defined by the plastic resin
being used, and the molding machines toggle unit provides the pressure needed to carry out the
operation

without

any

opening

of

mold

halves.

The mold is split into two halves (Core and Cavity or Fixed half or movable half), sometimes more
(Sliders and Angular ejectors or lifters), depending on the shape of component to be molded. This
splitting provides a means of ejection of parts from mold after complete injection cycle and also
facilitates in the easy machining and replication of shape of part. The More complex a part is, the
more parting lines are needed to successfully eject it without damaging the part or the mold. If it has
opening or bosses perpendicular to the opening direction of cavity and core, then we need to make
use

of

sliders

or

angular

ejectors

(also

called

as

lifters).

A mold designer has to be conversant with a number of important aspects about mold tooling and
plastic resins. He needs to be able to clearly distinguish the type of resins or plastic material to use
for a specific application and function. He needs to know which materials or alloys to use for making

the core and cavity of the mold and which ones to use in the manufacturing of the other mold plates
and standard parts such as ejector plates, ejector pins, sprue bush, knockout rods, support pins etc.
Further, he needs to have basic understanding of injection molding machines, process, injection
conditions and parameters, part design related aspects such as sink marks and weld lines. It usually
takes years of experience to become a complete mold designer. Due to constant developments in
both, the engineering plastic resins and mold materials, he needs to keep himself updated with the
latest

trends

and

make

use

of

them

while

actually

designing

the

molds.

For more information related to Plastic Injection Molding Design and Process Tips, bookmark our
site and check back periodically to get the latest information on plastic parts process and mold
designing tips.
LABELS: INJECTION MOLD DESIGN TIPS, INJECTION MOLDING DESIGN GUIDE, INJECTION MOLDING PROCESS, PLASTIC INJECTION MOLD
DESIGN, PLASTIC INJECTION MOLDING

Most defects in plastic parts can be traced back to three sources:

The material being used to make the part

The processing of the material in the mold

The mold itself

We have grouped the defects together by their most common cause; however one or more factors
may contribute to a defect.

Common defects linked to the plastic resins or additives being used to manufacture a
part include:
Color streaks Just like the name implies, color streaks are random areas of color change that are
often attributed to the non-uniform mixing of resins and colorants.
Delamination This defect appears as a flaky surface layer on the part and is often caused by
contamination or moisture in the resin pellets.
Discoloration - This can occur when the hopper and feed zone have not been flushed properly to
remove any residual color.
Embedded contaminates Particles or flecks of residual foreign material that can originate in the
barrel of the press.
Splay marks or silver streaks Circular marks appearing where the molten plastic enters the mold
cavity. This is often caused by excessive moisture in the resin.

Common defects linked to the processing of the plastic resin in the mold include:
Blistering - Bubbles or raised imperfections that are generally caused by too much heat and/or
inadequate cooling.
Burn marks Black or brown blemishes (which are carbon deposits) that are caused by improper
ventilation or prolonged heating in the mold.
Cold slugs A small non-uniform area on the part caused by an improperly heated piece of plastic
becoming attached to the part.
Flow marks A wavy pattern or discoloration caused by a slow injection speed which allows the
material to cool too quickly.
Sink marks or shrinkage voids Depressions or hollows in a part that can be attributed to
excessive press pressure, non-uniform heating, inadequate cooling time or part design.
Stress cracking or stress crazing This defect usually occurs as a result of over exposure to a
high temperature.
Stringing A thin strand of material attached to a part generally caused by a nozzle that is too hot.

Common defects linked to improper mold design and/or maintenance include:

Drag marks Scratches that occur when the part is ejected from the mold. This is usually due to an
improperly designed ejector system or one that is out of alignment.

Flash or burrs A thin lip or protrusion beyond the body of the part that is generally caused by poor
clamping force, improper mold design and/or mold damage.

Jetting A sna
kelike line of material that cools
independently of the material around it. This defect is generally due to poor tool design often relating
to incorrect gate size and length or placement.
Short shot An incomplete part due to lack of a filled mold. This problem is often attributed to a
blockage or improper injection pressure.
Warping A part with a distorted shape can be due to a poor cooling system in the mold. When the
plastic material is cooled unevenly, the result is a bowing effect.
Most of the defects listed here can be addressed by making changes to the processing, the material
or the mold itself. The best way to avoid these part defects is to work with a plastic injection
molder that has a great deal of experience with various resins and their applications. Using a turnkey manufacturer, who also builds and maintains the mold, can help avoid any costly machining
charges or mold replacement.
Injection moulding (injection molding in the USA) is a manufacturing process for producing parts
by injecting material into a mould. Injection moulding can be performed with a host of materials,
including metals, (for which the process is called diecasting), glasses, elastomers, confections, and
most commonly thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers. Material for the part is fed into a heated
barrel, mixed, and forced into a mould cavity, where it cools and hardens to the configuration of the
cavity.[1]:240 After a product is designed, usually by an industrial designer or an engineer, moulds are
made by a mouldmaker (or toolmaker) from metal, usually either steel or aluminum, and precisionmachined to form the features of the desired part. Injection moulding is widely used for
manufacturing a variety of parts, from the smallest components to entire body panels of cars.
Advances in 3D printing technology, using photopolymers which do not melt during the injection
moulding of some lower temperature thermoplastics, can be used for some simple injection moulds.
Parts to be injection moulded must be very carefully designed to facilitate the moulding process; the
material used for the part, the desired shape and features of the part, the material of the mould, and
the properties of the moulding machine must all be taken into account. The versatility of injection
moulding is facilitated by this breadth of design considerations and possibilities.

Injection moulding is used to create many things such as wire spools, packaging, bottle caps,
automotive parts and components, Gameboys, pocket combs, some musical instruments (and parts
of them), one-piece chairs and small tables, storage containers, mechanical parts (including gears),
and most other plastic products available today. Injection moulding is the most common modern
method of manufacturing plastic parts; it is ideal for producing high volumes of the same object

PET preform common defects and the processing method

In the product processing molding time can found that many of the problems. Below we analyze the common defects.
1. Bubble: Because the internal air injection molding machine or produced gas lead to appeared in the bottle
preform of the bridge.
Solve method: (1). Increase the screw back pressure
(2) Reduce barrel section temperature
2. Dock: Because hot shrinkage in the bottle preform the inside surface of the formation of raw materials
phenomenon
Solve method: (1). the increase of injection
(2). The pressure increased pressure
(3). Reduce the heating temperature of the machine
(4). Check the water cooling system
3. Short injection: In a complete injection process, filling bottle preform not completely.
Solve method: (1) Increase the pressure time
(2)Increased injection velocity
(3)Increase the amount of raw material injection
4. Gate crystallization: The nozzle temperature was too high
Solve method: (1) Reduce temperature
(2) Check the mold runner of cold water way if there is pollution and congestion

Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a major polymer with diverse applications. The
chemistry of synthesis and engineering of manufacture of this polymer provides many
challenging problems. The present review critically evaluates the work done in this area.
In the first part of this series the aspects of mechanisms in PET synthesis and also
those of kinetics have been summarized. Total network of main reactions (which govern
productivity) and side reactions (which govern product quality) have been considered.
Additionally thermodynamic and transport data pertaining to PET formation have been
reviewed. Future directions of