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Revolution and nationalism cram chapter 1900 1939. O first revolutionary of Kuomintang / Nationalist Party Prominent People Revolutions in China. Goal: to stage a Communist revolution in China led by peasants.
Revolution and nationalism cram chapter 1900 1939. O first revolutionary of Kuomintang / Nationalist Party Prominent People Revolutions in China. Goal: to stage a Communist revolution in China led by peasants.
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Revolution and nationalism cram chapter 1900 1939. O first revolutionary of Kuomintang / Nationalist Party Prominent People Revolutions in China. Goal: to stage a Communist revolution in China led by peasants.
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Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Скачайте в формате DOC, PDF, TXT или читайте онлайн в Scribd
Sun Yixian *Chapter-Cram in 3 pages* • “Father of Modern China” 1900 ~ 1939 o first revolutionary of Kuomintang / Russia · China · India · Southeast Asia Nationalist Party • “Three Principles of the People” Prominent People 1. nationalism: end to foreign control 2. people’s rights: democracy 3. people’s livelihood: economic security for Revolutions in Russia all Chinese Nicholas I (clung to autocracy principles) • lacked authority and military support ↓ Alexander II (reform-minded but assassinated) Yuan Shikai ↓ • powerful general quickly betrayed Alexander III (turned Russia into police state filled w/ democratic ideals spies + informers) • sparked local revolts as military dictator ↓ Nicholas II Mao Zedong • stubbornly refused to surrender any power • “Great Helmsman” • created and dissolved the Duma • goal: to stage a Communist revolution in • abdicates throne after March Revolution China led by peasants Lenin • China’s greatest revolutionary leader • “Father of the Revolution” • believed in Marx and Lenin’s revolutionary • goal: to promote world-wide Communist ideals revolution led by workers Jiang Jieshi • engaging, ruthless organizer of radical • headed Kuomintang after Sun Yixian died Bolsheviks • feared creating socialist economy • avoided arrest by escaping to western • turned against and led Shanghai massacre Europe • restores order by economic and political reforms Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia Rasputin Gandhi • hypnotized Alexandra’s hemophilic son • Mahatma – “Great Soul” • allowed to make key political decisions • goal: to achieve Indian self-rule through civil o opposed reform measures disobedience o obtained powerful positions for his friends • lawyer who fought for independence o spread corruption throughout royal court movement and against racial prejudice • drowned after surviving poison cakes and • Salt March gun shots
Karl Marx Kemal
• wrote The Communist Manifesto • “Father of the Turks” • used the term communism to describe • brilliant commander overthrew last Ottoman classless society after workers seize power sultan • “dictatorship of the proletariat” • modernized Turkey with sweeping reforms o laws of nation and laws of Islam Stalin separated • “Man of Steel” religious courts abolished • goal: to perfect Communist Russia though new legal system based on totalitarian rule European law • appeared to provide sense of security and women rights to vote and hold give direction for future public office • command economy o gov’t-funded programs • Russian industrial and agricultural industrialization revolutions economic growth Reza Shah Pahlavi o imperialist Russia and Japan competes for • modernized Persia with sweeping reforms Korea and Manchuria o public schools, roads, and railroads o Russia breaks series of agreements over territories o industrial growth o women’s rights • Effects: o Japanese victories • kept all power o unrest and revolts in Russia • changed name of country (Persia Iran) Bloody Sunday Eminent Events • Causes: o bad working conditions o little personal freedom Revolutions in Russia o no elected national legislature pogroms • Effects: • Causes: o 500 – 1,000 unarmed people die o Alexander III makes Jews target of o wave of stakes and violence across Russia persecution by tagging worshipers outside o Nicholas II reluctantly promises more the Russian Orthodox Church as freedom dangerous and creating prejudice- encouraging laws Creation of the Duma (Russia’s first o Jews unable to buy land or live among pariliament) other Russians • Causes: o universities set strict quotas for Jewish o Bloody Sunday students • Effects: • Effects: o Nicholas II dissolves Duma of moderate o various incidents of neglected robbery, moderates after 10 weeks destruction, and murder against Jews
Russian Economic Growth World War I Entrance
• Causes: • Causes: o Minister Witte finances buildup of Russian o Nicholas II fatally decides to drag in Russia industries through higher taxes and despite that Russia is unprepared to foreign investments handle military and economic costs • Effects: • Effects: o number of factories doubles o over 4 million killed, wounded, or taken o boosted growth of heavy industry prisoner in less than a year from weak o Russia as fourth-ranking producer of steel generals and poorly equipped troops o revealed weakness of czarist rule and Construction of Trans-Siberian Railway military leadership o Alexandra and Rasputin runs gov’t while • Causes: Nicholas II is away o Witte pushes buildup of world’s longest o Russia troops’ morale destroyed continuous rail line with help of British and o dwindling food and fuel supplies French investors o wildly inflated prices • Effects: o Trans-Siberian Railway runs 5,800 miles March Revolution through Siberia across difficult terrain • Causes: o golden Easter egg created o people clamor for gov’t change and end to war Growth of Revolutionary Movement • Effects: • Causes: o Nicholas II abdicates throne o rapid industrialization o workers unhappy with low standards of o Duma establishes provisional gov’t living and lack of political power (temporary gov’t) headed by Kerensky o enormous gap between rich and poor Bolshevik Revolution • Effects: • Causes: o Russian Marxists split up (Mensheviks and o conditions worsen as WWI continues Bolsheviks) o angry peasants demand land o city workers grow more radical Russo-Japanese War o competitive social revolutionaries form • Causes: soviets (local councils of commoners) o Lenin returns in a sealed railway boxcar • Effects: o Treaty of Versailles gives Japan territories o provisional gov’t topples by Bolshevik Red and privileges previously belongs to Guards Germany o farmland distributed among peasants o intellectuals and commoners demonstrate o control of factories givcen to workers out of anger o Russia and Germany sign Treaty of Brest- • Effects: Litovsk o Chinese Communist Party founded o Sun allies Kuomintang with Communist Russian Civil War Party • Causes: o Lenin influences Nationalists with o angry Russians object to painful land communism ideals losses and Bolshevik policies o Jiang takes over Sun and later nearly wipes out Chinese Communist Party • Effects: o Trotsky and his Red Army crushes White Long March Army • Causes: o 15 million Russian die in war, famine, and o Jiang’s gov’t slowly becomes less flu democratic and more corrupt o peasants support and join Chinese Restoration of Order Communist Party • Causes: o Jiang’s army outnumbers Mao’s Red Army o Russian economy destroyed • Effects: o trade ceased o 10,000 to 30,000 out of 100,000 people o industrial production dropped reach safely in northwestern China o skilled workers moved to other countries o Communists gain new followers • Effects: o Japan invades Manchuria and forces a o New Economic Policy (NEP) truce between Jiang’s and Mao’s forces o Russia Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Nationalism in India and Southwest o Bolshevik Party Communist Party Asia o gradual recovery o Lenin dies Amritsar Massacre • Causes: o Indian National Congress/Congress Party Totalitarianism Transformation and Muslim League form and work toward • Causes: national independence o exiled Trotsky o Britain Empire neglects Indian demands o Stalin gains absolute power over and passes Rowlatt Act (allows protesters Communist Party and USSR to be jailed w/out trial) • Effects: o 10,000 Hindus and Muslims protest by o Five-Year Plans fasting, praying, and listening to political o collective farms: large, gov’t-owned farms speeches o kulaks (class of wealthy peasants) resist • Effects: and are executed/sent to work camps o General Dyer orders troops to fire on o Great Purge: Stalin eliminates threatening crowd without warning for 10 minutes Bolsheviks o nearly 400 die and 1,200 become wounded o millions of Indians change into Collapse of Chinese Imperial Rule revolutionaries and nationalists and Creation of Republic of China demand independence • Causes: o Sun’s Revolutionary Alliance (forerunner of Salt March Kuomintang) overthrows last emperor of • Causes: Qing dynasty o Salt Acts force Indians to buy salt from • Effects: only the gov’t o Sun turns presidency to Yuan Shikai • Effects: o China divided and in chaos o Great Britain passes Government of India o warlord armies terrorize countryside Act (grants India self-rule) o millions die by famine
May Fourth Movement Influential Ideas
• Causes: New Economic Policy (NEP) • Lenin’s economic reform o steel • small-scale version of capitalism o coal • gov’t keeps control of major industries, o oil banks, and communication o electricity • encourages foreign investment • limited production on consumer goods
Communism Civil Disobedience (deliberate + public refusal to
• branch of socialism obey unjust laws) • noncooperation and nonviolence • pure communism: classless, oppression- • British authority and economic power free society weakens from Indian refusal to: • Karl Marx, Lenin, Mao Symbolism o buy British goods (especially cloth) pentangle: five continents (Eurasia counts as one) OR o attend gov’t schools five components of o pay British taxes communist society o vote in elections (peasants, workers, army, intellectuals, youth) hammer and sickle: unity between industrial + agricultural workers OR “Power and Efficiency” red: sacrifice and blood of workers OR “very good”
Totalitarianism (gov’t control of public and private
life) • Police Terror o Great Purge: Stalin eliminates threatening Communist Party members • Indoctrination and Education o state-supported youth groups o questioners risk losing job or facing imprisonment o high demand for skilled workers o university and technical training key to better life • Propaganda o socialist realism praised Soviet life and Communist values in literature, cinema, and arts • Censorship o tolerated no individual creativity o gov’t-controlled newspapers, motion pictures, radio, and other sources of information • Religious Persecution o League of the Militant Godless o “museums of atheism” o Russian Orthodox Church main target
Command Economy (gov’t makes all economic
decisions)
Five-Year Plans • promote o rapid industrial growth o national defense • set impossibly high quotas to increase input of:
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