>Electric Field

Normally objects only interact with each other by applying force on contact. How
ever, there can also be cases where objects can apply force without the need of
contact - this happens when an object is in the area, or the "field", of another
. Electrostatic force can attract (pull in) or repel (push out) multiple objects
depending on their charge - objects with the same charge repel each other and o
bjects with opposite charges attract each other.
<list formulas being used>
<examples of force/field formulas being used>
how to solve problems:
1. finding force with two charges given
>list given data
>graph the given data (optional ra ni cguro ambot)
>convert coordinates to vector form
>find resultant between two charges
>find unit vector (resultant over magnitude of resultant)
>apply F formula
>convert answer to magnitude if necessary, unit is newtons (N)
2. finding electric field
>list given data
>graph if needed
>directly apply E formula
>apply other E formula if
>answer is in newtons per

(E), one charge given

if Ft and Qt are given
Q and coordinates are given
coulomb (N/C)

3. finding electric field (E), multiple charges given

>list given data, graph if needed
>apply E formula na naay summation
4. finding total force (Ft), multiple charges given
based on quiz item #2,
>list given data, graph if needed
>find resultant for each pair of charges (the problem asks for what is the total
charge on a single charge A/X/t/etc
>apply summation of F formula, don't bother using the shortcut and cubing the ma
gnitude even if taas ang solution it might make the answer wrong
>convert answer to magnitude if necessary, unit is newtons (N)
5. finding missing charge, everything else given
based on quiz item #1,
>list given data, graph if needed
>find resultant for each pair of charges
>apply E formula. E is given so equate the rest
>answer is in coulombs (C)
69. total charge in a cylinder/sphere wow holy fug
>boundaries/limits to be used should be given. either in the word problem or thr
ough a drawing
>apply Q equation
>substitute dV with appropriate coordinate system (e.g. dV = dpddz if cylind ical)
>inse t limits
>integ ate

---->Coo dinate system conve sion

t
---->Gauss's Law
Gauss's Law is one of Maxwell's fou equations used to study elect omagnetics. I
t states that:
>the elect ic flux going th ough a closed su face is equal to the 1/Eo of the ne
t cha ge enclosed within the closed su face, Eo being the pe mittivity of f ee s
pace. (constant 32 sa calculato )
Gauss's Law can be applied in two fo ms:
>Integ al fo m
E = elect ic flux (subsc ipt E) = closed su face integ al of E dot dA, whe e
E = elect ic field
dA = vecto ep esenting an infinitesimal element of a ea
D = D-field flux (subsc ipt D) = closed su face integ al of D dot dA, whe e
D = elect ic displacement field
dA = vecto ep esenting an infinitesimal element of a ea
can be used to de ive a fo mula to solve fo the elect ic field.
<diffe ent cases follow with one example each>
Application is limited. Integ al fo m can only be used when symmet y is obse ved
, which is p etty much only these th ee cases:
>cha ge enclosed in a sphe e
>cha ge enclosed in a cylinde
>infinite plane cha ge
>Diffe ential fo m
E = /Eo
E = div E = dive gence of elect ic field E
Eo = constant
= total elect ic cha ge density (cha ge pe unit volume)
much mo e powe ful way to apply Guass's Law, efe to video
D = f ee
D = div D = dive gence of elect ic displacement field D
f ee = f ee elect ic cha ge density
E/D and limits fo

Gaussian su face a e given fo a diffe ential fo m p oblem

how to solve using diffe ential fo m:

>list given data, g aph if needed
>find div D/div E depending on given

>inse t limits and integ ate the esult of div D/div E, applying Gauss's Law
note: if efe ing to video,
= D in this .txt (o
bounda y of the su face

E). D in the video = limits/

WHAT THE
UG IS THE DI

ERENCE BETWEEN E AND D?????????????????????????

D=E
= prmittivity of matrial
EE is th fundamntal fild in Maxwll quations, so it dpnds on all chargs.
But matrials hav lots of intrnal chargs you usually don't car about. You ca
n gt rid of thm by introducing polarization PP (which is th matrial's rspon
s to th applid EE fild). Thn you can subtract th ffct of intrnal charg
s and you'll obtain quations just for fr chargs. Ths quations will look j
ust lik th original Maxwll quations but with EE rplacd by DD and chargs b
y just fr chargs. Similar argumnts hold for currnts and magntic filds.
With this in mind, you s that you nd to tak DD in your xampl bcaus EE i
s snsitiv also to th polarizd chargs insid th mdium (about which you don
't know anything). So th EE fild insid will b tims lowr than for th conduc
tor in vacuum.
tl;dr D is dnsity, has somthing to do with fr spac. Can b drivd. E is al
ways nclosd and fundamntal
don't bothr convrting if matrial prmittivity is not givn, assum D and E ar
 th sam whn solving to avoid confusion
---->Gauss's Law, Diffrntial Volum Elmnt
????????????????????
----calculator shortcut to find unit vctor?
1. switch to vctor mod (mod 8)
2. 1: VctA
3. 1:3 if 3D, 1:2 if 2D
4. list X,Y,Z valus (X,Y if 2D)
5. Vct A / (abs(VctA))
What ar infinitsimals?
In mathmatics, infinitsimals ar things so small that thr is no way to masu
r thm.
what ar Maxwll's quations?
Maxwll's quations ar a st of partial diffrntial quations that, togthr w
ith th Lorntz forc law, form th foundation of classical lctrodynamics, cla
ssical optics, and lctric circuits. Ths filds in turn undrli modrn lct
rical and communications tchnologis. Maxwll's quations dscrib how lctric
and magntic filds ar gnratd and altrd by ach othr and by chargs and
currnts. Thy ar namd aftr th physicist and mathmatician Jams Clrk Maxw

ll, who publishd an arly form of thos quations btwn 1861 and 1862.
what is th diffrnc btwn D and E?