d N1 N1

{ ( ) −b N
=r N 1 1− −a N 1 N 2 ( 1−e ) 1

dt K , a ,b , d , h , r , K > 0
5.
dN2 −b N
=−d N 2 + N 2 h ( 1−e ) 1

dt
This system is a predator-prey model.

First equation (Prey Population):

N1
 r is the linear birth rate. The term r N 1 1−
K ( )
indicates that the population of the prey is a
Verhulstian/logistic type (i.e. it is bounded by the carrying capacity K) if predation is absent.
 a N 1 N 2 ( 1−e−b N ) is the effect of predation, which is the reduction in the prey’s per capita growth
1

rate that is proportional to the prey and predator’s population. However, the constant of
proportionality, a ,is affected by 1−e−b N . This means that as N 1 decreases, then the effect of
1

predation decreases exponentially. Also, as N 1 increases, then the effect of predation increases
exponentially. If N 1=0 , then there will be no predation, which is actually trivial.

Second equation (Predator Population):

 −d N 2 means that in the absence of prey, predator’s population results in exponential decay with
rate d.
 N 2 h ( 1−e−b N ) is the prey’s contribution to the predator’s growth. The size of the predator’s
1

population directly affects the contribution. The effect of prey’s population is indicated in h ( 1−e−b N )
1

. As N 1 decreases, then the positive effect of the value of h to the predator’s population growth
decreases exponentially. Also, as N 1 increases, then the positive effect of the value of h to the
predator’s population growth increases exponentially, and probably the predator is happy with the
plentiful number of preys to devour .

Nondimensionalizing the system:

N aN h d
Let u= 1 , v= 2 , τ =rt ,α = , δ= , β=bk
K r r r
−β
d N1 N1

dt
=r N 1 1− (K )
−a N 1 N 2 1−e
( −b N
) du
❑ rk =ruk 1−
⇒
1

dτ
uK
K (
−auK
vr
a )
1−e K
uK
( )
du
=u ( 1−u )−uv ( 1−e−βu )
dτ
d N2 r 2 dv
−β

dt
=−d N 2 + N 2 h ( 1−e−b N ) ❑ 1

⇒ a dτ
vr vr
=−δr + αr 1−e K
a a
uK
( )
dv
=−δv + v α ( 1−e−βu )
dτ

Steady States:
d u¿ d v¿
= =¿0
dτ dτ
 u =0, v =0
¿ ¿

 u =1, v =0
¿ ¿

Note that u+ v ( 1−e−βu ) <1 and – δ +α ( 1−e− βu) > 0

Stability Analysis:
1−2 u−v −βuve−βu +ve− βu −u(1−e−βu )
Jacobian Matrix A=
[ vαβe− βu – δ+α ( 1−e− βu) ]
 At u =0, v =0, | A−λI |=
¿ ¿
|1−λ0
0 =0 ❑ ( 1−λ )(−δ− λ )=0
−δ −λ ⇒ |
λ 1=1> 0 and λ 2=−δ< 0. Hence, (0,0) is unstable/saddle point.

−1+e−β
 At u =1, v =0, | A−λI |=
¿ ¿ −1−λ
0 |
−δ + ( 1−e−β ) α −λ
=0
|
❑ (−1−λ ) (−δ+ ( 1−e−β ) α− λ ) =0
⇒
λ 1=−1<0 and λ 2=−δ+ ( 1−e− β ) α.
−β −β δ
(1,0) can be stable if −δ + ( 1−e ) α <1❑ 1−e < .
⇒ α

−β δ −β δ
From the stable steady state (1,0): 1−e < ❑ e > 1− . Since, ln is monotonically increasing
α ⇒ α
δ δ δ δ
−β
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
function, ln e > ln 1− ❑−β> ln 1− ❑ β← ln 1− . So if β >−ln 1− , then (1,0) is unstable.
α ⇒ α ⇒ α α
δ
( )
Given that β >−ln 1− , then the all the steady states, ( 0,0 ) ∧(1,0), are unstable. This implies that the
α
unstable points which are in the N 1 axis will repel values to go above the N 1 axis. Hence, a nonzero N 2
population can exist (assuming N 2 (0) ≠0 ). Actually, the population of species N 2 may grow unboundedly
δ
(
if β >−ln 1− .
α )
δ δ
It is a fact that 0<1−e−β <1 , ∀ β> 0. So if>1 ,then the point (1,0) is always stable. But if 0< <1, then
α α
δ
technically, bifurcation will occur when 1−e = ∈(0,1).
−β
α
1
( )
As β increases, let say without bound, then bifurcation will occur at 1, since lim 1− β =1.
β →∞ e

-END-
Happy Summer 