ASSIGNMENT # 01

Statistical Review Of Different Forms Of Energies In Pakistan

Submitted To
Dr. Muzaffar Ali
GROUP MEMBERS
Abdul Wahab

11-ME-70

Ahsan Ali

11-ME-76

S Muntazir Mehdi

11-ME-100

M Farrukh

11-ME-130

Sikandar Hayat

11-ME-142

Rizwan Ul Hassan

11/R-10-ME-39

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Natural Gas In Pakistan:The miraculous Pakistan is blessed with infinite natural resources by the God and natural gas is
the most precious one. At present, the average production of natural gas in the country is 4,058
million cubic feet per day (mmcfd). The volume of gas, which is currently injected into Sui
Northern Gas Pipelines (SNGPL) system from Punjab on average, is 140.535 mmcfd and KP is
356.007mmcfd.
There are 169 natural gas reservoirs in the country. According to information provided to Senate
Secretariat, KP is presently producing about 8.89 percent of total gas volume of the country,
while 2.7 trillion cubic feet (TCF) original gas reserves have been recovered so far which, is
about 5 percent of the total original discovered gas reserves of the country. The Senate was
informed that during last ten years ending June 2011, OGDC had drilled 247 wells, out of which
125 wells were exploratory and 122 were appraisal and development. Out of these, 79 wells were
dry and were abandoned, and the amount spent on these wells was Rs 27.86 billion. The OGDC
had drilled wells in various parts of the country ranging in depth from 1000 meter to more than
5000 meter. The cost of wells also varies from $7 million to $25 million, depending on the depth
of the well and geological and drilling complications encountered. Similarly, total amount
allocated to Basin Study/Exploration Research Department for last eight years was Rs.1135
million. During the said period Geological Parties conducted 18 geological surveys and mapping
projects in different exploration blocks of OGDC.

Natural Gas Proved Reserves:Natural gas reserves statistical data recorded is given in the following table:Year
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998

Reserves
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
2

1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013

0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6

Natural Gas Proved Resreves in Trillion Cubic

Metres
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4

Series 1

0.3
0.2
0.1
-

Tabular data of production and consumption of natural gas in Pakistan is as in the foolowing
table:-

Year
1980
1981
982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012

Production
7.2
7.8
8.5
8.4
8.6
8.8
9.5
10.1
10.7
11.5
12.2
13.2
13
14.9
15.2
15.6
17
16.9
17.8
20.3
21.5
22.7
24.6
30.4
34.5
35.5
36.1
36.8
37.5
38.4
39.6
39.2
41.2

Consumption
7.8
8.5
8.4
8.6
8.8
9.5
10.1
10.7
11.5
12.2
13.2
13
14.9
15.2
15.6
17
16.9
17.8
20.3
21.5
22.7
24.6
30.4
34.5
35.5
36.1
36.8
37.5
38.4
39.6
39.2
41.2
41.6

Pakistans Yearly Production vs Consumption in Billion Cubic Feet per day

45.0
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
Production
20.0

Consumption

15.0
10.0
5.0
-

Comments:
The graph is plotted for the data of natural gas from 1980 to 2012. The data includes the
production of natural gas and the consumption of natural gas. When both the data is plotted on
the same axis we got a clear comparison of the production of natural gas in Pakistan and the
consumption of natural gas in Pakistan. The graph pattern shows that the consumption of natural
gas in Pakistan is little greater than the production of natural gas. That is why Pakistan imports a
little amount of natural gas from gulf countries.

Coal Resources In Pakistan:Pakistan is a coal-rich country, but, unfortunately, coal has

not been developed for power generation for more than three decades due to lack of
infrastructure, insufficient financing and absence of modern coal mining technical expertise. The
Government has now determined to facilitate private investors to promote investment in coal
development and coal power generation. Unavailability of reliable coal is the main obstacle to
significant progress in coal power generation. The Federal Government and Provincial
Governments, however, are continuously trying to facilitate private investors in developing and
promoting indigenous coal for power generation. Coal is a cheap indigenous energy resource
and, after the discovery of 175.5 billion tonnes of coal in Thar area of Sindh, Pakistans coal
power potential has increased manifold. It is anticipated that, if properly exploited, Pakistans
5

coal resources may generate more than 100,000 MW of electricity for the next 30 years. There
are vast resources of coal in all four of Pakistans provinces and in Azad Jammu & Kashmir.
Map 1 shows locations and names of major coalfields and coal occurrences of Pakistan.
According to rough estimates, the total coal resources of Pakistan are more than 185 billion
tonnes. Coal reserves, together with heating values (as on received basis), of all the four
Provinces and Azad Kashmir are given here below.

Province

Resources in Million Tonnes

Heating Value
(Btu/lb)

Sindh

184,623
Million Tonnes

5,219

-13,555

Baluchistan

217

9,637

-15,499

Punjab

235

9,472

-15,801

NWFP
Total
AJK

91
185,175
9

9,386

-14,217

7,336

-12,338

Tabular data production and consumption of coal is given in the following table:Year
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013

Production Of Coal
0.7
0.8
0.8
1
1
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.5

Consumption Of Coal
0.8
0.9
1
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.8
2
2.1
2
2.1
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2
2.1
2.4
2.9
3.8
4.1
4.2
5.1
5.3
4.7
4.5
4.3
4.3
4.4

6.0

5.0

4.0

3.0

Production Of Coal
Consumption Of Coal

2.0

1.0

Comments:
The graph is plotted for the data of coal from year 1981 to 2013. The data includes the
consumption of coal and the production of coal. When we plot both the data on the same axis we
got a clear comparison between the production of coal in Pakistan and the consumption of coal in
Pakistan. The graph pattern shows that the coal production in Pakistan is much greater than the
consumption of coal. The production of coal in Pakistan is increasing year by year and the
consumption also but production rate is much greater than the consumption rate. So, Pakistan is
exporting the coal because its consumption of coal is less than the production.

Nuclear Power In Pakistan:As of 2012, nuclear power in Pakistan is provided by 3 licensed-commercial nuclear power
plants. Pakistan is the first Muslim country in the world to construct and operate civil nuclear
power plants. The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), the scientific and nuclear
governmental agency, is solely responsible for operating these power plants. As of 2012, the
electricity generated by commercial nuclear power plants constitutes roughly ~3.6% of

electricity generated in Pakistan, compared to ~62% from fossil fuel, ~33% from hydroelectric
power and ~0.3% from Coal electricity. Pakistan is one of the four nuclear armed states (along
with India, Israel, and North Korea) that is not a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
but is a member in good standing of the International Atomic Energy Agency. Pakistan plans on
constructing 32 nuclear power plants by 2050.

Pakistan Nuclear Power Reactors:As of today, only 3 commercial nuclear power plants are currently operating. The following list
provides information about current and future commercial nuclear power plants.

Nuclear power
Location

reactors

CHASNUPP-I

CHASNUPP-II

Chasma, Punjab

300

Province

MWe

Chasma, Punjab

300

PWR

PWR

CHASNUPPIV

Province

MWe

Chasma, Punjab

340

Province

MWe

Chasma, Punjab

340

Province

MWe

Chasma, Punjab

1000

Province

MWe

PWR

CHASNUPP- V PWR

KANUPP-I[18]

Connected Commercial
to grid
operation

1 August 1993

13
2000

28 December 2005

14 March 20
2011
2011

28 April 2009

2016

N/A

2011

2017

N/A

2014

2020

N/A

capacity

CHASNUPP-III PWR

[17]

Construction start

Net
Type

Paradise
PHWR

90 MWe 1 August 1966

Point, Karachi, Sindh

June

15
September
2000

May

18 October 7 December
1971
1972

Preliminary work started but

KANUPP-

Paradise

1000

Point, Karachi, Sindh

MWe

PHWR

II[19][20]

then the project was put on

2020

2020

2020

2020

2020

2020

hold in 2009.

Designing
KANUPP-III

PHWR]

Paradise

1000

completed.

Point, Karachi, Sindh

MWe

construction

of

reactor
But

has

is
the

not

yet

started

PAEC reportedly plans to

Muzaffargarh
Nuclear

1000

install three Chinese nuclear

MWe

reactors at Muzaffargarh and

Power PHWR Muzaffargarh, Punjab

Complex
the site is now being prepared.

Production and consumption statistical data is described in the table below:Year

1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999

Production
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.4
0.6
0.5
0.3
0.5
0.4
0.1

Consumption
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.4
0.6
0.5
0.3
0.5
0.4
0.1
10

2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013

0.9
2.1
1.9
1.9
2.4
2.6
2.7
2.5
1.9
2.9
2.5
3.9
5.7
4.8

0.9
2.1
1.9
1.9
2.4
2.6
2.7
2.5
1.9
2.9
2.5
3.9
5.7
4.8

Pakistan Yearly Nuclear Energy Consumption and Production in Terawatt-Hours (TWh)

6.0

5.0

4.0

Production

3.0

Consumption
2.0

1.0

1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013

11

Comments:
The graph is plotted for the data of nuclear energy from 1980 to 2012. The data
includes the production of nuclear energy and the consumption of nuclear energy. When both the
data is plotted on the same axis we got a clear comparison of the production of nuclear energy in
Pakistan and the consumption of nuclear energy in Pakistan. The graph pattern shows that the
consumption of nuclear energy in Pakistan is almost same as the production of nuclear energy.
So, Pakistan produce as much nuclear energy as it required.

Crude Oil In Pakistan:Pakistan's first oil field was found in the late 1952 in Baluchistan
near a giant Sui gas field. The Toot oil field was not discovered until the early 1960s in the
Punjab. It covers 122.67 square kilometres (47.36 sq mi). Pakistan Petroleum and Pakistan
Oilfields explored and began drilling these field with Soviet help in 1961 and activity began in
Toot during 1964. The Toot area is one of the oldest oil producing regions in Pakistan with the
first oilwell drilled in 1964 when President Ayub Khan encouraged a mineral development
policy. It is located in the Pothohar Plateau, Punjab Province, which is located approximately
135 km southwest of the capital city of Islamabad. In 1964 the first well was drilled and
commercial production started in 1967. There are about 60 million barrels of oil in place of
which 12%-15% is recoverable. At its peak during 1986, the field was producing approximately
2,400 barrel of oil per day. It has grown steadily since then, producing both oil and, to a lesser
degree, natural gas.[1] Oil production was entirely confined to the Potwar Plateau till 1981, when
Union Texas Pakistan discovered its first oil-field in Lower Sindh. By 1998-1999, the Lower
Sindh gas-fields were producing more oil than the Potohar Plateau. Since then, new deposits
have also been found here
Crude oil proved reserves tabular data is as below:Year

Crude oil Reserves

1980

0.200000003

1981

0.196500003

1982

0.239999995

1983

0.1963

1984

0.082900003
12

1985

0.082000002

1986

0.108999997

1987

0.096000001

1988

0.096000001

1989

0.170440003

1990

0.118560001

1991

0.162090003

1992

0.162

1993

0.412

1994

0.203280002

1995

0.203280002

1996

0.203280002

1997

0.208000004

1998

0.208000004

1999

0.208000004

2000

0.208000004

2001

0.208000004

2002

0.298240006

2003

0.310440004

2004

0.288679987

2005

0.288679987

2006

0.289200008

2007

0.289200008

2008

0.289200008

2009

0.338999987

2010

0.312999994

2011

0.312999994

2012

0.28064999

2013

0.247529998

13

Crude Oil Proved Reserves Graph

0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2

Proven Reserves

0.15
0.1
0.05
0

Production & Consumption statistical data for crude oil is in the table below:-

Year

production

consumption

1980

10

104

1981

10

113

1982

12

134

1983

13

137

1984

17

140

1985

35

159.67

1986

42

165.75

1987

42

180.43

14

1988

45

194.2

1989

48

205.63

1990

62

220.05

1991

62

221.06

1992

61.35

227.21

1993

60.36

256.42

1994

55

282.17

1995

57.1

298.09

1996

55

326.9

1997

57

333.04

1998

54.91

346.84

1999

53

368.57

2000

54.42

365.01

2001

59.87

360.12

2002

64.27

355.89

2003

60

336.6

2004

62

326.85

2005

65.63

336.19

2006

65.67

357.08

2007

65.19

382.26

2008

58.58

389.75

2009

55.37

390.94

2010

65

392.3

2011

65

418

2012

72

440.11

2013

80.8

437.06

15

Crude Oil Production & Consumption Comparison Graph

500
450
400
350
300
250
200

production
consumption

150
100
50
0

Comments:The graph is plotted for the data of crude oil from 1980 to 2012. The data includes the
production of crude oil and the consumption of crude oil. When both the data is plotted on the
same axis we got a clear comparison of the production of crude oil in Pakistan and the
consumption of crude oil in Pakistan. The graph pattern shows that the consumption of crude oil
in Pakistan is much greater than the production of crude oil. That is why Pakistan import a huge
amount of crude oil from gulf countries.

16

References:BP-Statistical Review of World Energy 2014 Workbook

United States Energy Information Administration
http://tribune.com.pk/story/752850/barrel-along-after-a-decade-pakistan-resumes-crude-oilexport/
http://www.tradingeconomics.com/pakistan/crude-oil-production
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Coal_Mines_and_Resources
http://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=pk&product=coal&graph=production
https://pakistaneconomy.wordpress.com/tag/natural-gas-reserves-in-pakistan/
http://www.brecorder.com/pakistan/business-a-economy/144400-pakistan-ranked-7th-in-worldhaving-coal-reserves-.html

Energy Units:Introduction:Many sorts of units are used in energy discussions. They fall into two broad categories: (a) those
whose definition is not related to a particular fuel, which we here term "basic" units; and (b)
those whose definition is related to idealized properties of a specific fuel, which we here term
"source-based" units. These units, along with special topics related to electricity, are discussed in
succeeding sections. Table 1 gives conversion factors between units, as well as the energy
content of specific fuels.

Basic Units:

Joule (J):This is the basic energy unit of the metric system, or in a later more comprehensive
formulation, the International System of Units (SI). It is ultimately defined in terms of the
meter, kilogram, and second.

Calorie (cal):Historically the calorie was defined in terms of the heating of water. Thus, in a traditional
definition, one calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of
water by 1C, from 14.5 C to 15.5 C. (This is sometimes referred to as the 15 C
17

calorie, and differs slightly from the "calorie" measured for other temperature intervals.)
More recently the calorie has been defined in terms of the joule; the equivalence between
the calorie and joule is historically known as the mechanical equivalent of heat.
Several definitions of the calorie are now in common use, including (2):
thermochemical
1 cal = 4.184 J (exact)
calorie
15 C calorie

1 cal =
4.1858

International Table
calorie

1 cal =
4.1868

mean calorie

1 cal =
4.1900

J (exact)

The International Table (IT) calorie has been adopted in the publications of the Energy
Information Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE/EIA) (3) and of the
International Energy Agency of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD/IEA) (4). In view of the importance of these publications, it is
reasonable to view the IT calorie as being the preferred unit for discussions of energy
production and use, but there is no universally adopted practice (see also the discussion
of Btu, below).
Sometimes a capitalized version, Calorie, is used to denoted the kilocalorie (kcal). In
discussing food, the "calorie," capitalized or not, is always the kilocalorie.

British thermal unit (Btu).

This is the English system analog of the calorie. For specific heat capacities to be the
same, whether expressed in Btu/lb-F or in cal/gm-C:
1 Btu = 251.9958 cal.
As for the calorie, there is a family of "Btu's" in relatively common use, including:
thermochemical Btu

1 Btu = 1054.35 J

59 F (15 C) Btu

1 Btu = 1054.80 J

International Table Btu 1 Btu = 1055.06 J

18

mean Btu

1 Btu = 1055.87 J

Again, the IT unit is the one used in DOE/EIA publications.

Kilowatt-hour (kWh).

The kilowatt-hour is a standard unit of electricity production and

consumption. By definition, noting that 1 kilowatt = 1000 watts:
1 kWh = 3.6 x 10 6 J (exact).
The relationship between the kWh and the Btu depends upon which "Btu" is used. It is
common, although not universal, to use the equivalence:
1 kWh = 3412 Btu.
This corresponds to the International Table Btu. [More precisely, 1 kWh = 3412.14 Btu
(IT).]

Large-scale units.
In describing national or global energy budgets, it is common practice to use large-scale
units based upon the joule, Btu, and kWh:
Exajoule (EJ):
1 EJ = 1018 J
Quadrillion Btu(quad):
1 quad = 1015 Btu = 1.055 EJ
Terawatt-year (TWyr):
1 TWyr = 8.76 x 1012 kWh = 31.54 EJ = 29.89 quad

19