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BRIDGE STRUDL.MANUAL
1~73
APPE}IDIX C
HE!.ffi ER
PROPER~IES
CONTENTS
Page
Section
c.l
Torsional Constants
I.
C-2
II.
...
C-9
III.
Multi-Celled Sections
a.
b.
c.
d.
c. 2
.. ...
C-10
Shear Constants
Standard Shapes
c-1
....
C-29
AP PE.."'D IX C
!>'l.E."1BER PROPERTIES
C.l
Torsional Constants
I.
Formulas for
Standa~d
Sections
TORSIONAL CONSTANTS IX
Section
Formulas for IX in 8 =
IX
General
=E
IX :
IX
c-2
b.H /3
I I
MxL
IXG
IX =
b t3
3
I
d
;r=+
H
T
~
iI
d:
C-3
IX
IX
{b+d)t3
2 b t"j'.,.
0
"T'
d t .."" 3
IX ::
IX
2btf+ht~
3
7T' r4
= -2-
Solid circular
IX
So I i d
e II i pt i c a I
IX
= 0.1406
IX
Solid square
C-4
o: rt 3
3
a4
I.____----!'[Jzb
j. 2 a
IX
ab 3
a4.,/3
80
16 -3 36Q. (1- b 4 4
3
a
12o
Solid rectangle
IX
Equilateral triangle
c-s
)]
:..-;
TL
EsiX
4
IX=
[AJ2
~~
ts
= torsional resistance, in 4
IX
Ts
2 [A] t s
T
2A
(steel
12,000,000}
~:
stress at
of
T
2
IX
Ci
IX :
c-6
T
2 bd tb
[A] tb
4 b2 d2
fb +
2d
td
b:
+ T.
IX=
IX
IX
IX
2 t bz d 2
b + d
bz dz
2d
tl
!X
c4
2o
-t-
C-7
Tb
4r'<21f+2c)
IX :
2ot-7rr +~
t
tr
77'(rz-r 1 )
2
IX :
Hollow circle
2 a,
IX
w h ere
= k =
a,
-l
Oz
b,
b2
.. I
Hollow ellipse
IX
C-8
IX
IX =
2t I t 2 (o - t 2 ) 2 (b-t I )2
Rectongulor tube
II.
Fo~ulas
e~uations
=~~ain
plane
Ricidities
..
(?.ef. B.l)
E:
i=l
T~~s
e~ua~~on
is for
t~e
ge~e=al
el a-ne:: ts.
C-9
case
a=
a section
w~th
..
Examoles
f tz
.I
bz
,.
bt
14
I
-~
r
bt
tb2
~W1
b3
1.-!1
r,
~~
b4
(Ref. B.l)
,--------,I
I
I
: 1--
~--------J
.I
I.
IX =
4(b 1 bz) 2
2bt 2bz
+-
t1
tz
2 ( b, bz) 2
bt
tI
+ bz
t2
C-10
ttl
star.d~ng
(Ref. B.l)
-1
"
3
E bi ti
3 i=l
Exarnoles
IX
4h,-r2)2
21TL
;.
3 bt tl
IX
!:I.
= 27rr 3 t
Multi Celled
...
~ bt t?~
Sec~ions
I/
I
I
I\
II
flt
' -------
II
II
II
}I!\
/
II
11
[22
'
______
.) iI i\ , _ _ _ _ __
._.. ....
bt
c-11
'
------
(1)
Mt
= 2 t
i= I
in i
(1}
(2)
where:
. Sji
sjj :
:-
.L
ss ..
fsjj
JI
ds
t
s jk
_l
G
ss
ds
jk
ds
1
com.--ao~
to
5SJ J
e
shear flows and can be solved for the shear flows qi in terms
( 3)
IX
= 2
( 3)
Ge
C-12
gi~der
These facts are ~sed to write one equation for each cell in
te~s of the shear flow q for that particular cell.
The
resulting shear flows are then used to calculate the Torsional
Constant IX. The method used in the following example uses
three simultaneous equations to solve for the unknown shear
flO\'IS
q.
EX.!l;Z!PLE
CALCwJ...JtTICN
IX
6"
I
I
3!6" !
9!.2u
i
j
a'- 8~
9' 2"
8.92'
8.67'
t-1--...::::.-=----:---~~-----;......;;;;,..._
~"'~_,=fL.,.=
( 6.19 +
..
2 8.921 ( 5.48)
J l
112 : {5.48)(6.67)
__: ~6"
_ ii
8.92'
= 41. . 4 o sq . ft .
= 4 7. 51 sq. ft.
C-13
-5.48
G
~"'
~22:
( 5.48
I
.56
8.67)
.48
:
From Equation 2
40.44
+ 5.48 + 8.67 +
"or-
-5.48 ~~
44.50
we obtain :
5.48 q. 2
ct 3 .=
82.8 Ge
ct 1 = 2.42
q. 2 = 2. 73
Ge
Ge
q, 3 = 2.42 G9
Ge
IX
b.
660.1 ft 4
Solution bv Method of
S~ccessive
Corrections
C-14
---~l;f,:
equal 0.
sa~e
'
.:~~~:
These facts are used to write one equation for each cell in
terms of the shear flow q. The resulting equatior.s are tee~
solved by the method of successive corrections.
The relation between shear flow and twist per ur.it
length is given by,
= 2AGe
(3)
(Ref. 2)
EJ:.
T
~1here
= Modulus of rigidity
= Length of any cell wall
= Thickness
of constant thickness
Assu~~ng
= 1,
G9
C.O.F.t21l
C.O.F. c1- 21
CO.F.<Z3l
(1-) web
(E ~)cell
(t) web
(E i) cell
(1") web
(t~)cetl
( 1-2)
C.O. F.c3 21
(I)
(t ~)cell
(2-1)
C.O.F.(i -J l
(2)
(~)web
(2- 3)
( 2)
(~)web (J. I)
( Er)
L'
cell {J )
~<'!:.~-
(32)
.. -~=.:--.
-.~~'
(3}
C-15
{4)
IX = 2 E Qj Aj
(4)
j : I
Exa."'tole Problem
Given:
...h..
T = 40.44
= 47.51
A3 = 41.40
E-'=-T = 44.50
A2
t..b.
T
40.44
q,3= (\I: ~
E L
2. 41.40
40.44
204.7 X 10-2
2. 47.51
44.50
213.5
q,z=
2A2
C.O.F.,.z = '5.48
40.44
= .123
C.O.F.z-1 = c.o.z-3 =
co. F.32::
5.48
40.44
5.48 = .136
44.50
.123
C-16
10-z
C.O.F.
CELL I
CELL 2
CELL 3
.123
.136
.123
204.7 x 2 1 3 . 5 ~04.7
c.o.
c.o.
6.8
c.o.
1.0
3.6
29.0
~6.8
1.0
Total
212.1 x 1oz
241.5
1o2
IX = 659.044 tt. 4
c.
Approximate
Me~~od
Example:
Box Idealized
(No webs)
R :
\-----. -------;
\\
15.48'
Ill
'--..!.- ___ _;
!..
I
C-17
21.05'
_II
A = ( 26.51; 21.05)
5.48
= 130.31
A2 = 16,980.70
4 A2 = 67,922. 80
Jd; =
= 67,922.80
103.45
c.
= 656 . 6
ft.4
1
2
13
17
26
35
39
43
47
51
55
57
59
10
14
18
27
36
40
44
48
52
56
58
60
37
41
45
49
53
38
42
46
50
54
~--~-------------,
It
15
12
16
19
28
20
29
21
30
22
31
23
24
25
32
33
34
Fl NITE
ELEMENT MODEL
C-18
74
67
68
69
C-19
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C-29
REFERENCES
.~
. _;_
1.
2.
3.
'
C-30