Instruments types

Instruments are divided into many types

according to their operation and characteristic.

Passive instruments:
The
instrument which not required any external
source for their operation .
Or
The instrument output is entirely produced by
the quantity being measured.

Example of passive instrument:

The example of passive instrument is an
analog ammeter.

Principle of analog ammeter:

Ammeter depends upon a deflecting torque
produced by an electric current. In an
ammeter this torque is produced by a current
to be measured or by a fraction of it.

Ammeters are connected in the series with the

circuit whose current is to be measured.

Active instrument:
An instrument which required an external
energy source for fulfill its operation is active
instrument.

Example of active instrument :

LUX meter using LDR. OR light meter

Principle of lux meter:

A simpler way to describe a lux meter is to
say that it measures how bright the light
falling on the sensor is. the resistance of an
LDR changes as the amount of light falling on
it changes. If you can measure the resistance
of the LDR and you know the characteristics
of your particular LDR, you can quantify the
amount of lux falling on the LDR.

Null and deflection type:

Null type:
IN Null-Type Instrument, the physical effect
caused by the quantity being measured in
nullified by generating an equivalent opposing
effect.

Example of null type instrument:

Principle of null type:

The unknown weight is place one side of
instrument and the known weight place other
side when the effect is nullify put the known

weight in equation and drive the equation and

get the result.

Deflection type instrument:

A deflection type instrument is that in which
the physical effect generated by the measuring
quantity is noted.

Example of deflection type:

Principle of PMMC:
The permanent magnet moving coil instrument
or PMMC type instrument uses two permanent
magnets in order to create stationary magnetic
field . These types of instruments are only
used for measuring the dc quantities.

Analog and digital type instrument:

Definition of analog:
The output of an analog instrument changes
continuously as the quantity change to be
measured.

Example of analog instrument:

An electrodymometer is the good example of
analog instrument.
An electrodynamometer is an instrument used
for measuring the electric power.

Principle of electrodymometer:
Dynamometer type wattmeter works on very
simple principle and this principle can be stated
as when any current carrying conductor is
placed inside a magnetic field it experiences a
mechanical force and due this mechanical force
deflection of conductor takes place.

Digital instrument:
A digital instrument is a instrument whose
output is in discrete form.

Example of digital instrument:

Digital multi meter (DMM)

Principle of DMM:
It perform several operation like measuring
current , voltages , resistance and
temperature. It has many circuits to measuring
these things. It has a numeric display of all
measurements.