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1. Define management. Briefly explain the basic functions of management and their
relationships.
Management in businesses and organizations is the function that coordinates the
efforts of people to attain the certain goals/objectives by using available resources
efficiently and effectively. It involve planning, organizing, staffing, directing and
controlling the efforts of human resources in the use of material resources. The basic
function of management are:
a) Planning
b) Organizing
c) Staffing
d) Directing
e) Controlling
a) Planning
First and very basic function of management is planning. According to KOONTZ,
Planning is deciding in advance - what to do, when to do & how to do. It bridges the
gap from where we are & where we want to be.
Planning involves defining mission and objective and the detailed action plan to
achieve them. It requires decision making and choosing future course of action from
different alternatives.
b) Organizing
Organizing is establishing the internal organizational structure of the organization.
The focus is on division, coordination, and control of tasks and the flow of
information within the organization. It is in this function that managers distribute
authority to job holders.
c) Staffing
Staffing is filling and keeping filled with qualified people all positions in the business.
Recruiting, hiring, training, evaluating and compensating are the specific activities
included in the function. In the family business, staffing includes all paid and unpaid
positions held by family members including the owner/operators.
d) Directing
Directing is influencing people's behavior through motivation, communication, group
dynamics, leadership and discipline. The purpose of directing is to channel the
behavior of all personnel to accomplish the organization's mission and objectives
while simultaneously helping them accomplish their own career objectives
e) Controlling
Controlling is measuring and correcting individuals and organizational performance.
It involves measuring performance against goals and plans, showing where the
deviations from standards exit and helping to correct them. In short controlling
facilitates the accomplishment of plan. Controlling activity generally related to the
measurement of achievement.
Globalization:
Globalization phenomenon is getting popular these days. Globalization of business
refers to the free flow of goods service, technology, labor, capital information,
across the national boundary; it is closer economic integration among different
countries in terms of flow of good service, capital labor and technology.
Globalization is the tendency of expanding business in different countries.
Managers have to work in boundary less world. There is no territory or barrier in
export and import business. Globalization invites global competition.
Organizations which were competing locally with local competitors now they have
to compete with global competitors. It is very difficult to organization to survive
and develop in such situation. Organizations should increase quality of product and
reduce cost which is a challenge for manager. Many organizations are becoming
global these days. They are running their business in different countries with
different culture, climate, and geography, political and economic system. It is a
challenging work for managers to prepare executives officers who can run business
in such countries.
Workforce diversity
Modern organizations are characterized by workforce diversity. Diversified
workforce is the reality of business these days. Organizations are becoming
heterogeneous in terms of ethnicity, gender, nationality, age group, etc. People
having different religions, different nationality works together under one roof.
Different people have different nature and they show different behavior because
they come from different background. How to manage such diversified workforce
is a great challenge for managers. If such diversified workforce is managed
properly, organization will be highly benefited because they also bring diversified
skill and knowledge. But, if they are not managed properly, they create serious
problem.
iii.
iv.
Technological advancement
How to utilize advanced and sophisticated technology has become another
challenge for management. Technology has developed beyond the expectation of
anybody in the world over last 100 years. Tremendous advancement has been made
in production, distribution and information technology. Managers must manage all
this technology with the development of computer, the face of information
technology has absolutely changed. Introduction of internet, email and other
electronic media, have benefitted organizations in the field of productions,
distribution and other areas of business. Decision making have been facilitated by
information technology. Technological advancement has changed the nature of job.
Most of the jobs which were performed by unskilled and semi-skilled labors
previously, now they are performed by skilled labors. Number of white collar job is
increasing and blue collar jobs are decreasing. Organization must train their
employees about new technology. Only with new technology, Organization can
compete with other competitors.
v.
vii.
Empowerment
This is the age of empowerment. Role difference between management and
workers has narrowed down. Status between worker and manager is very narrow.
Most of the decisions are taken at operating level. Workers are free to plan and
schedule their work. They are given more and more autonomy and freedom. They
participate in major decision making activities. Joint goal setting and joint
performance evaluation has become common. Self-managed work team had been
established, more and more information are given to employees, and how to
manage such empower team has become challenge for managers.
4. Highlights the concepts and importance of management. And also explain the
emerging issues in management.
Management in businesses and organizations is the function that coordinates the
efforts of people to attain the certain goals/objectives by using available resources
efficiently and effectively. It involve planning, organizing, staffing, directing and
controlling the efforts of human resources in the use of material resources.
viii.
ix.
xi.
xii.
It is concerned with legal institutions and processes that affect business activities
and atmosphere.
- Laws, Acts, Rules , regulations, institutions enforced by the government/ state
Ethical issues
- Open market , liberalization and deregulation of the economy:
- Freedom to business community and increases competition
- Privatization of major public enterprises: - Economy is tilted in favor of the
private sector
- Pressure groups have exerted pressure to work in the interest of customers and
response to environmental issues.
- Empowerment of minority group and women
- Demand for greater social responsibility
- Nepals participation, commitment and membership in different forums of the
international and regional communities further pushed the process of globalization
and trade liberalization.
5. Management is an interdisciplinary area of study. Discuss on in with examples.
The word interdisciplinary consists of two parts: inter and disciplinary. The prefix
inter means between, among, in the midst, or derived from two or more.
Disciplinary means of or relating to a particular field of study or specialization. So a
starting point for the definition of interdisciplinary is between two or more fields of
study (Stember, 1991, p. 4).