Department of Family and Community Medicine

OUTPUT 7: PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS

Research Title: A study on the relationship of smoking and personality type among
selected medical students in De La Salle Health Sciences Institute, Dasmarias City
A.Y. 2014-2015
1. Group Number: 28; Adviser: Dr. Hipol
2. Research Question and Objectives
2.1 Research Question: Is there a relationship between smoking and personality
type among selected medical students in De La Salle Health Sciences Institute,
Dasmarias City A.Y. 2014-2015?

2.2 Objectives
2.2.1 General Objective:
To determine the relationship of smoking and personality type of selected
medical students in De La Salle Health Sciences Institute, Dasmarias City,
A.Y. 2014-2015

2.2.2 Specific Objectives:

2.2.2.1 To determine the proportion of smokers and non-smokers among first
year to third year medical students in De La Salle Health Sciences
Institute
2.2.2.2 To determine the proportion of the personality type among first year
to third year medical students in De La Salle Health Sciences Institute
2.2.2.3 To compare the proportion of personality type among smokers of first
year to third year medical students in De La Salle Health Sciences
Institute
2.2.2.4 To compare the proportion of personality type among non- smokers
of first year to third year medical students in De La Salle Health
Sciences Institute

3. Research Design
This study will employ an analytic cross sectional design to determine the
personality type and smoking status among students from the first year to third year of
the College of Medicine A.Y. 2014-2015 at the De La Salle Health Sciences Institute.
This study will try to find possible correlations/associations between the dependent
variable, which is smoking status, as well as the independent variable, which in this
study, is the type of personality.
4. Plan for Data Analysis
4.1. Descriptive Statistics
For measures of disease frequency, nominal scale will be used to determine the
personality type, whether type A or Type B personality; the practice of smoking, whether
smoker or non-smoker; and gender, whether male or female. Age will be analyzed
according to the numerical value stated in years and it will be recorded using a ratio
scale. The Data from each respondent will be tabulated according to the scales
mentioned. This information will be presented using a frequency distribution table in
order to facilitate evaluation and analysis.
For measures of central tendency, the mode will be utilize in this study to analyze
smoking status as to smoker or non-smoker and the personality type, whether type A or
Type B. This will also be used to analyze the gender. Mean will be utilized in analyzing
the average of the Age of the respondents.
For measures of dispersion, the variation ratio will be used to describe the
nominal data between smokers and non-smokers. This measure was chosen because
the data to be acquired is mainly nominal, given that the data to be gathered is whether
on not the subjects are smokers. This is also appropriate because the measure of
central tendency to be used is the mode, counting the number of smokers and nonsmokers. The dispersion of the confounding variable, gender will also be measured by
variance. This measure describes the proportion of cases not included in the category
that fits the mode. The dispersion of the confounding variable, age, which is a ratio
variable will be measured by both standard deviation and range.
For measures of association, researchers will be conducting a cross-sectional
study, it is appropriate to use the prevalence ratio as means of measuring the
association between the dependent and independent variable. For this study, the
dependent variable will be the practice of smoking in an individual, while the
independent variables will be the types of personality.

Prevalence ratio:
Prevalence of smoking among medical students with Type A Personality = A/(A+B)
Prevalence of smoking among medical students with Type B Personality

C/(C+D)

Here, the respondents who are smokers with Type A personality are consider as
exposed, while those respondents who are smokers with Type B personality are the
unexposed.
Interpretation:
PR = 1: Smoking practice in Type A and Type B personality do not significantly differ.
PR > 1: Type A personality is more likely to smoke than those with type B personality.
PR < 1: Type A personality is less likely to smoke than those with type B personality.

Table 1. Prevalence of smokers with Type A and Type B Personality among

selected first year to Third year medical students of De La Salle Health Sciences
Institute, School Year 2014-2015.
Disease variable

Total

(Practice towards smoking)

(+)
(+)
Exposure variable

Type A
personality

Personality Type
Type B
personality

Total

(-)

A = (+) Type A
personality type;

B = (+) Type A
personality type;

(+)practice towards
smoking

(-) practice towards

smoking

C= Type B
personality type;

D = Type B
personality type;

(+)practice towards
smoking

(-)practice towards
smoking

A+C

B+D

A+B

C+D

A+B+C+D

Legend: PR > 1, (+) association; PR < 1, (+) association; PR = 1, (-) association

Treatment of confounders
In this study, age and gender are the confounding variables to be tested. Age
would be tested as a possible confounder in this study. If the prevalence ratio for both
ages combined has the different direction with that of one age group then age can be
considered as a confounder. Likewise, if the prevalence ratio for both gender combined
ha a different direction with that of either males or females then gender can be

considered as a confounder. Otherwise if the confounding variable has the same

direction with the prevalence ratio for both gender combined and with both ages
combined, then it will not be consider as a confounder of this study.
Table 2. Prevalence of smokers with Type A and Type B Personality among
selected medical students of De La Salle Health Sciences Institute, School Year
2014-2015.
Disease variable

Total

(Practice towards smoking)

(+)
(+)
Exposure variable

Type A
personality

Personality Type
Type B
personality

Total

(-)

A = (+) Type A
personality type;

B = (+) Type A
personality type;

(+)practice towards
smoking

(-) practice towards

smoking

C= Type B
personality type;

D = Type B
personality type;

(+)practice towards
smoking

(-)practice towards
smoking

A+C

B+D

A+B

C+D

A+B+C+D

Legend: PR > 1, (+) association; PR < 1, (+) association; PR = 1, (-) association

Table 2. Prevalence of smokers with Type A and Type B Personality among

selected female medical students of De La Salle Health Sciences Institute, School
Year 2014-2015.(Same table will be used for Male students)
Disease variable

Total

(Practice towards smoking)

(+)
(+)
Exposure variable

Type A
personality

Personality Type
Type B
personality

Total

(-)

A = (+) Type A
personality type;

B = (+) Type A
personality type;

(+)practice towards
smoking

(-) practice towards

smoking

C= Type B
personality type;

D = Type B
personality type;

(+)practice towards
smoking

(-)practice towards
smoking

A+C

B+D

A+B

C+D

A+B+C+D

Legend: PR > 1, (+) association; PR < 1, (+) association; PR = 1, (-) association

Table 2. Prevalence of smokers with Type A and Type B Personality among
selected medical students of De La Salle Health Sciences Institute aged 17 to 21
years old, School Year 2014-2015.(Same table will be used for students aged 2226 years old)
Disease variable

Total

(Practice towards smoking)

(+)
(+)
Exposure variable

Type A
personality

Personality Type
Type B
personality

Total

(-)

A = (+) Type A
personality type;

B = (+) Type A
personality type;

(+)practice towards
smoking

(-) practice towards

smoking

C= Type B
personality type;

D = Type B
personality type;

(+)practice towards
smoking

(-)practice towards
smoking

A+C

B+D

A+B

C+D

A+B+C+D

Legend: PR > 1, (+) association; PR < 1, (+) association; PR = 1, (-) association

4.2 Inferential Statistics

The study utilizes the Chi Square Test since it aims to determine whether the
observed frequencies differ significantly from the expected frequencies. The null
hypothesis (Ho) represents no change. It is mathematically presented as x 1 = x2, which
states that
Ho = There is no relationship between personality type and the practice of
smoking among selected medical students of De La Salle Health Sciences
Institute, S.Y. 2014-2015.
Meanwhile, the alternative hypothesis is the statement that is deemed true if a
change is noted. Mathematically, this is presented as x1 x2 .
HA = There is a relationship between personality type and the practice of
smoking among selected medical students of De La Salle Health Sciences
Institute, S.Y. 2014-2015.
If P value < = .05, the null hypothesis will be rejected and thus, accepting the
alternative hypothesis. If P value > = .05, there is insufficient evidence at the alpha
level of significance to reject the null hypothesis yet there is also no significant evidence
to conclude the alternative hypothesis.
Summary of Data Analysis
Variable

Scale of
Measurement
DESCRIPTIVE

Statistics

Personality Type
[(1)Type A or
(2)Type B]

Nominal

Mode, Variance, Proportion

Practice
[(1)Smoker or
(2) Non-smoker]

Nominal

Mode, Variance, Proportion

Age
(according to stated
age in years)

Ratio

Range, Mean, Standard Deviation

Nominal

Mode, Variance, Proportion

Gender
[(1)Male or

(2) Female]
MEASURE OF ASSOCIATION
In this study, we will determine if there is relationship between personality type, which is the
independent variable and smoking practice, which is the dependent variable.
Personality Type
[(1)Type A or
(2)Type B]
Nominal
Practice
[(1)Smoker or
(2) Non-smoker]
Age
[(17-21) or (22-26)]

Gender
[(1)Male or
(2) Female]
Conclusion

Prevalence Ratio
Nominal

Nominal

Nominal

Prevalence Ratio

Prevalence Ratio

Prevalence Ratio (PR):

PR > 1, (+) association; PR < 1, (+) association; PR = 1, (-)
association
(+) association
There is a relationship between personality type and the practice of
smoking among selected medical students of De La Salle Health
Sciences Institute S.Y. 2014-2015
(-) association
There is no relationship between personality type and the practice of
smoking among selected medical students of De La Salle Health
Sciences Institute S.Y. 2014-2015
INFERENTIAL (HYPOTHESIS TESTING)

Ho

There is no relationship between personality type and the practice of

smoking among selected medical students of De La Salle Health
Sciences Institute S.Y. 2014-2015

Ha

There is a relationship between personality type and the practice of

smoking among selected medical students of De La Salle Health
Sciences Institute S.Y. 2014-2015
0.05

Alpha

Test
Conclusion

Ho

Ha

Alpha
Test
Conclusion

Chi Square goodness of fit

Reliability coefficient (z-value) = 1.96
If the chi-square value is outside the critical value of -1.96 to 1.96,
the null hypothesis will be rejected, thus accepting the alternative
hypothesis.
If the chi-square value is within the critical value of -1.96 to 1.96,
there is insufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis.
INFERENTIAL (CONFOUNDERS)
a) Age cannot affect the relationship between personality type
and the practice of smoking among selected medical students
of De La Salle Health Sciences Institute S.Y. 2014-2015
b) Gender cannot affect the relationship between personality
type and the practice of smoking among selected medical
students of De La Salle Health Sciences Institute S.Y. 20142015
a) Age can affect the relationship between personality type and
the practice of smoking among selected medical students of
De La Salle Health Sciences Institute S.Y. 2014-2015
b) b. Gender can affect the relationship between personality type
and the practice of smoking among selected medical students
of De La Salle Health Sciences Institute S.Y. 2014-2015
0.05
Prevalence Ratio (Measure of Association)
Prevalence Ratio (PR):
If the overall Prevalence ratio has the same direction with that of age
group, then:
Age cannot affect the relationship between personality type and the
practice of smoking among selected medical students of De La Salle
Health Sciences Institute S.Y. 2014-2015
If the overall Prevalence ratio has the same direction with that of
gender, then:
Gender cannot affect the relationship between personality type and
the practice of smoking among selected medical students of De La
Salle Health Sciences Institute S.Y. 2014-2015
If the overall Prevalence ratio has different direction compared with
that of age group , then:
Age can affect the relationship between the level of awareness on
the harmful effects and the practice of smoking among selected
medical students of De La Salle Health Sciences Institute.

If the overall Prevalence ratio has different direction compared with

that of gender , then:
Gender can affect the relationship between the level of awareness
on the harmful effects and the practice of smoking among selected
medical students of De La Salle Health Sciences Institute.