CHAPTER 6

SECTION 2
VITAL FOR LIFE
What is respiration?
The act or process of inhaling and exhaling; breathing. Also called ventilation.

The respiratory system consists of the lungs, respiratory tract

and the muscles that move air in and out of the lungs

FUNCTION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Bring oxygen rich air into the body for delivery to the
blood cells
Expel waste products (carbon dioxide and water) that
have been returned to the lungs by the blood
Produce the air flow through the larynx that makes
speech possible.

There are two types of respiration:

External respiration:
Breathing!
Bringing air in and out of the body.
Internal respiration:
Bringing O2 to the cells and removing CO2 from them.
Upper Respiratory System and Lower Respiratory System
Major organs of the upper respiratory tract:
Nose

Mouth

Epiglottis

Larynx

Pharynx

Major organs of the lower respiratory tract:

Trachea

Bronchi

Lungs

UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Nasal Cavity
Nasal septum: wall of cartilage that divides the nose into
two equal sections
Mucous membrane: specialized form of epithelial tissue
that lines the nose and respiratory system
Mucus: secreted by the mucous membranes to moisten
warm and filter the air as it enter the nose
Cilia: thin hairs located just inside the nostrils, filter
incoming air to remove debris.
Olfactory receptors: the nerve endings for the sense of
smell located in the mucous membrane in the upper part
of the nasal cavity
Sinuses: air filled cavities which allow air to be warmed and in
which the membranes produce mucus

Pharynx: passage way for both food and air

Nasopharynx: above the soft palate, contains the
adenoids
Oropharynx: back portion of mouth, contain the
palatine tonsils and is part of the swallowing
mechanism
Laryngopharynx: where the respiratory tract divides
into the esophagus and larynx.

Epiglottis:
Protective swallowing mechanism
There is a risk of a blocked airway or aspirated pneumonia
when something enters the lungs instead of traveling
into the esophagus.
Every time you swallow, the epiglottis covers the opening of
the larynx so food does not go into the lungs.

X-ray of swallowing

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=umnnA50IDIY&NR=1

Larynx: Voice box

A triangular chamber where air passes into the trachea
Protected by thyroid cartilage most commonly known is the
Adams apple
Contains vocal cords which are open when breathing and
closed during speech to produce sound when vibrate
against each other

http://www.hedim.co.il/_uploads/extraimg/larynx_diagram(2).gif
youtube vocal cords ent scope
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9MDn5GgyxyU
Trachea: windpipe
In front of esophagus
C-shaped cartilage which is elastic to adjust to different body
Positions
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Bronchi: Trachea divides into two branches, the bronchi that lead
to each lung

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-CLHe7WwPNYg/TrTFnnTTODI/AAAAAAAAA_4/WB9tx5CK0zE/s1600/Lungs-Circulatory-Gallery.jpg

The lungs:
A lobe is a division of the lung
The right lung, which is larger, has 3 lobes; superior, middle
and inferior
The left lung has 2 lobes; superior and inferior
We can survive with lobes of the lung removed or even when
a right or left lung is removed.

Each lobe is surrounded by two membranes called pleura.

The space between each pleura is called the pleural space
and is filled with pleural fluid.
The fluid lubricates and reduces friction on the pleural
surfaces and allows the lungs to move freely over the
inner surface of the chest wall as they constantly
expand and contract

Mesothelioma
Overview
Malignant pleural mesothelioma is an uncommon type of cancer that begins in the mesothelial cells
of the pleura. The pleura is a thin membrane that surrounds the lungs and lines the chest cavity. The
pleura consists of a visceral surface, which covers the lungs and a parietal surface, which lines the
walls of the chest cavity and covers the upper surface of the diaphragm and lungs. The two layers
are one continuous sheet of tissue that contains mesothelial cells. There is normally a very small
amount of watery fluid within the pleural cavity that lubricates the pleural surfaces and allows the
lungs to move freely over the inner surface of the chest wall during breathing.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.411cancer.com/syndication/images/article/mesothelioma.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.texasoncology.com/showtypescancer.aspx
%3Fdocumentid%3D30342&usg=__0IkvMx_b2SCodi1I6idJBVSPl8Q=&h=200&w=275&sz=13&hl=en&start=8&tbnid=GQWPepOS2CDczM:&tbnh=83&tbnw=114&prev=/images%3Fq
%3Dpleural%2Bcavity%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den

Within the lungs:

Bronchioles: the bronchi continue to divide into
increasingly smaller bronchi, called bronchioles
Alveoli: air sacs at the end of each bronchiole
Walls are surrounded by a network of microscopic
pulmonary capillaries

This is where the exchange of oxygen and carbon

dioxide takes place.
The muscles of the respiratory system:
The diaphragm is the muscle that separates the thoracic cavity and
abdomen
The diaphragm contracts to increase the volume of the
thoracic cavity and allows the lungs to expand.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=hp-gCvW8PRY&NR=1

Intercostal muscles: When these muscles contract they pull the

ribs upward and outward, enlarging the thoracic cavity
also.
DISEASES AND DISORDERS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The respiratory system is the site of many inflammations,
disorders and infections.
Inflammation:
Response to injury or illness that is characterized by
redness, swelling, pain and heat.
Epiglotitis
Inflammation of the epiglottis
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=R9puIKVON-s&NR=1

Bronchitis
Chronic bronchitis
Increased secretion of mucus

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Obstruct breathing
Allergies, dust, infection and pollution (cigarettes)

Asthma
Bronchial airway obstruction from swelling and
inflammation of the lining of the airways, production of
thick mucus and tightening of the muscles that surround
the airways.
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Sudden breathing difficulty

Wheezing and coughing
Allergy, infection or anxiety
Bronchodilator is in the inhaler

Emphysema
Elderly
Cigarette smokers, chronic bronchitis and asthma
Not able to exhale all the air from lungs
Build up of CO2 which damages the alveoli
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Breathing becomes increasingly difficult

Emphysema

Emphysema is a lung disease involving damage to the air sacs (alveoli).There is progressive destruction
of alveoli and the surrounding tissue that supports the alveoli. With more advanced disease, large air
cysts develop where normal lung tissue used to be. Air is trapped in the lungs due to lack of supportive
tissue which decreases oxygenation.

13

COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are part of this process
Hemoptysis
-ptysis spitting
Coughing up of blood
Serious
Lung cancer, TB, chronic lung diseases or trauma

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Lung cancer
Leading cause of cancer death in both men and women
Exposure to carcinogens
At first there are no symptoms then hemoptysis, dyspnea,
weight loss and chest pain

URI
Upper respiratory infection
Common cold watery eyes, sneezing, sore throat, cough
contagious
Viruses

Epistaxis
Greek word meaning dropping
Nosebleed
Irratation of the mucous membrane
Vitamin K deficiency
Clotting abnormalities
Hypertension (high blood pressure
Trauma or a rupture of a blood vessel in the nose
First Aid is have the client be calm and tilt their head slightly
forward while pinching the nostrils about midline on the nasal
septum. Also apply a cold compress. Seek medical attention if
epistaxis persists and does not stop.

Pneumonia
Inflammation of the lungs
Many causes
Bedridden, elderly and frail clients
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Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Highly infectious
Invades lungs and causes swelling and inflammation
Healthcare workers must have TB tests yearly because of the
nature of their work
Anthracosis
Black lung disease
Chronic lung disease from inhaling metallic or mineral
particles. Also defined as an accumulation of
carbon in the lungs from working in a heavily
industrialized city area, living in an urban
dwelling, inhaled smoke or dust, or certain
occupations like coal mining.
Pleurisy
Inflammation of the pleura
Sharp, stabbing pain when breathing, dyspnea, fever
and grating sounds in the lungs when breathing,
called crepitation.
Influenza
Flu virus
Fever, chills, body aches, sore throat and fatigue

16

Breathing patterns
-pnea is breathing
Bradypnea
Tachypnea
Hypopnea
Hyperpnea
Dyspnea
Apnea
Orthopnea
Cheyne-Stokes respiration

17

THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Cardi/o
Vasculu/o
The function of the cardiovascular system is to transport oxygen to all
the cells in the body and to transport carbon dioxide and other cellular
waste to the lungs to be expelled.
What is Circulation?
The heart pumping blood through the blood vessels to the entire
body.

The Heart
Size of your fist
Muscular pump that beats and average of 72 times a minute or 100,000
times a day and approximately 3 trillion times in a life time!
Pericardium (page 184)
The protective sac around the heart which has three layers
Inside the pericardium, there are three layers of tissue
Epicardium

outermost layer

Myocardium

middle, muscular layer

Endocardium

inner membranous layer

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Parts of the heart

Two sides, each with two chambers
Right Atrium

Left Atrium

Right Ventricle

Left Ventricle

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Blood flow
Only one way regulated by the valves
Arteries carry blood away

Veins carry blood to the heart

Throughout the whole body, arteries carry O2 rich blood to the body
except the pulmonary artery which carries blood low in O2 away
from the heart to the lungs.
Throughout the whole body, veins carry O2 poor blood to the body
except the pulmonary vein which carries blood rich in O2 to the
heart from the lungs.

20

The Valves of the Heart

Control the flow of blood to and from the heart
Bicuspid Valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle
Tricuspid Valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle
The pulmonary and aortic valves stop backflow of blood into the
Heart

Cardiac Conduction System

Controls the electrical impulses that cause the heart to contract,
pushing blood out of the pulmonary artery and aorta.

21

Circulation
Main function is to carry blood to and from the heart to the lungs
and rest of the body through arteries and veins.
Three types of circulation:
Coronary
Pulmonary
Systemic
Coronary Circulation
Heart and brain need the most O2 so the coronary system
supplies blood to the heart.
100 gallons of blood pumped through the coronary arteries

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Pulmonary Circulation
Flow of blood between the heart and lungs
Systemic Circulation
Arteries arterioles capillaries cells capillaries venules veins

Arteries:
Aorta

Carotid

Femoral

Renal

Walls are three layers, making them muscular and

elastic to aid in forcing the blood through
Veins:
Superior Vena Cava

Inferior Vena Cava

Thinner walls than arteries

Have valves which prevent back flow
Read pages 184 - 186
www.howstuffworks.com
www.e-heart.org

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BLOOD
2 million red blood cells die each minute
_____________
There is over 60,000 miles of blood
vessels, which can go around the world
twice
_________________
7% to 8% of a humans weight is blood
______________
By donating 1 pint of blood, 4 lives can
be saved
___________________
Blood is such a good stain Native
Americans used it for paint
____________________
The kidneys filter over 400 gallons of
blood a day
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Blood:
Is a complex mixture of cells, water, proteins and sugars
The transport fluid for life-sustaining nutrients, oxygen and
hormones to all the parts of the body
Removes waste products so the body does not have toxic buildup
Keeps the fluid in the body stable
Helps regulate body temperature
Impossible to live without!
Average human has 5 liters of blood when 1 pint is donated it is
replaced within 24 hours
Is blood a tissue or an organ?
Blood is considered a connective tissue for two basic reasons: (1) embryologically, it has the
same origin (mesodermal) as do the other connective tissue types and (2) blood connects the
body systems together bringing the needed oxygen, nutrients, hormones and other signaling
molecules, and removing the wastes. In circulating blood two different cell types are found:
enucleated erythrocytes or red blood cells and nucleated leukocytes or white blood cells.
http://lifesci.rutgers.edu/~babiarz/bloodtx.htm

25

Components of blood

26

Plasma:
Water, proteins, salts, nutrients, vitamins and hormones
55% of the blood

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Solid portion:
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Shaped like a doughnut with a thin central portion instead of
a hole
Produced in the bone marrow
Life span of 120 days
Hemoglobin, a protein, iron-containing pigment, transports
oxygen

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Leukocytes (WBCs)
Protect against disease in many ways
Transported to the site of infections
Five different kinds
Basophils release heparin to stop clotting, produce histamine
to cause blood vessels to dialate, help control
inflammation and kill parasites
Eosinophils kill parasites and help control inflammation and
allergic reactions (elevated indicates allergic reactions)
Neutrophils remove unwanted small materials and particles
(elevated indicates bacterial infection)
Lymphocytes immune system and protect the body against
cancer
Monocytes destroy large unwanted particles in the blood
(elevated indicates chronic infection)

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Thrombocytes (platelets)
Fragments that break off large cells in the bone marrow
Life span of 10 days
Play an important role in clotting
In the event of trauma, platelets stick to tissue and each other
to form a fibrin clot

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Blood types
Four common types: A, B, AB, O
Blood is tested or cross matched when used for a transfusion to
prevent reactions with incompatible blood types
Red blood cells have either A or B antigens, or both or neither
antigens on their surface

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Our blood may also contains antibodies Anti-A, Anti-B or

neither.
When an antigen and antibody come in contact, they will cause the
cells to agglutinate or clot

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What blood can a person donate to and what blood can a person
receive?
BLOOD TYPE

CAN DONATE TO

CAN RECEIVE
FROM

A
B
AB
O
Who is the Universal Recipient?
Who is the Universal Donor?
There is also a positive or negative factor called the Rh factor, which is a
type of antigen.

Rh Factor
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See addendum and lab diagnostics

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

Eyrthroblastosis fetalis
erythr/o

red, red blood cells

blast/o

immature cells

-osis

abnormal condition

fetal/o-

fetus

-is

pertaining to

hem/o-

blood

lysis

breakdown of cells

Babys Rh+ antigens come in contact with mothers blood during delivery when
placenta detaches or when there is a miscarriage or abortion, or during a fall or
invasive prenatal testing.
Mothers becomes sensitized.
Why is hemolytic disease of the newborn a concern?
When the mother's antibodies attack the red blood cells, they are broken down and destroyed
(hemolysis). This makes the baby anemic. Anemia is dangerous because it limits the ability of
the blood to carry oxygen to the baby's organs and tissues. As a result:

The baby's body responds to the hemolysis by trying to make more red blood cells very
quickly in the bone marrow and the liver and spleen. This causes these organs to get

34

bigger. The new red blood cells, called erythroblasts, are often immature and are not able
to do the work of mature red blood cells.

As the red blood cells break down, a substance called bilirubin is formed. Babies are not
easily able to get rid of the bilirubin and it can build up in the blood and other tissues and
fluids of the baby's body. This is called hyperbilirubinemia. Because bilirubin has a
pigment or coloring, it causes a yellowing of the baby's skin and tissues. This is called
jaundice.

Now that you have worked out some of the issues, it is time to fill out the table below.
BLOOD ANTIGENS
TYPE
Present

Compatible
Blood Types

ANTIBODIE
S
Present

Incompatible
Blood Types

A+
AB+
BAB+
ABO+
OBlood typing game
http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/landsteiner/index.html

35

http://www.bloodbook.com/type-sys.html
other blood types

www.easyauscultation.com

36

DISEASES AND DISORDERS OF THE

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Hypertension
-tension

pressure

Hyper-

excessive, above

High blood pressure

Blood pressure is the force of the blood as it is pushed through the
arteries, more specifically the force against the walls of the
arteries
No one cause has been identified
Dangerous condition major damage to liver, blood vessels,
kidneys or cause a CVA (cerebrovascular accident)
Result of lifestyle factors overeating, smoking, lack of exercise
and stress
Medication available to keep it at a normal level, but must be taken
for a lifetime

37

Stroke Cerebrovascular accident or CVA

Blood clot blocks the flow in a blood vessel or when a vessel
bursts in the brain

38

Before complete blockage there are symptoms TIA (Transient

ischemic attacks)

There is a possibility of recovery from a stroke or there may be

permanent damage

39

Arteriosclerosis
Hardening of the arteries
Arteries loose elasticity and cannot contract
Result of aging or build up of fatty plaque inside the vessels
Can lead to CVA, high blood pressure or an aneurysm

40

Aneurysm
Disease, trauma or birth defect where the wall of an artery weakens
Balloons out

Aorta, abdominal artery or cerebral artery

No warning signs
Painful, bleeding and death

41

Coronary Artery Disease

Narrowing of the coronary arteries usually caused from
arteriosclerosis
Lead to angina or myocardial infarction
Treatment for Vascular Diseases:
Angioplasty
Local anesthetic
A small catheter (sheath) is inserted into the femoral
artery
Another catheter, with a deflated balloon at its tip is
inserted through the first catheter, guided to the
area of blockage
The balloon is inflated and it pushes the plaque against
the artery wall
If a STENT is required it is placed to reinforce the wall.
A stent is a tiny, mesh tube

42

Plaque removers
Lasars

43

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Heart attack
Blood flow to heart in the coronary arteries is cut off causing heart
tissue to die
Can result in permanent damage to the heart

44

Angina
Chest pain due to damage to heart muscle
Temporary loss of blood to the heart in the coronary arteries
Resembles an MI
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
Heart cannot pump at its normal capacity
Result of arteriosclerosis or myocardial infarction
Vital organs do not get enough blood supply
When the heart is weakened, blood backs up in the heart and lungs
causing congestion

SHOW SWMC DVD STROKE CARE NOW OR AT END!

45

Anemia
Low number of red blood cells or low amount of hemoglobin
Not enough blood gets to the tissues
Pallor, fatigue, difficulty breathing, rapid heart rate
Types
Iron-deficiency not enough iron in blood to produce
Hemoglobin
Aplastic anemia failure of bone marrow to make red blood
Cells
Pernicious anemia lack of vitamin B12 which changes the
shape and number of red blood cells
Sickle Cell anemia hereditary, usually persons of AfricanAmerican ancestry, where red blood cells are in a sickle
cell shape. They can no longer transfer oxygen .

46

47

Posthemorrhagic anemia sudden loss of blood

Hemophilia
Hereditary, lack of a clotting factor, treated with medications
and transfusions
Leukemia
Increase in the number of abnormal white blood cells in
bone marrow and bloodstream.
Remissions disease disappears
Relapses reoccurrences of the disease

Lessons on web
http://images.google.com/imgres?
imgurl=http://www.smm.org/heart/lessons/gifs/heartDiagram.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.smm.org/heart/lessons/hear
tDiagram.htm&usg=__ma0J7iAKbTZgKBfASTdeCBo2eug=&h=544&w=450&sz=24&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=QP8
x-IBLQS2xYM:&tbnh=133&tbnw=110&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dheart%2Bdiagram%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den

48

Name: ____________________________

Date: _____________

Period: _____

Color the oxygen rich areas red, deoxygenated areas blue.

Label all areas numbered 1 through 15.
Draw arrows showing the flow of blood.
Neatness counts!

49

Name: ____________________________

Date: _____________

Period: _____

Color the following structures of the respiratory system. Use the same color to fill in the name
of the structure at the left that you use to color the structure in the diagram.
Neatness counts!

READ CHAPTER 6 SECTION 2, PAGES 179 -191

REVIEW QUESTIONS 1 7
COMPLETE SENTENCE!
Lessons on web
http://images.google.com/imgres?
imgurl=http://www.smm.org/heart/lessons/gifs/heartDiagram.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.smm.org/heart/lessons/hear
tDiagram.htm&usg=__ma0J7iAKbTZgKBfASTdeCBo2eug=&h=544&w=450&sz=24&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=QP8
x-IBLQS2xYM:&tbnh=133&tbnw=110&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dheart%2Bdiagram%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den

Name: ____________________________

Date: _____________

Period: _____

Color the oxygen rich areas red, deoxygenated areas blue.

Label all areas numbered 1 through 15.
Draw arrows showing the flow of blood.
Neatness counts!

50

Name: ____________________________

Date: _____________

Period: _____

Color the following structures of the respiratory system. Use the same color to fill in the name
of the structure at the left that you use to color the structure in the diagram.
Neatness counts!

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