International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 7, Issue 1, Jan-Feb 2016, pp. 416-426, Article ID: IJCIET_07_01_031

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ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
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ROAD PAVEMENT DESIGN FOR HEAVY

GROUND WATER TABLE IN SHIRPUR AND
SURROUNDING AREA
Prof. Vikram J Patel
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
R. C. Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
Prof. Hemraj R Kumavat
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
R. C. Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
Prof. Ganesh V Tapkire
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
R. C. Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
Prof. Rajendra D Patil
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
R. C. Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
ABSTRACT
Road failure is common problem in India and areas like Shirpur having
high water table area are mainly suffered from this problem. To overcome this
problem, some methods are studied in this project to improve the bearing
capacity of soil such as the use of Geogrids, Cement mixing, proper subsurface drainage. Soil can be improved by the addition of a stabilizer or
excess aggregate. In any case, the traditional undercut & stabilization
solution is often costly & always time-consuming. The paper suggests the use
of geogrid which helps in increasing the bearing capacity of subgrade soil
while greatly reducing the loss of aggregate cover material into weak, wet or
saturated subgrade soils. It also provides extensive cost savings & decreased
life cycle costs when compared to other structural solutions.
Key words: Geogrid, Pavement, Road, Sub-base, Subgrade

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Road Pavement Design for Heavy Ground Water Table in Shirpur and Surrounding Area.

Cite this Article: Prof. Vikram J Patel, Prof. Hemraj R Kumavat, Prof.
Ganesh V Tapkire and Prof. Rajendra D Patil, Road Pavement Design for
Heavy Ground Water Table in Shirpur and Surrounding Area, International
Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(1), 2016, pp. 416-426.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=7&IType=1

INTRODUCTION
Shirpur is one of the flovorus city in Maharashtra. But till 2002 it was suffered from
drought due to insufficient rainfall & scarcity of water. But from the year of 2002
there is large scale of implementation of watershed is known as Shirpur Pattern
was done it gives lot of benefits till a date for agriculture industry and domestic
purpose because of increase in surface & subsurface ground water table.
Now a days or in monsoon season average depth of water table 2.5-3.6m (8-12 ft.)
On the sloping ground it comes very nearer to ground level. Hence bearing capacity
of soil is affected by ground water table and due to that road pavement failure are big
problems in such areas. After studying the flexible pavement design specially roads
under PMGSY scheme, the use of Geogrid is preferable for the design of pavements.
Table 1 Water Table condition around Shirpur city
Area
Nageshwer
Dahivad
Jatoda
Ajanad

Increased water table

33.53 m
9.14 -15.24 m
6.09m
15.24m

LOCATION & STUDY AREA

Figure 1 Waghadi to Badade Road (Shirpur Taluka)

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Faheem Ahmed Malik, Mansoor Ahmed Lone, Haiqa Riyaz, Sohaib Manzoor Bhat and
Jabriel Qureshi

METHODOLOGY
Soil Improvement
Land reclamation along coastlines is one of the most significant activities of the
dredging industry. In most countries coastal properties are already densely populated
and yet areas nearby water continue to attract people for recreation and residence.
In addition, the newly reclaimed soil is often in a loose state and needs to be
compacted.

Cement mixing system

In many parts of the world soft subsoil is a very serious problem for maritime
construction. For these situations, in-situ soil mixing is often implemented. This
method is variously known as the cement deep mixing method, soil cement columns /
piles, auger mixing, cement soil mixing, rotary mixing or just soil mixing. These
cement mixing methods are applied for the following purposes: Foundation of
breakwaters, revetment and wharfs; seismic reinforcement of existing marine
structures; foundations of bridge piers, tanks, railroads, roads, river dikes and
buildings; cutoff walls and braced walls; and countermeasures for liquefaction.

Geotextiles
Geotextiles have many applications including filtration and drainage. Specific types
of geotextiles can also be used for embankment stabilization and improving the
bearing capacity of soft soil foundations on marine projects. Attention must be given
to the composition of the geotextile for specific situations. Using a suitable geotextile
can increase safety against underground failure and reduce the settlement of the
subsoil foundation.

Figure 2 Wheel load criteria

Vertical Drains
Soil stabilization using prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) or wick drains are applied
in areas with loose, compressible and water-saturated soils such as clay and silty
clays. These soils are characterized by a very weak soil skeleton and a large pore
space, usually filled with water (pore water). When a load such as a road

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Road Pavement Design for Heavy Ground Water Table in Shirpur and Surrounding Area.

embankment, a hydraulic fill or a dike, is placed on soft compressible soils,

significant settlements may occur.

Vacuum consolidation
Vacuum consolidation is a process whereby vacuum pressure is applied to an area
already installed with PVDs to potentially increase the drains effectiveness.
Generally this technique requires the application of a surcharge loading to squeeze
water out of the soft clay soils. An additional important advantage of the vacuum is
the isotropic nature of the vacuum pressure and the correlated improvement of the
stability under preloading, reducing considerably the risk of slope failure resulting
from the surcharge. Each technique has its own advantages and disadvantages in
relation to time, cost and performance. The best method is always to consider the
specific needs of a project and contact specialist contractors to evaluate the needs of
the project. A well-managed soil improvement system appropriate to the site will
enhance the prospects of on-time and safe project delivery.

DRAINAGE SOLUTIONS
Water is the main contributor to the wear and damage of low-volume rural roads. The
water can be in the form of ground water, surface water (streams and rivers) or rain
and it can damage the road in several ways:

By washing away the soil (erosion and scouring),

By making the road body less resistant to traffic (i.e. weakening the load bearing
capacity),
By depositing soils (silting) which may obstruct the passage of water, or
By washing away entire sections of the road or its structures.

Figure 4 Drainage pattern

Damage and wear to the road can be reduced if the f low of water is controlled.
Minor damages can easily be repaired as part of the regular maintenance provided to
the road and its structures.

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Faheem Ahmed Malik, Mansoor Ahmed Lone, Haiqa Riyaz, Sohaib Manzoor Bhat and
Jabriel Qureshi

Fig. 5 Camber slope criteria

Finally, it is also worth mentioning that the drainage system of a road may have an
impact on the environment in the vicinity of the road. Water collected through a road
drainage system needs to be carefully discharged from the road, avoiding any
damages to the adjacent land. Equally, the drainage system of a road needs to be
carefully adjusted so it does not conflict with the drainage systems on adjacent
farmlands.

Use of Geogrids
Geogrids are polymeric products formed by joining intersecting ribs. They have large
open spaces also known as "apertures". The directions of the ribs are referred to as
machine direction, orientated in the direction of the manufacturing process or cross
ma - chine direction perpendicular to the machine direction ribs. Geogrids are mainly
made from polymeric materials, typically polypropylene (PP), high density
polyethylene and polyester.

Figure 6 Geogrid

Geogrids are manufactured as either biaxial or uniaxial. Biaxial geogrids are those
that exhibit the same strength in both the machine and cross machine directions while
uniaxial geogrids exhibit the primary strength in the machine direction with minimal
strength, enough to maintain the aperture structure, in the cross machine direction.

FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN

A flexible pavement structure is typically composed of several layers of materials.
Each layer receives loads from the above layer, spreads them out, and passes on these
loads to the next layer below.

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Road Pavement Design for Heavy Ground Water Table in Shirpur and Surrounding Area.

Design Traffic Volume

The method considers traffic in terms of the cumulative number of standard axles
(8160 kg) to be carried by the pavement during the design life. This requires the
following information:

Initial traffic in terms of Commercial Vehicle per day

Traffic growth rate during the design life
Design life in number of years
Vehicle damage factor
Distribution of commercial traffic over the carriage way.

Initial Traffic
Initial traffic is determined in terms of commercial vehicles per day. For the structural
design of the pavement only commercial vehicles are considered assuming laden
weight of three tones or more and their axle loading will be considered.

Traffic Growth Rate

Traffic growth rates can be estimated

By studying the past trends of traffic growth.

By establishing econometric models. If adequate data is not available, it is
recommended that an average annual growth rate of 7.5 percent may be adopted.

Design Life
For the purpose of the pavement design, the design life is defined in terms of the
cumulative number of standard axles that can be carried before strengthening of the
pavement is necessary. It is recommended that pavements for arterial roads like
National Highway, State Highway should be designed for a life of 15 years, EH and
urban roads for 20 years and other categories of roads for 10 to 15 years.

Vehicle Damage Factor

The vehicle damage factor is a multiplier for converting the number of commercial
vehicles of different axle loads and axle configurations to the number of standard
axle-load repetitions.

Vehicle Distribution
Until reliable data is available, the following distribution may be assumed.
Single lane roads: Traffic tends to be more channelized on single roads than two
lane roads and to allow for this concentration of wheel load repetitions, the design
should be based on total number of commercial vehicles in both directions.
Number of vehicle for design;

Where,
A = Number of heavy vehicle per day for design

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Faheem Ahmed Malik, Mansoor Ahmed Lone, Haiqa Riyaz, Sohaib Manzoor Bhat and
Jabriel Qureshi

P = Number of heavy vehicle per day @ last count

= Annual rate of increase of heavy vehicles
n = Number of year between last count and year of completion of construction
= 305 Veh / Day

Design of Pavement
Table 1 CBR Result
Penetration (mm)

Load (mm)

0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
4
5
7.5
10
12.5

0
5
16.2
28.1
40
48.5
56.5
67.5
75.2
89
99.5
106.5

The plot is made between load in Kg versus penetration of plunger for test data
obtained for soil subgrade as given in figure loads at 2.5 and 5.0 mm penetration
(after collection are 55 & 78 kg resp.)
Area of plunger of dia. 5 cm = 19.6 cm
Pressure at 2.5 mm penetration = 55 / 19.6 Kg/Sq. cm
Pressure at 5 mm penetration = 78 / 19.6 Kg/Sq. cm

Figure 7 Load-Penetration Curve

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Road Pavement Design for Heavy Ground Water Table in Shirpur and Surrounding Area.

C.B.R value of soil at 2.5mm;

C.B.R of soil at 5 mm;

Adopt CBR value = 4 %

Assume, CBR of compacted soil = 7%
CBR of poorly graded gravel = 20%,
CBR of well graded gravel = 95%
Calculation of design thickness of different layers

Figure 8 CBR Design Curve

Therefore Design curve D is to be used for design as the design traffic volume is
in range 150 to 450 CVPD. Using Design Curve, the total pavement thickness over
subgrade having CBR of 4 percent is obtained as 48 cm for curve D.

Provision of Geogrid
Geogrid Working
Geogrid work by interlocking with the granular or soil material placed over them. The
apertures allow for strike-through of the cover soil material which then interlocks with
the ribs (flat straps/bars) providing confinement of the overlaying granular/soil
material due to the stiffness and strength of the ribs.

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Faheem Ahmed Malik, Mansoor Ahmed Lone, Haiqa Riyaz, Sohaib Manzoor Bhat and
Jabriel Qureshi

Figure 8 Geogrid Layer

Figure 9

The base reinforcement market is just what the name implies. These are
applications where an engineer is trying to improve the performance of a gravel base
over poor soils, trying to minimize the amount of gravel in the base course design, or
increasing the life of the surface cover, concrete or asphalt.

Figure 10 Pavement Thickness Composition

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Road Pavement Design for Heavy Ground Water Table in Shirpur and Surrounding Area.

CONCLUSION
In Shirpur city, since 2002 there is large scale implementation of watershed known as
Shirpur Pattern was done which gives lot of benefits till a date for agriculture
industry and domestic purpose because of increase in surface & subsurface ground
water table. Hence bearing capacity of soil is affected by ground water table and due
to that road pavement failure becomes a major problem in such areas. To overcome
this problem, some methods are studied in this project to improve the bearing capacity
of the soil such as the use of geogrid, cement mixing, proper subsurface drainage. Soil
can be improved by the addition of a stabilizer or excess aggregate. In any case, the
traditional undercut and stabilization solution is often costly and always timeconsuming. Geogrids are often used as a replacement for these traditional solutions.
The geogrid helps to increase the bearing capacity of the subgrade soil while greatly
reducing the loss of the aggregate cover material into weak, wet, or saturated
subgrade soils. The use of geogrids also provides, extensive cost savings and
decreased life cycle costs when compared to other structural solutions. It is useful in
the areas, where the less bearing capacity of soil in India and other countries.

REFERENCE
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]

[8]

John Kelly and Steve Ami, Kelly Ami Inc.(May-2011), Solving your drainage
problems.
Er. Nandanandan Das, Road Construction In Water Logged Highway Stretch- A
case study (Upade IADC)
Praveen Kumar & Ankit Gupta (2014), Case Studies on Failure of Bituminous
Pavements.
Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh Local Government
Engineering Department, Road Pavement Design Manual.
Asphalt Paving Association of Iowa (Aug. 2012), Asphalt Paving Design Guide.
S. K. Khanna & Justo, a Text book of Highway Engineering, Khanna Publishers,
Delhi.
R.Greesan and V.Balamurugan, A Practical Solution To Ground Water Recharge
by Rain Water Harvesting System In Pudukkottai Dist, Tamilnadu, International
Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 4(2), 2013, pp. 132-148.
Kadhim Naief Kadhim and Ahmed Awad Matr Al-Abody, The Geotechnical
Maps For Bearing Capacity by Using Gis and Quality of Ground Water For AlImam District (Babil - Iraq), International Journal of Civil Engineering and
Technology, 6(10), 2015, pp. 176-184.

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Faheem Ahmed Malik, Mansoor Ahmed Lone, Haiqa Riyaz, Sohaib Manzoor Bhat and
Jabriel Qureshi

AUTHORS INFORMATION
Prof. VIKRAM J. PATEL completed B.E. in Civil Engineering
in 2011 and M.E.Civil (Transportation Engineering) in 2013
from Parul Institute of Engineering & Technology, Waghodia,
Vadodara. Presented 05 research papers in National conference
and published 04 research papers in International journal. Along
with the presentations author had attended 08 workshops
sponsored by ISTE. Author has 4.6 years teaching Experience &
from last 2.6 years he is working as Assistant Professor in Civil Engineering
Department at R. C. Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur, and Dist. Dhule (MS).
Prof. HEMRAJ R. KUMAVAT, Completed B.E. in Civil
Engineering in 2003 and M.E. in Building Science and
Technology in 2009 from North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon
(MS). Published 12 research papers in international journal and
presented 10 papers in international conference, 01 paper in
national conference. Along with the publication author had
attended 12 workshops sponsored by ISTE. Also he has associate
member of IEI & LMISTE Have 2.5 year industrial experience of construction of
various civil engineering projects like Building, Roads and Canals. From last 10 years
he is working as Assistant Professor in Civil Engineering Department in R. C. Patel
Institute of Technology, Shirpur, Dist. Dhule (MS)
Prof. GANESH V. TAPKIRE, Completed B.E. in civil Engineering 2008 and MTech appear in Building Construction &Technology in RGPV University Bhopal
(MP).presented and Publish paper 04 Research paper in National conference and 01
International Journal along with publication author had attended 05 workshop
sponsored by ISTE Also he has associate life member of ISTE. Have two years site
experience in NH-3 Pimpalgaon-Dhule BOT Project. From last 3.6 year assistant
professor in civil Engineering department in R.C.Patel.Instute of Techonology Shirpur
Prof. RAJENDRA D PATIL, Completed B.E. in civil Engineering in 2010 and
M.E. in Building Science and Technology in 2013 from North Maharashtra
University, Jalgaon (MS). presented and Publish paper 04 Research paper in National
conference and 01 International Journal along with publication author had attended 05
workshop sponsored by ISTE. From last 4.5 year assistant professor in civil
Engineering department in R.C.Patel. Instute of Technology Shirpur

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