International Journal of Sales & Marketing

Management Research and Development (IJSMMRD)

ISSN(P): 2249-6939; ISSN(E): 2249-8044
Vol. 6, Issue 1, Feb 2016, 41- 46
TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

TEMPORAL SHIFT OF BYADGI CHILLI AREA IN THE DHARWAD AND HAVERI

DISTRICTS OF KARNATAKA AND FINDING OUT THE REASONS
STEPHAN RAJ1, C. P GRACY2 & KAVYA V. H3
1

Department of Agribusiness Management, University of Agricultural Sciences

Dharwad, Karnataka, India

Agricultural Marketing Co-Operation and Business Management, University of

Agricultural Science Bangalore, Karnataka, India
3

Department of Agribusiness Management, University of Agricultural

Sciences Dharwad, Karnataka, India

ABSTRACT
Byadgi chilli is a famous variety of chilli mainly grown in Karnataka named after the town Byadgi which is
located in the Haveri district. Farmers in Dharwad and Haveri district area are shifting from red chilli to cotton
production. Red chilli area in Dharwad district has decreased from 129868 ha during 1998-99 to 52694 ha during 2009-

710000 ha in 2008-09. From last ten years the chilli area in these district have been coming down with CAGR of -2.82%
in Dharwad district and CAGR of 1.57% in Haveri district and the reasons were analyzed through Garretts ranking and
loss of soil fertility got the first rank with highest Garrets score (71.58) because the applying more chemical fertilizers in
the fields, pest and diseases outbreak got the second rank with the Garretts score of 56.41 because the affect of Muruda
Complex. Even though the nabouring districts like Ballari and Gadag farmers are growing the chillies in the large scale
in the irrigation condition but the original quality of the original Byadgi chilli is not seen in those chillis.

Original Article

10 and meanwhile the cotton acreage has increased. The area of cotton in 2003-04 was 518900 ha which had touched

KEYWORDS: Byadgi Chilli, Area Shifting, Growth Rate, Muruda Complex and Soil Fertility

Received: Jan 14, 2016; Accepted: Feb 01, 2016; Published: Feb 09, 2016; Paper Id.: IJSMMRDFEB20166

INTRODUCTION
Byadgi chilli is a famous variety of chilli mainly grown in Karnataka and named after the town called
Byadgi which is located in the Haveri district. This chilli is known for its deep red colour and has the highest colour
value of 1,50,000 2,50,000 CU. Byadgi chilli is given Geographical Indications (GI) certificate from September
2010 onwards as per Section 13 of Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999.
There are several types of Byadgi chilli. The two main types are the Byadgi Kaddi and Byadgi Dabbi. The Byadgi
Kaddi has a length of 10 to 15 cm characterized by wrinkles on the pods, low pungency and sweet flavour. It is
slender, linear, light green in colour and at maturity turns to deep red colour developing the characteristic wrinkles at
the ripening stage. This variety possesses the highest colour value and is suitable under rain fed conditions. It has its
calyx covering its pod, and is reasonably resistant to pests and diseases. The Byadgi Dabbi is another variant of
Byadgi suitable for green chilli and chilli purpose. The fruits are of medium length (8 to 10 cm), a little curved at the
apex, and slightly bulged at the base of the calyx. Over the last decade the area under Haveri and Dharwad district of
Karnataka the farmers are shifting the crop So this paper is help to know which factors made farmers to shift their

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Stephan Raj, C. P Gracy & Kavya V. H

cultivation from the Byadgi chilli to other crop cultivation.

OBJECTIVE THE PAPER

To analyze the shifts in Byadgi chilli area in study area and to find out the reason for shifting the crop

METHODOLOGY
The study was carried out in Haveri and Dharwad districts of Karnataka which contribute substantial chilli area
and production of the state. A three stage sampling was undertaken for selection of market and market intermediaries. In
the first stage, Dharwad and Haveri districts were selected, since these two districts are the major chilli growing districts.
Both these districts ranked first and second respectively in the total area under chilli. In the second stage based on the
magnitude of area under chilli, Byadgi and Haveri taluks in Haveri district and Hubli and Kundgol taluks in Dharwad
district were selected for the study. In the third stage 56 respondent farmers were selected for the study.
Nature and Sources of the Data
The data pertaining to constraints and challenges in production and export of chilli were collected from farmers,
for the period 2011-12. Secondary data for the period from 2001-02 to 2009-10 were analyzed for better understanding of
growth.
Analytical Tools and Techniques Employed
For the purpose of analyzing data to meet the objectives of the study, the following statistical techniques were
used.

Growth Rate Analysis

In order to assess the growth in area, production and yield of chilli and replacing crop cotton, ten years data from

2001/02 to 2009/10 were used. The compound growth rates were computed by using the exponential function of the form.
Yt= ABt Ut

(1)

Where, Yt = Area, production and productivity of chilli and cotton

t = Year 1,2..........n
Ut = Distribance term in year t
a and b are the parameters to be estimated
The equation (1) was transformed into log linear form and written as
Log Y= log A + t log B + log Ut

(2)

Equation (2) was estimated by using ordinary least squares (OLS) technique.
Compound growth rate (g) was then estimated by using the relationship given in equation (3).
g^ = (b-1) *100

(3)

Where, g^ = Estimated compound growth rate % per annum

b ^ = Antilog of B
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Temporal Shift of Byadgi Chilli Area in the Dharwad and Haveri

Districts of Karnataka and Finding out the Reasons

43

The standard error of the growth rate was estimated and tested for its significance with t statistics.

Garretts Ranking Technique

In this study, Garretts ranking technique was used to compute the important constraints in Byadgi chilli

production. The order of the merit given by the respondents was converted into percent position using the formula.
Percent = 100*(Rij-0.50)/Nj
Where, Rij = Rank given for ith item by jth individual
Nj = Number of items ranked by jth individual
The per cent position of each rank was converted to scores by referring to tables given by Garrett and Woodworth
(1969). Then for each factor, the scores of individual respondents were summed up and divided by the total number of
respondents for whom scores were gathered. The mean scores for all the factors were ranked, following the decision
criterion that higher the value the more important is the order of preference by respondent.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

General Characteristics of the Respondents
The family size of respondents was not statistically different across the four taluks. The average number of
members in a family ranged between 7-10 persons; the highest was 10 members in Byadgi and least was 7 in Hubli taluk.
The land holding also didnt differ much across the taluks. The average land holding was 4.2 ha in Haveri, followed by
3.97 ha in Byadgi, 3.3 ha in Hubli and 3.13 ha in Kundgol. The post classification of respondents according to land
ownership showed that a majority were in small and medium farm category in Kundagol and Hubli, while Byadgi and
Haveri had more number of respondents in large farm category. It is worth noting here that none of the respondents of
Kundgol had any irrigated land, while farmers of Haveri owned a small percentage of area with irrigation. However,
Byadgi and Hubli sample respondents had to 2/3rd of the cultivated area under irrigation. The respondents were post
classified into those above 50 years fof age and those below 50 years old as majority of the respondents were well
advanced in age. The average years of experience in Byadgi chilli cultivation was the highest with 38 years in Haveri for
those farmers in more than 50 years of age category. Similarly the mean year of experience was least (18 years) in the same
taluk for the age category who were less than 50 years old. In terms of distribution of sample according to experience, a
majority of the respondents were in more than 50 years of age category with considerable experience in chilli cultivation.

SHIFTS IN AREA UNDER CHILLI CULTIVATION

Growth Rates of Area and Production of Chilli
The area under chillies in Dharwad declined from 56.63 thousand ha to 49.37 thousand ha during 2002/03 to
2008/09 period registering a CAGR of -2.82 per cent which was statistically non significant. The cotton area growth was
positive with a CAGR of 29.34 which was statistically non significant by registering area change from 8.12 thousand ha to
71.2 thousand ha. The peak chilli area was 57.73 thousand ha during 2004/05 period, while that of cotton was 88 thousand
ha during 2006/07. The results of the compound growth rate analysis (Tables 1 and 2) of area, yield and production of chilli
and cotton in Dharwad and Haveri districts and growth of chilli area, production and productivity of Karnataka with
triennium beginning values were computed. Haveri district showed a positive growth trend in chilli area which was
statistically not significant. The compound annual growth in area growth rate of area during the decade was 1.57 per cent,
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Stephan Raj, C. P Gracy & Kavya V. H

by registering an increase from 24.60 thousand ha to 26.83 thousand ha. The growth rate of cotton area in the district was
28.19 per cent which was statistically significant at one per cent level. The peak chilli acreage was 32.78 thousand ha
during 2003/04 and that of cotton was 91.93 thousand during 2008/09. Although the actual area under chilli in Byadgi has
declined substantially, the market arrivals in Byadgi has surged. This has fascinated academicians and common people
alike. Therefore, growth in area and production of chillies in Karnataka and India were computed for the period 1997-98 to
2009-10. The growth in chilli area and production of Karnataka state was negative (-4.05% & -0.506%, respectively) but
not statistically significant (table 3). However, in the case of productivity, the growth was positive but not significant
(3.70%). As indicated earlier, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra are the major chilli growing
states contributing sizeable volume to production. The chilli area registered negative and statistically significant decline
over 1997 to 2009 periods. However, production and productivity registered positive and statistically significant CAGR of
2.78 per cent and 4.37 per cent respectively. This shows that for the country as a whole, chilli production growth is driven
by productivity improvements due to availability of high yielding varieties and crop management practices rather than
acreage expansion.
Shifts in Chilli Production
The reduction in chilli area is evident from the secondary data published by various agonies. The shift in chilli
area in Karnataka was to the tune of 29 per cent between 2001/02 to 2009/10 period as the chilli area declined from 1.71
lakh ha to 1.21 lakh ha. This is contributed by Haveri, Chitradurga, Chikmagalur and Davanagere districts. Dharwad,
Haveri, Gadag and Bellary together accounted for a sizeable share in chilli area during both the periods. This shows that
although chill cultivation is spread across the country, production is concentrated in select districts owing to suitable soil
and climatic conditions for quality chilli production. Red chilli production is concentrated in four districts of Dharwad,
Haveri, Bellary and Gadag in Karnataka. The production had declined from 1.86 lakh tonnes to 1.20 lakh tonnes by
registering a 35 percent reduction over the ten year period The relative shares of chilli production between 2001/02 and
2009/10 shows that Dharwad lost about 21 per cent of production share followed by Raichur, Davanagere, and
Chitradurga. The reduction was to the tune of 71 per cent in the case of Dharwad district. The maximum gain was by
Haveri (9%) followed Bellary (7%) and Bagalkot (5%) districts. In the recent past, Chikmagalur has picked chilli
production. In order to study the acreage shift at farm level, the primary data on area under Byadgi chilli ten years ago and
during 2010 were obtained from respondents. It may be observed from table 4.6 that the area under chilli has drastically
reduced among the respondent farmers in all the four taluks across all farm size categories. The reduction in acreage was to
the tune of 45 to 95 per cent compared to fifteen years ago. The results thus corroborate drastic reduction in chilli area of
the respondents in both Haveri and Dharwad districts. In order to analyse the reasons for area shift of Byadgi chilli in
Dharwad and Haveri districts, a set of questionnaire was developed. According to respondents, the loss of soil fertility with
a Garretts score of 71.58 was the major reason for crop shift as the large number of pesticide sprays for cotton crop
rendered soil unfit for good quality chilli production. The second problem was pest and disease outbreak with a score value
of 56.41 followed by rain uncertainty (43.58) and low yields (28.41).

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Temporal Shift of Byadgi Chilli Area in the Dharwad and Haveri

Districts of Karnataka and Finding out the Reasons

45

Table 1: Compound Growth Rates of Byadgi Chilli and Cotton Area in

Dharwad District (Period: 2002-03 to 2008-9)
Crops
Chilli
Cotton

CAGR (%)
-2.82NS
29.34NS

R2
0.39
0.42

T Value
-1.81
1.92

Note: NS Non significant

Table 2: Compound Growth Rates of Chilli and Cotton Area in
Haveri District (Period 2002-03 to 2009-10)
Crops
CAGR (%)
R2
NS
Byadgi chilli
1.57
0.65
Cotton
28.19 **
0.691
Note: **significant at 1 per cent level NS Non significant

T Value
0.61
3.66

Table 3: Triennium Beginning Growth Rates of Chilli Production (Period: 1997/98 to 2009/10)
Karnataka
CAGR (%) T Value
Area
-4.059NS
0.28
Production
-0.506NS
0.83
Productivity
3.70NS
0.14
Note: **significant at 1 per cent level
Particulars

India
CAGR(%) T Value
-1.513*
0.06
2.78 **
0.011
4.37**
0.001

*significant at 5 per cent level

NS Non significant
Table 4: Temporal Shift in Chilli Acreage

Taluk

Bydgi

Haveri

Hubli

Kundgol

Farm Size
Category
small
medium
large
small
medium
large
small
medium
large
small
medium
large

Area Under Byadgi

Chilli of Respondents
(Ha)
10 Years
2011
Ago
4.0
0.8
7.6
2.8
15.2
0.8
7.0
0.4
11.6
3.6
16.0
8.8
8.8
3.2
17.6
9.2
22.4
6.8
4.4
2.0
11.6
5.6
12.0
2.8

% Change in
Area for Last 10
Years
-80.00
-63.16
-94.74
-94.29
-68.97
-45.00
-63.64
-47.73
-69.64
-54.55
-51.72
-76.67

Table 5: Reasons for Shifting Chilli Area in Dharwad and Haveri Districts
Constraints
Loss of Soil fertility
Pest and disease outbreak (Murda complex)
Rain uncertainty
Reduction in yield

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Garretts Score
71.58
56.41
43.58
28.41

Garretts Rank
I
II
III
IV

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Stephan Raj, C. P Gracy & Kavya V. H

CONCLUSIONS
Byadgi chilli was the major crop in the Dharwad and Haveri district of Karnataka from last 200 years. From last
ten years the chilli area in these district have been coming down and the reasons were analysised through Garretts ranking
and loss of soil fertility got the first rank with highest Garrets score (71.58) because the applying more chemical fertilizers
in the fields, pest and diseases outbreak got the second rank with the Garretts score of 56.41 because the affect of Muruda
Complex this viral disease in the Byadhi chilli was made tremandus impact on the quality of the Byadgi chilli in Dharwad
and Haveri distrtcs, rain uncertainty and reduction in yield got third and fourth ranks with the Garretts score of 43.58 and
28.41. Even though the nabouring districts like Ballari and Gadag farmers are growing the chillies in the large scale in the
irrigation condition but the original quality of the original Byadgi chilli is not seen in those chillis.
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