SOURCES OF ERRORS!

1.temp nt controlled
2.pH not controlled or nt measured accurately
3.difficulty in judging the colour.
4.difficulty in having the same time
5.inaccuracy in preparing serial dilution
6.inaccuracy of equipment, fr e.g. pipette/syringe
7.too short time.
8.evaporation of the solution which can cause the concentration to change.
LIMITATIONS OF ERRORS!
1.measure the volume accurately using syringe with narrow range of calibration
2.repeat more times at each pH/conc./temp
3.use range of pH/conc./temp
4.accurate specific measuring devices
5.use colorimeter to measure the degree of colourness.
6.use buffer to control pHs
7.use of water bath/thermostat to control temp
8.use thermometer to measure the temp.
9.thermostatically controlled environment.
10.repeat with each conc.
11.volume of the sample(e.g. enzyme/substrate) must be the same..cuz as volume
increases, conc also increases
12.keep only one factor different, and all others must be the same.
Reliability.....take minimum of 3 readings!
repeat with mre pH/conc/temp
and find out their mean
Accuracy.....seing electronic thermostat
use of pippettes instead of measuring cylinders
KEY
1)read the whole question till the end
2)decide number of readings to take
4)make a table
5)write down the UNITS in each coloumn of the table...e.g. conc/cm^3 , temp/C
MICROSCOPY!!!
1)propotion of thickness must be correct.
2)draw the organelles where u see them, dont just draw anywhere within the cell!
never draw what u know.
3)whenever u see the plant cells, draw the cell walls.
4)IN PLAN DIAGRAMS, NO DRAWING OF ANY CELLS, AND NO SHADING...if
u'll do either of them, u'll lose the whole mark!!
5)when asked to draw 2 cells, draw the ones that are easiest to draw. and dont
draw more then 2 cells!
6)fraw the adjacent (touching) cells.
7)drawing should be large, unshaded.
8)in plan diagrams show the relative thickness of each layer.
9)draw the exact shape, if its oval or round or has wavy outlines
10)label the diagram...simplest thing to label is cytopasm, nucleus and cell
membrane.

11)if its a trachea cell, then label goblet cells, cilia, blood vessels, muscular tissue,
cartilage cells (lacunae)
12) when asked to compare 2 diagrams....make a table (drawing a table itself has 1
mark!)....put atleast one similarityMAKING TABLES
iNDEPENDENT Variable in the first column....and observations or dependent
variables in other columns.....
in question 1 of exam..two kinds of questions cn be set....one involving
quantitative observations like most enzyme experiments and other involving
qualitative observations like food-tests...as far as observations for qualitative data
are concerned...these will include most probably color changes during course of
investigation...so a likely error for these experiments cn be difficulty in judging
b/w different colors with your improvement being the use of colorimeter to
measure color intensity.....
i have some notes for biology practicals, i would like to share it here hope it
helps!
GRAPHS!
1.the value which is varying is always on the y-axis while the constant value is on
the x-axis.
2.no unbroken lines
3.it must be neat and thin
4.the points can be joined using a ruler or by hand
5.do not draw beyond the plotted points.
The Munchkin said:

Hi!
Could anyone please tell me some sources of errors and
improvements of experiment relating to enzymes and rate
of reaction ??
Pretty Pretty Pleeeease....
blobs or centre points more than 1mm are NOT acceptable .6
.if zero is present in the reading, ur graph MUST pass through zero .7
!label both axis.8
use appropriate units.9
use appropriate scale.10
use sharpened pencil to plot.11
.plot the dots within circles, of equal sizes, must be clear and not too big .12

what is the relationship of absorbance of light here?

Also, in diagram of a vein tunica intima should be double layered like the epidermis in plants or should
it be a single line?
will cell surface membrane be double layered also?

When the protein denatures, it coagulates (forms 'clots'). The more protein that is
coagulated due to the presence of CuSO4, the greater the optical density of the
solution (the less light will pass/more light will be absorbed).
For example, the optical density of a glass of pure water is much less, as light can pass
through it. Its greater when you put a handful sand into it; then, very small amounts
of light will pass, the rest is absorbed, and you can't see through the sand.

Dunno about the artery, I haven't studied that yet at all. o_o Could use help there too.

Let's say you have 1.0 mol dm-3 sucrose solution, and you are required to make five serial dilutions of it.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Label 5 test-tubes/beakers with 1.0, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, and 0.0001. Put 10cm3 of the 1.0 mol dm-3 solution from the main solution you are provided, into the beaker
labelled 1.0
Take 1 cm3 from the 1.0mol dm-3 solution and put into the beaker labelled 0.1. Add 9 cm3 of water. Now you have 10 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 solution.
Take 1 cm3 from the beaker labelled 0.1 which you used prepared in step 2, and add it to the beaker labelled 0.01. Then, once again, add 9cm3 of water.
Take 1 cm3 from the beaker labelled 0.01 which you used prepared in step 3, and add it to the beaker labelled 0.001. Then, once again, add 9cm3 of water.
Finally, take 1 cm3 from the beaker labelled 0.001 which you used prepared in step 4, and add it to the beaker labelled 0.0001. Then, once again, add 9cm3 of water.
.And now, you have all five serial dilutions prepared

Oh, and if you're told to make serial dilutions differing in halves - such as 1.0, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125 and 0.0625, then instead of taking 1 cm3 of the solution and 9 cm3 of distilled water, take 5
.cm3 of the solution and 5 cm3 of distilled water

o.o Yes, use that method and make those concentrations the same way. Beware; only use this method when they say 'produce a range of concentrations usingserial dilution'. They can also
ask you make 5 different concentrations with equal intervals, of something, from the original solution; such as giving you 1.0 mole dm-3 sucrose and then you may have to make 0.8, 0.6,
.0.4, 0.2 and 0.0 for the practical - the method of doing that is different. Read the paper; they will usually make it clear
Also, almost always, one needs a control solution. This would be 0.0 mol dm-3 of sucrose solution whether 'serial dilution' or 'dilution of equal intervals' method is used; 0.0 mol dm-3 is
.obviously, distilled water

minutes.

___reducing sugars time 5

do not set a microscope at high power immediately, even if they ask for you to look at high power. Set it up at low power first, find a clear image in sharp focus, then change it to high
power. If the image loses clarity again, use the fine adjustment knob to find the clear image in sharp focus; do not use the bigger one (coarse adjustment knob) - unless absolutely necessary
.(I don't think it will be). All these things ensure you don't break either the microscope lens or the slide
.If you wear glasses, remove them, as the microscope adjustment will take care of most eyesight deficiencies, except astigmatism

while drawing a plan diagram, that there should be ample space on the sides for labeling

,http://www.biog1105-1106.org/images/105slides/Unit04/index4.html
http://www.northlakebiology.com/1411/lab/exam_1/tissue_lab.htm

For example, if you were measuring the color change of, say, Iodine, you would commonly make an error in judging the color - and
its improvement could be using a colorimeter. If you were cutting potato pieces; then all the pieces were not uniformly cut, etc. and
.its improvement could be using a micrometer or a cork borer to cut it to same length
Beware of writing factors affecting all solutions equally as 'errors' - such as temperature, pH, evaporation of water from the
containers (if unlidded/uncovered) etc. These may work in some cases, where they don't affect all solutions/etc. equally, but not
.when they do so. Use your head here and be careful
When preparing serial dilutions using syringes, there could be an air bubble trapped in the syringe, or the solutions not accurately
.prepared. This could be avoided by using a pipette or a more accurate measuring device
Things which often work as improvements are using a wider range of concentrations of enzyme/substrate/independent variable,
.and taking more replicates for each concentration
.But it all depends on what the actual procedure is