Education under colonial rule

Death of Aurangazeeb lead to the end of Mugal Empire.

Wars among kings with foreign invaders,
No political stability
Education totally neglected
Dark age of Indian educational history.
Western education
Started by:
Activities of Dutch and Portuguese.
Christian missionaries began to set up educational institutions for propagating the
religion.
East India company
Established in 1660.
Not interested in the education of Indian citizens.
Gradually they entered in the educational scenario
In addition to the expansion of trade in India, East India company decided
establishment of schools and for the propagation of religion.
Charter act of 1813
THE East India Company Act 1813, also known as the Charter Act of 1813, was
an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which renewed the charter issued to
the British East India Company, and continued the Company's rule in India.
The company accepted the proposal of the Christian missionaries to take up the
responsibility of educating Indians and to extend financial assistance.
East- west Controversy
Whether Indians should be educated in English or in Regional languages.
This controversy is called east west controversy.
oriental occidental controversy.
Company was not interested in providing education for a long duration.

A new charter was evolved over the dissatisfaction of the Government over the
educational activities of the Company.
The new charter was 1833.
Saint Helena Act 1833

Parliament of the United Kingdom

Long title An Act for effecting an Arrangement with the East India Company, and for
the better Government of His Majestys Indian Territories, till the Thirtieth Day of April
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-four.Chapter3 & 4 Will 4 c 85Status:Revised
text of statute as amended The Saint Helena Act 1833 or The Government of India Act
1833 (3 & 4 Will 4 c 85) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
As this Act was also meant for an extension of the royal charter granted to the
company it is also called the Charter Act of 1833. Even this extended the charter by
20 years. It contained the following provisions:
It redesignated the Governor-General of Bengal as the Governor-General of India.
Under its provision Lord William Bentinck was the first Governor-General of India.
It deprived the Governor of Bombay and Madras of their legislative powers. The
Governor-General was given exclusive legislative powers for the entire British India.
It ended the activities of the Company as a commercial body and became a purely
administrative body.
It attempted to introduce a system of open competitions for the selection of civil
servants. However this provision was negated after opposition from the Court of
Directors who were still holding the privilege of appointing the companies officials.
Westernisation of Education
Lord Macalay resolved the language problem of English education by providing a
minute in 1835.
Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800 1859)
was a British historian and politician. He wrote extensively as an essayist and
reviewer; his books on British history were hailed as literary masterpieces
Macauleys Minute (1935)
Macaulay rejected Sanskrit and Arabic on following grounds
English is the key to modern knowledge.
It stands eminent among the language of the west.
It is the language of the ruling class in India.
It would bring about renaissance in India.
The natives are desirous of learning English
By 1845 English become the official language of the country.

How to educate the masses in India?

The solution was downward filtration theory

Downward filtration theory

Macaulay give importance to the education of the higher classes.

They adopted this policy also because they wanted to create an elite group which
would be given high posts in the administration and this group in turn would
influence the general public for accepting the British rule in the country.
Lord Macaulay explained "the aim of education in India was to anglicize the Indians
through English education and to make black-colored Indian English in their way of
living, behaviour, thought, culture, traditions and morality", as such persons were
likely to serve as the connecting link between the British Government and the general
public.
Macauleys dreammmm..
Indian in colour and blood, but English in dress, conversation, ideas and thoughts.
Education was given to the upper class and the lower class were deprived of any
education.
Woods despatch (1854)
In 1853 the companys charter was came for review
Felt the need for permanent and comprehensive educational policy for India.
Charles Wood, the president of companys board of control published a new
declaration in 1854.
The recommendations are
An office of the director of Public Instruction (DPI) should be set up in each state.
Emphasis should be given to the spread of public education and opening more
schools.
A system of grant-in-aid should be adopted.
Special institutions for training of teachers should be set up.

Importance should be given to the education of women

Oriental education should be encouraged
Universities should be set up at Calcattta, Madras, and Bombay.
Professional education in Law , medicine and Engineering should be started under the
direct control of the universities.

Woods dispatch is known as Magna Carta of Indian Education

Why?
Other commissions
Hunter commission (1882)
Indian education commission (1902)
Calcutta University commission (1917)
Hartog committee commission (1929)
Abbot Wood report (1937)
Sargent report ( 1944)
Merits of British education
Brought Indians into touch with western knowledge and science
It evolved a new means of spread of education.
It leads to scientific development.
It leads to the development of Indian arts.
Lead to the development of literacy and cultural consciousness.
It created social and political awareness.
It helped for the establishment of political and social institutions.
It developed nationalistic feelings.
It promoted vocational education
Now see the demerits
It was guided by colonialism.

It sought to destroy national character and qualities.

Totally neglected local educational institutions

As the medium of instruction was English, it could not able to develop nations innate
abilities.
Downward filtration theory created class consciousness.
Its objectives were vague and ill-defined.
It lacked a proper plan for education.
It encouraged communal passions.

So lets stop herethank you..