Structural Design Criteria

15/5/2013

DARIYAH VILLA

STRUCTURAL DESIGN

PAGE NO.

1.

INTRODUCTION...3

2.

GENERAL OBJECTIVE .......................................................... 3

2.1 Safety and Strength .................................................... 3
2.2 structural stability ..3
2.3 Durability ..................................................................... 3
2.4 Economy ..................................................................... 4
2.5 Serviceability ............................................................... 4
2.6 Constructability ............................................................ 4
2.7 Spesifecation ............................................................... 5

3.

STRUCTURAL DESIGN PARAMETERS ................................. 5

3.1 Design codes and refrences ...................................... 5
3.2 Design load ............................................................... 5
3.3 Load combinatons ...................................................... 6

4.

MATERIALS ............................................................................ 7
4.1

Concrete................................................................. 7

4.2

Reinforcement ........................................................ 8

4.3

Structural Steelwork ............................................... 8

4.4

Block Work Walls ................................................... 8

4.5

Timber .................................................................... 8

4.6

Fill Material ............................................................. 8

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM ......................................................... 8

5.1

Substructure ........................................................... 9

5.2

Superstructure ..................................................... 10

EXTERNAL WORKS.. ................................. 19

FUTURE VERTICAL EXTENSTION.. .......... 19

THERMAL INSULATION.. ........................... 19

11

SOFTWARE PROGRAMS............................20

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 9:: Economy beam depth, depends on Mu, beam width.................17

Figure 10:: Economy beam reinforcment, depends on Mu, beam width.....17

Figure 11:: Columns Schematic Sizes, depends on Pu, % of steel............18

LIST OF TABLES

PAGE NO.

PAGE NO.

Table 1:: Concrete Grades & Basic Mix Requirements........................ . .......7

Table2:: Structural Software's...................................................... ................20

1- Introduction:
The purpose of this report is to clarify the design criteria, design parameters and structural system.
The structural systems adopted for the proposed project compatible with the architectural design
philosophy. The design reflects the particular needs of any special functional parameters of the
project. The structural elements designed generally in accordance with Saudi Building Code(SBC)
and American Building code and there standards.

Project Description:
The project consists of two basements, ground, first and roof mainly it is containing living rooms,
bed room, and other services rooms, for more details please refer to arch drawings.

2- General objectives:
The objective of the structural design is to achieve the optimum structural system and requirement
as stipulated in the relevant codes and standards that will satisfy the following criteria:

2.1 Safety and strength:

Shall be as defined by the current (SBC) codes in terms of loading and strength, the design
method for all structural elements will be in accordance to Limit State Design.

2.2 Structural Stability:

The structure should be designed to adequately transmit the design ultimate dead, live,
wind, earthquake and imposed loads safely from the highest supported level to the
foundations.
In addition, lateral stability of the structure shall be achieved for all critical load cases which
includes seismic and wind forces. Limit of lateral drift shall be according to the code
requirement for all load types, In order to check the lateral stability of the building, a three
dimensional finite element model has been created using a well-known computer program
Etabs-V9.7.4. Also the provisions of section 7.13 of SBC 304 for structural integrity should
be achieved.

2.3 Durability:
Concrete mixes and cover are to be provided to protect reinforcements against corrosion for
the soil exposure conditions to be determined based on geotechnical testing, to avoid attack
of deleterious salts on concrete, it is recommended that foundation, basement, and other
structure coming on contact with the soil or groundwater be constructed using ASTM Type
"V" cement .

2.3.1 Concrete Cover:

Concrete cover to steel reinforcement shall be provided to protect the reinforcement against
corrosion and fire according to SBC clause 7.7.
Cast-in-place concrete (Non-Prestressed)

a) Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth =

75mm

b) Concrete exposed to earth or weather

Diameter 18 mm and smaller =

40mm

Diameter larger than 20 mm =

50mm

c) Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground

Slabs and Walls =
Beams and Columns =

20mm
40mm

Structural steel works shall be coated by protective coating in order to achieve a minimum
fire rating of two hrs.
2.3.2

Waterproofing of structures below ground:

Waterproofing materials: at least two layer of bitumen coating should be applied to the
exterior of all the foundation and other concrete coming in contact with soil.

2.4 Economy:
Shall be achieved by establishing a practical structural system that will yield the simplest
structural forms in terms of geometry and logic and will be well suited for existing local
practices, The structural system shall be conceptualized to emphasize the architectural
concept. The self-weight of the structure also designated, as dead load is an important
element in the economic structural design of building. This dead load accounts for
approximately (70%) of the total strength design of structural elements, An economic
structural design must therefore seek to reduce dead loads as much as possible, simplicity
of form reduces the cost of shuttering and labor.
2.5 Serviceability:
Serviceability as defined by relevant codes of practice SBC shall be checked and accounted
for in the design. Serviceability affects deflection of members, crack control, limitation of
vibration, acoustics and fire protection.

2.5.1 Deflection criteria:

The structure will be designed& checked according to SBC 304.
2.5.2 Fire resistance:
The following fire resistance periods in accordance with ACI regulations are to be applied to
the structural elements.
Load bearing walls & columns

= 4 hrs fire rating

Floor construction including beams

= 2 hrs fire rating

Shafts and stair walls

= 4 hrs fire rating

2.6 Constructability:
Ease and economy of construction will be high among the designer's priorities.

2.7 Specification.
Material and workmanship specification shall be based upon relevant SBC and American
standards.

3- Structural design parameters:

3.1 design codes and references.
The structural design, in general, will be in accordance with the following codes of practice.

ACI-318-05: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (318M-05).

ASCE 7-05: Minimum Design Loads for buildings and other Structures, for wind load.

IBC 2003 : International Building Code, for seismic load.

SBC 301 : Saudi Building Code, Minimum load requirements for the design of buildings and
other structures.

SBC 304 : Saudi Building Code, concrete structure requirement.

AISC-ASD: American Institute of Steel Construction Allowable Stress Design.

3.2 Loadings:
Design dead load and live load as per ASCE 7-05 and SBC 301.
3.2.1 Dead loads:
Principle dead loads to be carried by the structure (except self-weight) are cladding,
floor finishes, partitions and landscaping loads. Allowance for these loads is to be
taken in consideration in the design.

Reinforce concrete

= 24 KN/m

Ceramic or quarry tile (20 mm) on

25 mm

= 1.1 KN/m2

Water

= 10 KN/m

Sand

=15 KN/m3

Services

= 0.5 KN/m2

Weight of hollow blocks

30 kg

- Reference: Table 3-1 and Table 3-2 SBC 301

3.2.2 Live loads:
The Minimum live loading will be as specified in ASCE 7-02 and SBC 301 is 2.0 KN/m2
- Reference: Table 4-1 SBC 301

3.2.3 Wind loads:

Wind load calculation shall be done using ASCE 7-05 and SBC 301 according to the
following Criteria

Wind Speed

170 Km/hr. Figure 6.4.1 SBC 301

Exposure Type

Importance Factor

1.15

Topographical Factor

1.00

Gust Factor

0.85

Directionality Factor

0.85

Windward Coefficient

0.80

Leeward Coefficient

-0.50

3.2.4 Seismic loads:

According to the IBC 2003 and SBC 301; the seismic coefficient for Riyadh
are Ss=0.271g and S1=0.098g, and according to soil investigation report soil profile
type =C, so SDs=0.415g and SD1=0.228g these factors should be used in the
design of the proposed project, and the importance factor equal to 1.25.

3.3 Load combinations:

The load combinations shall be in accordance with ACI318-05, the following
combinations shall apply:
Ultimate limit state (strength) Loads:
The principal load combinations for strength are:

U = 1.4 (D + F)
U = 1.4 (D + F + T) + 1.7(L + H) + 0.5 (Lr or R)
U = 1.2D + 1.6 (Lr or R) + (1.0 L or 0.8 W)
U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or R)
U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L
U = 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H
U = 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H

(3-1)
(3-2)
(3-3)
(3-4)
(3-5)
(3-6)
(3-7)

except as follows:
(a) The load factor on L in Eq. (3-3) to (3-5) shall be permitted to be
reduced to 0.5 except for garages, areas occupied as places of public
assembly, and all areas where the live load value of 5 kN/m2 to be
consistent with the Saudi Building Code for Loading (SBC 301).
(b) The load factor on H shall be set equal to zero in Eq. (3-6) and (3-7) if
the structural action due to H counteracts that due to W or E. Where lateral
earth pressure provides resistance to structural actions from other forces, it
shall not be included in H but shall be included in the design resistance
Vertical Seismic Components:
The load effect resulting from the vertical component of the earthquake
ground motion and is equal to an addition of (0.2SDSD) to the dead load
effect, D, for Strength Design, and may taken as zero for Allowable Stress
Design.
Serviceability Limit State:
Combinations of actions for serviceability limit states shall be those
appropriate for the serviceability condition being considered. Appropriate
combination may include one or a number of the following loads:
1) D + L
2) D + L+S W or 0.7 E
3) D + L 0.5 W
4) 0.9D 0.7E
Where:
D: Dead Load
L: Live Load

E: Earthquake Load in Both Directions (EX & EY)

W: Wind Load

4- Materials:
In general, the main structural components and materials will comply with the following outline
specifications:
4.1 Concrete:

All reinforced concrete shall have minimum characteristic cubic strength of 40

N/mm2 at 28 days.

Slabs on grade, shall have minimum characteristic cubic strength of 20 N/mm2 at 28

days.

Blinding concrete shall have minimum characteristic cubic strength of 18 N/mm2 at

28 days.

Admixtures will be used to improve certain properties of concrete admixtures should

comply with the ASTM standard.

The Following Table of Concrete Grades and Basic Concrete Mix Requirements:

Concrete

Cube strength

Cylinder

Minimum Cement

Maximum (W/C)

Grade (Cube)

(fcu) (MPa)

strength (fc)

Content (Kg/m3)

ratio

(MPa)
C20

20

16

210

0.60

C40

40

32

350

0.40

Table 1:: Concrete Grades & Basic Mix Requirements.

- Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) type "I" will be used for superstructure
reinforcement concrete.
- ASTM type "V" will be used for substructures (foundation, basement, and other
concrete structure contact with soil.
- Maximum aggregate size shall be of 20 mm for all concrete.
4.2 Reinforcement:
All main reinforcing bars including mesh reinforcement shall be deformed high
strength steel bars complying with ASTM standard having minimum yield strength of
420 MPa and minimum elongation a gauge length 14%.
4.3 Structural Steel Work:

Minimum Yield Strength

Fy =250 MPa for ASTM A36 hot-rolled steel structural sections.
Fy =345 MPa for ASTM A514 cold-rolled steel structural member.

Bolts connections
ASTM A325 high strength bolts for primary connection and ASTM
A307 for secondary connections and anchor bolts

Weld connections

ASTM E70xx low hydrogen welding electrodes. All welds shall conform to
AWS A5.1 and D1.1 Structural Welding code.

Steel roof deck minimum yield strength

Fy=225 MPa for ASTM A611 or ASTM A446.

4.4 Block Work Walls:

The minimum strength of all non-load bearing hollow concrete blocks shall not be
less than 7 N/mm 2 expressed as force per unit of cross sectional area.
The minimum strength of all load bearing concrete blocks shall not be less than 10
N/mm2 expressed as force per unit of cross sectional area.
4.5 Timber:
All timber used for architectural purposes, such as pergolas, shall be class SC5
Hardwood with minimum grade strength of 7 N/mm 2.
4.6 Fill Material:
All fill shall be from selected, well-graded material and shall be placed in layers not
exceeding 200mm. Each layer shall be adequately compacted to a minimum 95%
maximum dry density (Proctor Test) and shall be tested.
5. Structural System:
An important part of the total responsibility of the structural engineer is to select from
the alternatives the best structural system for the given project. The wise choice of
structural system is far more important in its effect on overall budget and
serviceability than the refinement in proportioning the individual members.
The close cooperation with the architect in the early stage of the project is essential
in developing a structural that not only meet functional and esthetic requirements but
exploits to the fullest special advantages of the reinforced concrete which include the
following:
1. Versatility of form: Usually placed in the structure in the fluid state, the
material is readily adaptable to a wide variety of the architectural and
functional requirement.
2.

Durability: with proper protection of the steel reinforcement. The structure

will have long life, even under highly adverse climatic or environmental
conditions.

3.

Fire

resistance:

with

proper

protection

of

the

reinforcement,

reinforcement concrete structure provides the maximum in fire protection.

4.

Speed on construction: in terms of the entire period, form the date of

approval of the contract drawings to the date of completion; a concrete
building can often be complete in the less time than a steel structure.
Although the filed erection of steel building in more rapid, this phase must
necessarily be preceded by prefabrication of all part in the shop.

5.

Cost: in many case the first cost of concrete structure is less than that of a
comparable steel structure. In almost every case, maintenance cost is less.

6.

Availability of labor and material: it is always possible to make use of

local source of labor, and in many inaccessible area s, a nearby sour of

good aggregate can be found, so that only the cement and reinforcement
need to be brought in form a remote source.

The structural concrete elements in the system can be summarized as follows:

5.1 Substructure:
5.1.1 Foundations:
Introduction:
Footings are structural members used to support columns and walls and
transmit their loads to the underlying soils, Reinforced concrete is a material
admirably suited for footing and is used as such for both reinforced concrete
and structural steel buildings, bridges, towers and other structures.
Not only is it desired to transfer the superstructure loads to the soil beneath
in manner that will prevent excessive or uneven settlements and rotations,
but it is also necessary to provide sufficient resistance to sliding and
overturning.
The closer a foundation is to the ground surface, the more economical it will
be to construct. There are two reasons, however, that may keep the
designer from using very shallow foundation. First, it is necessary to locate
the bottom of a footing below the ground freezing level to avoid vertical
movement or heaving of the footing as the soil freezes and expands in
volume. Second, it is necessary to excavate a sufficient distance so that a
satisfactory bearing material is reached, and this distance may on occasion
be quite a few feet.
Types of footing
Among the several type of reinforced concrete footing in common use are
the wall, isolated, combined, raft and pile cap types.
1. Wall footing, Simple an enlargement of the bottom of a wall that will
sufficiently distribute the load to the foundation soil. Wall footing are
normally used around the perimeter of a building and perhaps for some the
interior walls.
2. An isolated or single column footing is used to support the load of single
column. These are the most commonly used footing.
3. Combined footing, is used to support two or more columns, it is economic
where two or more heavily loaded columns are so spaced that normally
designed single column footing would run into each other.
4. Mat or raft foundation, is a continuous reinforced concrete slab over a
large area used to support many columns and walls. This kind of foundation
is used where the soil strength is low or where column loads are large but
where piles or caissons are not used.
Types of loads on foundations:

Dead, live, wind, inclined thrusts and uplift, water table and earthquake
forces.

Types of settlements:
Uniform and differential, Differential settlement must be minimized, depends
on site soil conditions and distribution of loads on columns that supporting
the building.
Foundation design:
In this project depend on the soli investigation with soil bearing capacity
=400 KN/m2 the designer will be use wall footing and isolation footing .

5.1.2 Ground water:

Ground water table effect will be taken in consideration according to soil investigation
and recommendations
5.2 Superstructure:
5.2.1 Slabs:
Considering the architectural layouts and configurations, it is expected to use Ribbed
Slab (two ways and one way) and Solid Slabs within project buildings, where the
thickness of slabs according to length of spans supposed to be 37 cm.
Mixed of drop and hidden beams will be used throughout slabs and again thickness
varies according to spans. Drop beams expected to be between (60-150) cm.
5.2.2 Columns:
Concrete columns are provided to suit Architectural layout and structural integrity, the
columns dimensions, In general, from 25x60 cm to 30x150cm.
5.2.3 Bearing walls:
Concrete bearing walls will be provided at elevator shafts and wherever needed,
distribution of bearing walls are fit with Architectural layout as needed.
5.2.4 Lateral Force Resisting System (LFRS):
In order to take benefits for the presence of concrete columns and shear walls and
considering the irregularity in the building geometry, dual system from shear walls
(bearing) and ordinary frame system will be used. Response modification factor expected
to be 5.5 special care of steel reinforcement distribution and details shall be provided
according to IBC in order to ensure ductile performance of the LFRS.

5.2.2 Beams:
In-situ beams provide support: they transfer loads from slabs to columns and
walls. They offer strength, robustness and versatility, e.g. In accommodating
cladding support details. In overall terms, wide flat beams are less costly to
construct than narrow deep beams; the deeper and narrower, the more
costly they are. Beams and columns of the same width give maximum

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formwork efficiency as formwork can proceed along a continuous line.

However, used internally, these relatively deep beams result in additional
perimeter cladding and tend to disrupt service runs. Deep edge beams may
limit the use of flying form systems on the slab. Up stand perimeter beams
(designed as rectangular beams) can reduce overall cost. Parapet wall
beams are less disruptive and less costly to form than deep down stand
beams.

The intersections of beams and columns require special consideration of

reinforcement details. Sufficient width is required to get both beam and
column steel through; end supports need to be long enough to allow bends
in bottom reinforcement to start beyond half the support length yet maintain
cover for links and/or lacers.

Initial beam size and reinforcement

In this project the designer will be use cubic concrete strength equal to Fcu
40N/mm2 (f'c= 32N/mm2) and reinforcement steel with Fy=420 N/mm2, the
next chart describes the economical beam schematic design

(the

reinforcement ratio =0.5max) depends on Mu, d and the percentage of steel

parameters, for example if the beam carry load=1200 KN.m and using
width=500 mm then the economy beam depth=800 mm with steel
reinforcement= 4820 mm2.

Figure 9:: Economic beam depth, depends on Mu, beam width.

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Figure 10:: Economic beam reinforcement, depends on Mu, beam width.

5.2.3 Columns:
In-situ columns offer strength, economy, versatility, mouldability, fire
resistance and robustness. They are often the most obvious and intrusive
part of a structure and judgment is required to reconcile position, size,
shape, spans of horizontal elements and economy. Generally the best
economy comes from using regular square grids and constantly sized
columns. Ideally, the same size of column should be used at all levels at all
locations. If this is not possible, the alternative to keep the number of profiles
to a minimum, for example, one for internal columns and one for perimeter
columns. Certainly up to about eight stories, the same size and shape
should be used throughout a columns height. The outside of edge columns
should be flush with or inboard of the edges of slabs. Chases, service
penetrations and horizontal offsets should be avoided. Offsets are the cause
of costly transition beams which can be very disruptive to site progress.
High-strength concrete columns can decrease the size of columns required.
Smaller columns occupy less let table space and should be considered on
individual projects. However, up to about five stories the size of perimeter
columns is dominated by moment: concrete strengths greater than Fcu
35N/mm2 appears to make little difference to the size of perimeter column
required. Rectangular columns can be less obtrusive than square columns.
Initial column size
In this project the designer will be use concrete strength equal Fcu 40
N/mm2 (f'c=32 N/mm2) and reinforcement steel with Fy=420 N/mm2, the next
chart describes the columns schematic sizes depends on Pu and
percentage of steel parameters, for example if the column carry load =2500

12

KN and using reinforcement ratio=2% then the column area=105050 mm 2,

so if we assume the column width =250 mm then the depth =450 mm.

Figure 11:: Columns Schematic Sizes, depends on Pu, % of steel.

5.2.4 Bearing walls:

Concrete bearing walls will be provided at elevator shafts and wherever needed,
distribution of bearing walls are fit with Architectural layout as needed.

5.2.5 Lateral Force Resisting System (LFRS):

In order to take benefits for the presence of concrete columns and shear walls and
considering the irregularity in the building geometry, dual system from shear walls
(bearing) and ordinary frame system will be used. Response modification factor expected
to be 5.5 special care of steel reinforcement distribution and details shall be provided
according to IBC and SBC301 in order to ensure ductile performance of the LFRS.

6- External works:
Retaining walls, water tanks, water ways, water features, and other structural works will be
designed as required by the landscape requirements and will be designed as watertight concrete
elements in accordance BS 8007 " Design of concrete structures for retaining aqueous liquids " to
reduce cracking and thus reducing corrosion of steel.

7- Future vertical extension:

No vertical extension will be taken into consideration in the design.
8- Thermal Insulation:
Thermal expansion of concrete roofs caused by solar radiation is a common cause of distress to
buildings. Such stresses shall be minimized by applying thermal insulation on top of the roof to
reduce the temperature differences. This material may include the application of foam or
lightweight concrete to the top of the roof.

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9- Software programs:
The next table shows the structural software's which the designer of the project shall made the
calculations by.
Software Program

PROKON VW2.0.1

SAFE V12.3

ETABS V9.7.4

Adoption contents

Remark

Structural analysis and

Prokon Software Consultants Ltd. Mainly

Design for different

used for foundations and earth retaining

structural elements.

structures.

Slab analysis by the

Computers and structures Inc. (CSI).Used to

finite element method.

model slabs and rafts.

Structural analysis and

Computers and structures Inc. (CSI). Used

design program.

for analysis and design of 3D models.

Table2:: Structural Software's.

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